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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2015 Vol.35 Issue.7,Published 2015-07-20

	1921	Effects of emission-sources reduction time and ratios on PM2.5 concentration over Beijing Municipality
		DI Shi-Xian, AN Xing-Qin, SUN Zhao-Bin, LIU Jun
		Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with a high resolution inventory data over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was implemented to investigate the different effects of ‘reducing a moderate amount of emission-sources ahead’ against ‘reducing a large amount of emission-sources on the peak day’ in the region, one of which is to cut emission-sources at a ratio of 50% on the peak day (Feb 13th, 2012) as described in reference [19]. Another 3 emission-sources reduction strategies: (1) cutting 75% emission-sources on the peak day; (2) cutting 25% 1day before the peak day (3) cutting 25% 2days before, were newly designed. The simulation results under these cutting strategies showed that when starting emission-sources reduction ratios of 50%, 75% on the peak day, the PM2.5 concentration decreasing ratios distribution over Beijing were uneven, with high decreasing ratios at the high PM2.5 concentration zone, resulting in more evenly distributed PM2.5 concentrations. When reducing 25% emission-sources 1~2days ahead of the peak day, Beijing encountered an overall PM2.5 concentration decrease. Both urban and rural Beijing showed a higher PM2.5 concentration decreasing ratio when reducing 25% emission-sources 1day ahead than reducing 50% emission-sources on the peak day. When the emission-sources reduction ratio on the peak day was increased to 75%, the PM2.5 decreasing ratio was higher than reducing 25% emission-sources 2days ahead over urban Beijing, which was not seen over the rural. When the PM2.5 concentration decreasing ratios of cutting 50%, 75% emission-source on the peak day were subtracted from cutting 25% emission-source 1day and 2days ahead of the peak day respectively, the difference of PM2.5 concentration decreasing ratios over Beijing were mainly positive. Over whole Beijing, reducing 25% emission-source 1day ahead would decrease more PM2.5 (4.7μg/m3, or 6%) than reducing 50% at the peak day; while reducing 25% emission-source 2days ahead would decrease more PM2.5 (2.9μg/m3or 4%) than reducing 75% at the peak day. In summary, it’s more effective for Beijing to reach the air quality standard by reducing a moderate amount of emission-sources ahead than reducing a large amount of emission-sources on the peak day.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1921-1930 [Abstract] ( 309 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3588KB] ( 1041 )

	1931	Aerosol optical properties during one typical haze event over October 2010 in Beijing
		LIU Wei-Jia, HAN Yong-Xiang, WANG Jing, ZHAO Tian-Liang
		Based on the sounding data, NECP reanalysis data and AERONET aerosol retrieval data, the causes of one typical haze event in Beijing as well as the variation of aerosol optical properties parameters during this episode were analyzed. The analysis showed stable circulation pattern and high humidity environment together with inversion structure were responsible for the persistence and development of haze during this period. Due to the accumulation of local aerosols with the growing relative humidity, AOD and the concentration of PM2.5 were gradually on the increase, instead, visibility took on an opposite trend. Besides, particle extinction was enhanced at the same time. Aerosol volume spectrum exhibited bimodal structure, the peak concentration of fine aerosol particles increased day by day and was much greater than the coarse’s, the Angstrom exponent index varied from 1.2 to 1.4. These two parameters could indicate that the dominating particles were mainly contributed by fine aerosols during this episode. The increasing higher SSA suggested the enhancement of scattering ability. SSA changed with wavelength presenting two major trends, which was associated with the size of the dominating particles of the day. In addition, radiation flux reaching ground declined because of the existence of aerosols. These aerosol optical properties parameters provided references to explore the aerosol characteristics and climate effect during haze event in Beijing.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1931-1937 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 906KB] ( 711 )

	1938	Size distributions of carbonaceous aerosols and their potential sources at Mt.Huang during Summer
		MIAO Qing, ZHANG Ze-Feng, LI Yan-Wei, DUAN Qing, QIN Xin, XU Bin
		Aerosol particles were collected by an Anderson cascade impactor at Mt.Huang from June 30 to July 27, 2014 and the organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in these particles were determined by a DRI Model 2001 A carbon analyzer. Combined with secondary ion analyses and back trajectory model calculations, potential sources were discussed. Observations indicated that the average mass concentrations of OC and EC in PM1.1 were (2.89±1.40)μg/m3、(0.14±0.19)μg/m3, (3.76±2.05)μg/m3、(0.17±0.24)μg/m3in PM2.1and(5.60±2.96)μg/m3、(0.18±0.25)μg/m3 in PM9.0, respectively.OC and EC were mainly enriched in fine particles with sizes below 0.43μm, mass concentration accounting for 25.97% of OC and 51.10% of EC in PM9.0.EC came from external transport and OC came from both external transport and local emissions.According to backward trajectory, external transport of carbon particles was from eastern urban areas, western-north and Wuhan during the observation period.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1938-1946 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 848KB] ( 803 )

	1947	Correlation between remote sensing aerosol parameters and PM2.5 in Beijing
		WANG Jia-Cheng, ZHU Cheng-Jie, ZHU Yong, CHEN Shu-Guang
		The correlation between aerosol parameters and PM2.5 were analyzed by using satellite and ground based remote sensing data. Meanwhile a method which can calculate volume concentration and aerosol optical depth (AOD) with diameter less than 2.5μm was presented and used to correct the volume concentration and AOD obtained from ground based remote sensing between March and September 2012. The results showed that a variety of aerosol remote sensing parameters such as AOD, volume and mass concentration etc. exhibited significant correlations with PM2.5. The correlations between ground based remote sensing parameters and PM2.5 were better than those between the satellite remote sensing parameters and PM2.5. The correlation coefficients between total AOD and PM2.5 decreased with wavelength increase. Correlations of the aerosol volume concentration and long wavelength AOD with PM2.5 increased significantly after the particle size correction.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1947-1956 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 575KB] ( 1097 )

	1957	Characteristics of VOCs emitted from typical industrial fugitive
		WANG Gang, WEI Wei, MI Tong-Qing, WANG Peng-Tao, LUAN Ying-Nan, CHENG Shui-Yuan, LI Guo-Hao, LI Song
		The pharmaceutical factory, brewery and rubber factory were selected to measure the chemical characteristics of VOCs emissions from their different production processes. The results indicated that in the pharmaceutical factory, VOCs emitted from analgin synthesis and aminopyrine synthesis were mainly composed of benzene, toluene, styrene and other aromatics, and VOCs emitted from acetaminophen synthesis were mainly composed of C4-C6 alkanes. VOCs emitted from brewery and rubber factory were both characterized by toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene. Moreover, the maximum incremental reactivity method was applied to analysis the ozone formation potential of VOCs emissions from these factories. The dominant species for ozone formation were benzene, toluene and other aromatics for the analgin synthesis and aminopyrine synthesis in the pharmaceutical factory; c-2-Butene, toluene and isopentane for the acetaminophen synthesis in the pharmaceutical factory; toluene, ethylbenzene and m, p-xylene for the brewery and the rubber factory, respectively. The threshold of diluted multiples was also used to analysis the stench index of these VOCs emissions. The results showed that the odor pollution in the pharmaceutical and brewery was relatively slighter. However, the telescopic device and vulcanizing workshop in the rubber factory were influenced by a certain degree of odor pollution.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1957-1964 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 366KB] ( 1493 )

	1965	Modeling study of a severe haze episode occurred over the Yangtze River Delta and its surrounding regions during early December, 2013
		LI Feng, ZHU Bin, AN Jun-Ling, KANG Han-Qing, GAO Jin-Hui, LIU Xuan
		A severe haze episode, which occurred over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and its surrounding regions from 1December to 9 December, 2013, was investigated using the coupled WRF-CMAQ modeling system. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and regional transport process of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during this episode were investigated. Contributions from regional transport and local emission to PM2.5 concentration over the YRD region were also quantified. Results show that the WRF-CMAQ model could reproduce the temporal and spatial distributions and evolution characteristics of PM2.5 over the YRD its surrounding regions during the haze episode. Regional transport process plays a significant role even under the stable weather situation. During this episode, the contribution percentage of PM2.5 from Anhui, Southern Shandong, and Northern Jiangsu to the YRD region are 3.5%~24.9%, 0.14%~30.0% and 0.03%~17.5%, respectively. Local contribution to the YRD region is equal to the total contributions from outside areas, occupying 49% of the total contribution.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1965-1974 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2669KB] ( 760 )

	1975	Impacts of bromine addition on mercury transformation in coal-fired flue gas
		DUAN Zhen-Ya, HUANG Wen-Bo, WANG Feng-Yang, ZHANG Lei, WANG Shu-Xiao
		Impacts of bromide type, concentration, and addition mode on mercury oxidation in coal-fired flue gas from a drop-tube furnace was investigated. The experimental results indicated that bromine promoted mercury oxidation in coal-fired flue gas. The oxidation rate increased rapidly in a specific bromine concentration range and slowed when the concentration exceeded the range. This optimal range varied by coal quality and bromide type. Regarding the cost, operability and effectiveness of the bromine addition mode, the effectiveness followed the sequence post-combustion HBr injection < pre-combustion HBr injection < CaBr2 addition to coal < NaBr addition to coal. The highest mercury oxidation rate for lignite (72%) was obtained by adding NaBr at 200mg/kg, and the highest rate for sub- bituminous coal (83%) was obtained by adding NaBr at 1000mg/kg.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1975-1982 [Abstract] ( 137 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 563KB] ( 925 )

	1983	Adsorptive performance of thiophene by bimetallic organic porous material Ni-Cu/BTC
		HE Qiao, WANG Ting-Ting, MA Na, DAI Wei
		Removal of thiophenic compounds from fuels plays a key role in production of ultra low sulfur clean fuel. The adsorptive performance of thiophene with bimetallic organic porous material Ni-Cu/BTC was investigated using batch experiments. Results showed that the adsorption kinetics data of thiophene onto Ni-Cu/BTC from model fuel could be well described by a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data of thiophene onto Ni-Cu/BTC fitted well to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models (Freundlich>D-R>Langmuir). Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of thiophene onto Ni-Cu/BTC was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1983-1989 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 546KB] ( 1414 )

	1990	Effects of treatment processes on the emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in a municipal sewage treatment plant
		GENG Xue-Song, ZHANG Chun-Lin, WANG Bo-Guang
		Sewage treatment plant could be a potential exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban environment. Raw water samples were collected from the inlet of a municipal sewage treatment plant in Guangzhou and were analyzed by purge-trap concentrator and high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. 20individual compounds were discovered with a concentration ranged from approximately 0.1789 to 21.89mg/L in the inlet water. The emission rates and the total amount were calculated employing the model of WATER9 based on the measured data and units structural parameters. Among the four processes (A-B process, UNITANK processes, improved A2/O process concentrated on nitrogen and phosphorus removal, improved A2/O process with efficient sedimentation tank), A-B process had the highest emission rate of 0.2318g/s, while the covered A2/O process with efficient sedimentation tank had the lowest emission rate of 0.0426g/s. The biological tank and sedimentation tank were the two major units that contributed the largest VOCs emission in all the units and the most abundant VOCs consisted of Benzene, toluene, chloroform and tetrachloroethylene. The emission factors of covered and uncovered units were calculated by WATER9 model based on emission rates and sewage treatment amounts and VOCs emissions of sewage treatment plants in Pearl River Delta region were estimated as well, the results indicated that covered units will greatly reduce the amount of VOCs emissions with the reduction rate up to 74.72%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1990-1997 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 590KB] ( 1116 )

	1998	Distribution of biological ice nuclei in the summer precipitations of Naqu in Tibet
		DU Peng-Rui, DU Rui, LU Ze-Dong, LIANG Zong-Min
		Precipitation sampling was took at Naqu of Tibet from June to October, 2013. Only two valid rainwater samples in June and July were got. With the experiments of droplets freezing, the average frozen temperature of droplets embedded with particulate matters (>0.22μm) of rainwater samples were tested. Meanwhile, the activity of ice nuclei in the original rainwater, filtered rainwater, rainwater added with protein denaturants, boiled rainwater had also been tested. The results indicated that the average freezing temperatures of original rainwater droplets in June and July were -13.3℃ and -8.7℃, respectively. As for samples with the average freezing temperatures above -10℃, it can be concluded that there were some biological ice nuclei in the original rainwater, which were sensitive to the protein denaturants and boiling. However, their nucleation activities were different for these two months. The biological ice nuclei played a major role in the freezing of droplets in July, but not in the June. The filtered rainwater still contained efficient biological ice nuclei, but the compositions were still unknown. Using the cloning and sequencing technology, the bacteria 16S rRNA gene and the fungi ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene that covered the two internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S rRNA gene were analyzed. The results indicated that the bacterial genus of Pseudomonas and the fungal genus of Fusarium were recovered in the rainwater and they were supposed to be two types of efficient biological ice nuclei.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 1998-2006 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 519KB] ( 705 )

	2007	Investigation of X-3B photocatalytic degradation by La3+ doped Bi2WO6
		WANG Chun-Ying, GU Chuan-Tao, ZHU Qing-Jiang, YIN Meng-Ru, LUO Xian-Ping, YU Chang-Lin
		Rare earth element La3+ doped Bi2WO6 (La/Bi2WO6) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Reactive brilliant red X-3B was used to as the objective pollutant to investigate the photocatalytic activity of La/Bi2WO6. The physicochemical properties of prepared materials were characterized by XRD, FESEM, UV-vis DRS and N2adsorption-desorption. As a result, La/Bi2WO6(5%) had the optimum photocatalytic activity to X-3B, which had good crystalinity, uniform particles, strong visible litght-responsible property and the higher SBET value with above 30% than pure Bi2WO6. Besides, the factors of the dosage of catalyst, initial concentration of X-3B, and pH values of the reaction solution all played important role on X-3B removal by La/Bi2WO6.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2007-2013 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 678KB] ( 1338 )

	2014	Near infrared spectroscopy analysis of inorganic nitrogen in shortcut nitrification-denitrification based on interval partial least square
		HUANG Jian, HUANG Shan, ZHANG Hua, HUANG Xian-Huai, ZHANG Yong, WANG Meng, ZHU Jing, WANG Kuan
		The change law of the inorganic nitrogen in the stable shortcut nitrification and denitrification systems was researched with sequencing batch activated sludge reactor (SBR). Wavelet denoising method was used to preprocess the near infrared spectra of inorganic nitrogen and interval partial least square (iPLS) method was used to establish the mathematical prediction models of inorganic nitrogen content. The results indicated that wavelet denoising method could partially remove the noise of original spectra and improve the accuracy of the model. The interval partial least squares (iPLS) was used to model the preprocessed spectra, to decide the optimum wavelength range and divide the spectrum into 20sub-interval. The optimum wave number range of the ammonia was 8243~8663cm-1while the nitrite nitrogen was 4000~4420cm-1.The correction coefficients of the models for the ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were 0.9582 and 0.9544, respectively, and root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) were 0.0321 and 0.0406, respectively, and the prediction coefficients were 0.9184 and 0.8816 with the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.0790 and 0.0451. When real wastewater was used as raw water in the process, the prediction coefficients of the models for the ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were 0.9190 and 0.8739, respectively, and root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) were 0.0578 and 0.0229. The prediction effects of the model on ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were better. The method of wavelet denoising and iPLS can effectively not only reduce the variable numbers for establishing models and short operation time, but increase the accuracy of the model, thus providing a feasible analysistechnique for the rapid determination of inorganic nitrogen.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2014-2020 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1042KB] ( 654 )

	2021	Toxicity of crotonaldehyde wastewater to anaerobic biological treatment
		SONG Guang-Qing, XI Hong-Bo, SUN Xiu-Mei, ZHOU Yue-Xi, SONG Yu-Dong, XING Xin
		With anaerobic granular sludge as the test organisms and sodium acetate as substrate, the toxicity of crotonaldehyde wastewater to anaerobic treatment was studied and the influences on the composition of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of the granular sludge were investigated. The results showed that when COD of the crotonaldehyde wastewater was less than 850mg/L, it had little effect on the specific methanogenic activity (SMA). However, the inhibitory impact was serious when COD increased from 2125mg/L to 4249mg/L, with SMA decreasing from 70.5mLCH4/(gVSS·d) to 9.4mLCH4/(gVSS·d). Futhermore, when COD was as high as 8499mg/L, SMA was merely 4.7mLCH4/(gVSS·d), which proved crotonaldehyde wastewater manifesting bactericidal toxin. Meanwhile, the changes of EPS of anaerobic granular sludge under different concentratios of crotonaldehyde wastewater were studied. It displayed that with COD increasing, the amount (represented by TOC), polysaccharides content and protein content of ESP all exhibited a treand of decrease first and then increase. Moreover, the spectral information about the chemical compositions of EPS was presented by the three-dimensional emission and excitation matrixes (EEMs). Although similar patterns with peaks numbers and locations were found under various COD conditions, the fluorescence intensities were quite different among the matrixes. Four distinct fluorescence peaks were respectively identified as tyrosine-like peak A (λex/λem=275nm/305nm)、tryptophan-like peak B (λex/λem=275nm/350nm)、peak C (λex/λem=415nm/470nm) contributed by F420and fulvic-acid-like peak D (λex/λem=335nm/450nm), in which the peak intensities of peak A and peak B were stronger than the others.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2021-2026 [Abstract] ( 160 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 462KB] ( 1293 )

	2027	Simultaneous biofuel production of 2-CSTRs anaerobic digestion system with different recovery rates of ethanol
		WAN Song, LI Yong-Feng
		With the energy conversion efficiency of 2-CSTRs (continuous stirred tank reactor) anaerobic digestion system as the study objectives, hydrogen, ethanol and methane as the target products, at different organic loading rates (OLRs), the ethanol-type fermentation was provided by controlling the available reaction parameters in hydrogen production phase, the treatment water of hydrogen production phase which was recovered ethanol served as the feed of methane production phase, and the energy conversion efficiency of the 2-CSTRs system were dug with different ethanol recovery rates (ERRs). The survey results indicated that energy conversion rate (εT), energy conversion yield (εY) and SDR essentially increased with increasing ERR of 0~50%. Compared with the regular anaerobic digestion system, εT, εY and SDR of the system with ethanol recovery have increased by 32.63%, 17.53% and 12.85% , respectively, with the ERR of 50%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2027-2032 [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 426KB] ( 555 )

	2033	Determination of perfluorinated chemicals in surface water of urban lakes using POCIS
		MA Xue-Ru, LI Ying, YANG Cun-Man, BAO Yi-Jun, LU Guang-Hua
		A modified polar organic compounds integrated sampling technique was calibrated to monitor perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in water. Uptake kinetics of PFCs and the effect of flow velocities on the sampling rates were investigated. The results showed that, in 10d, the enrichment of PFCs under different flow velocities showed a linear relationship. The sampling rates of PFCs decreased with the flow velocity (0.085~0.0018m/s), but no obvious effect was showed on perfluoroundecate (PFuDA). The established POCIS sampling technique was applied to the surface water in Nanjing City and compared with the conventional active monitoring technique. The calculated concentration by POCIS sampling technique and the measured concentration by the twice active monitoring method were in basic agreement.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2033-2040 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 495KB] ( 1257 )

	2041	Multi-phase transformation model of water quality in the sluice-controlled river reaches
		DOU Ming, MI Qing-Bin, ZUO Qi-Ting
		On analysis of the complicated characteristics of the water quality transformation mechanism in sluice- controlled river reaches, the multi-phase transformation of water quality based on the mutual regulation of water body, suspended matters, sediments and organisms was put forwarded. First of all, a group of mathematical expressions describing the mass transportation processes among different phase states of water were derived. Then, a multi-phase transformation model of water quality in sluice-controlled river reaches with certain physical mechanisms was established. Finally, the experimental data of Huaidian Sluice operation was used to identify and validate the parameters of the multi-phase transformation model of water quality, and to simulate the spatial and temporal change processes of water quality ingredients among different phase states. The following findings were discovered from the results: The concentration change of each phase water quality in upstream and downstream are affected by the flow and the gate operation mode, also was the algae￠s growth and enrichment state. The reaction processes in upstream and downstream show different leading reaction mechanisms with the change of sluice operation. Increasing the disturbance to water body, sluice operation leads to stronger exchanges between water body and external matters. The change of cyanobacteria (PCY) quantity in the early test period is mainly affected by water migration, in the later test period, the change of PCY quantity in the upstream section is mainly affected by the obstruction of sluice, and in the downstream section is comprehensively influenced by flow velocity, flow and change of nutrient concentration.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2041-2051 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 778KB] ( 782 )

	2052	Research on treating dispersed piggery rinse water using rice straw as solid carbon source
		SONG Ai-Hong, SHEN Zhi-Qiang, ZHOU Yue-Xi, LIU Shan, XIAO Yu, MIAO Ying
		Against the low C/N ration in dispersed piggery wastewater after the treatment of anaerobic and constructed wetland, using low-cost rice straw as solid carbon source and biofilm carrier to study the performance in start-up stage, the effect of hydraulic loading and pollutants removal profile along the height of the reactor were investigated. The results showed that the NO3--N was removed mainly in the top layer of the reactor, which filled with rice straw. The removal rate of NO3--N was over 95% and the denitrification rate was 0.052mg/(g·h), the effluent without obvious accumulation of NO2--N, simultaneously. In addition, the COD and NH4+-N of effluent was higher than the influent at the early stage owing to the rice straw itself leaching organic and nitrogen substance (mainly is NH4+-N), but the concentration was still much less than the emission limits of discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding (GB18596-2001). COD reduced to about 40mg/L gradually after forty days. COD and NO3--N can be further removed by the brick slag fill layers in the bottom reactor.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2052-2058 [Abstract] ( 175 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 815KB] ( 689 )

	2059	Efficient improvement of the catalyst self-oxidation by immobilizing cobalt tetrasulfophthalocyanine during the dye degradation process
		WU Liu-Xi, YANG Jing, SHEN Chen-Si, LIU Jian-She
		Cobalt tetrasulfophthalocyanine was successfully immobilized on polystyrene resin, protecting them from the self-oxidation under oxidation conditions. The results showed that the removal efficiency of dye C. I. Acid Blue 25 achieved to 99% in the presence of polystyrene resin D201 supported cobalt tetrasulfophthalocyanine and hydrogen peroxide. Besides, the regeneration studies demonstrated that the polystyrene resin immobilized catalyst could be reused effectively. The main mechanism was that cobalt tetrasulfophthalocyanine was firmly anchored through the electronic interactions between the π electrons of the benzene rings of the polystyrene polymers in resin and macrocycle of phthalocyanines. Then its drawback of self-oxidation was improved and the catalytic activity was enhanced.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2059-2064 [Abstract] ( 131 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 431KB] ( 842 )

	2065	Adsorption characteristics of Zn2+ onto magadiite
		GE Ming-Liang, WANG Yan-Wu, CHEN Meng
		The magadiite as a single phase was prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method in SiO2-NaOH-Na2CO3-H2O system and characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope and then the adsorption of Zn2+ onto magadiite from water was examined. The results showed that, magadiite was nonporous material that has surface areas of 19.38 square metres per gram. The best adsorption conditions at 25℃ were obtained: the initial concentration of Zn2+ was 20mg /L, pH = 6, the adsorption of magadiite reached equilibrium at 60min and the adsorption capacity of Zn2+ was 42.55mg/g. In addition, the adsorption kinetics of the magadiite was best described by pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the adsorption isotherms of the magadiite were fitted with the Langmuir adsorption model. The chemical and physical adsorption processes (mainly chemical process) in metal ions adsorption occur concurrently.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2065-2071 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 458KB] ( 855 )

	2072	Compression properties and microstructure of modified clay containing SSA under landfill leachate
		DONG Yi-Qie, LU Hai-Jun, LI Ji-Xiang
		In order to reduce clay amount needed in the landfill liner system and recycle the sewage sludge, the sewage sludge ash (SSA), which was produced in the burning of sewage sludge, was used to improve the traditional liner system. To estimate the engineering properties of the landfill compacted clay liner system containing SSA, the consolidated compression test, the low temperature nitrogen adsorption test, the particle size analysis test were performed to determine the compression characteristic, the micro pore structure, the grain composition of the compacted clay modified by SSA. The result of the consolidated compression test indicated that with the increasing of the SSA content, the void ratio of the modified clay contaminated by the landfill leachate increased and the amount of the compression of it was decreased. After the modified clay was contaminated by landfill leachate, the compressibility and consolidation coefficients of the modified clay were separately between 0.310~0.391MPa-1, 2.446~2.768cm2/s. The low temperature nitrogen adsorption test suggested that the adsorption-desorption isotherm of the modified clay contaminated by landfill leachate belonged to V kind. The shoulder peak existed on the curve of the pore size distribution. The curve showed that the amount of pore between 3~7nm was larger and the accumulated pore volume was between 0.509~0.530cm3/g. The content of pore larger than 11.5μm was 35.09%~49.42%, the content of pore between 2.3~11.5μm was 2.35%~7.28%, and the content of pore smaller than 2.3μm was 46.57%~57.63%. Hence, the compacted clay containing SSA can efficiently resist corrosion, and it can be applied to landfill liner system.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2072-2078 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 692KB] ( 739 )

	2079	Harmless research of printed circuit board sludge by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
		LI Dong-Ming, BAI Jian-Feng, ZHANG Cheng-Long, DAI Jue, YUAN Wen-Yi, DENG Ming-Qiang, MAO Wen-Xiong, WANG Jing-Wei
		The sludge from printed circuit board (PCB) industry was treated harmlessly by the bioleaching method. In the experiment, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (hereafter abbreviated as A.f), which was selected from the copper mine, was used in the bioleaching process. For the original state of the strain, the effect of leaching time, pH value, acclimation period, solid-to-liquid ratio, concentration of ferrous sulfate on bioleaching valuable metals from the sludge were investigated. The results showed that high concentrations of heavy metals in the solution would inhibit the leaching rate of metals by the strain when the solid-to-liquid ratio exceeded 1:20. But the tolerance of the strain could enhance through the continuous acclimation. With a five cycles of continuous domestication for the strain in the bioleaching solution, the ability of the strain leaching metals from the sludge was improved significantly. Leaching rates of Cu, Ni and Zn from the sludge could reach 78%, 53% and 74% respectively under the optical conditions, which were FeSO4?7H20concentration of 60g/L, pH value of 0.5, extraction time of 6days, ratio of solid-to-liquid of 1:10in 9K medium. So the environmentally friendly method would provide support for the PCB industry.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2079-2086 [Abstract] ( 184 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 501KB] ( 1323 )

	2087	The comparison of reduction capacity between humic acid and fulvic acid extracted from the compost
		CUI Dong-Yu, HE Xiao-Song, XI Bei-Dou, TAN Wen-Bing, GAO Ru-Tai, YUAN Ying, ZHANG Hui, XU Peng-Da
		Humic substances, i.e., humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA), were extracted from the uncomposted and composted samples, and used as the electron donators and mediators. The results showed that the RC of HA increased from 22.85mmol e-/molC to 26.84mmol e-/molC, whereas the RC of FA decreased from 37.67mmol e-/molC to 33.68mmol e-/molC after composting. The RC of HA and FA determined by FeCit was higher than that measured by Fe(NO3)3. Compared with the native RC, the microbial RC of humic substances decreased, and the decrease level was related to microbial species. Based on the composition analysis by UV-visible spectra and excitation-emission matrix spectra, it can be found that the RC is positively correlated with the content of humic-like substances and quinine, but it showed a negative correlation with the aromatic degree and molecular weight of humic substances.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2087-2094 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 460KB] ( 1133 )

	2095	Effect of ethanol pre-treatment on hydrolytic acidification and methane fermentation of food waste and distillers’ grains
		SONG Na, WANG Qun-Hui, WANG Li-Hong, YU Miao, CHANG Qiang, ZHAO Na-Na, WU Chuan-Fu
		To prevent the anaerobic co-digestion of food waste (FW) and distillers’ grains (DG) system from acidification, the performance of anaerobic digestion of FW and DG with different ethanol pre-treatment (EP) methods (i.e., FW EP and FW+DG co-EP) was evaluated. The results showed that the cumulative methane yield of control (i.e., without EP), FW EP and FW+DG co-EP groups were 22.8, 222.4, 231.3mL/g-VS, respectively. The ethanol, TVFA and acetic acid content of the hydrolysates in FW EP group were 4.5, 1.4 and 4.9 times higher than those in the control group, while 7.8, 1.6, 5.9 times higher in FW+DG co-EP group. It indicated that EP could promote the hydrolysis extent and methane yield of the substrates. Moreover, the ethanol content of the EP groups were markedly higher than that in the control group, but acetic acid, propionic acid and TVFA content were remarkably lower than those in the control group. The results suggested that organic matter of the substrates tends to convert into ethanol, instead of VFAs, in EP scenario. Thus, EP is an effective way to prevent the accumulation of organic acids in anaerobic digestion systems.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2095-2102 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 475KB] ( 674 )

	2103	Source appointment of heavy metals in suburban farmland soils based on positive matrix factorization
		DONG Lu-Rui, HU Wen-You, HUANG Biao, LIU Gang, QU Ming-Kai, KUANG Rong-Xi
		A typical suburban farmland of Nanjing city was selected as a case area. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the main sources of heavy metals in the topsoils. Correlation between measured and predicted heavy metals were analyzed by Linear Regression in order to investigate the accuracy and feasibility of PMF model. The results were also compared with those obtained through Pb stable isotopic technique, which could further verify the PMF ones. The results indicated that: (1) Mean values of Cd, As, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr in farmland topsoils were greater than their respective soil background values in Nanjing. Concentrations of Cd and Cu in some soil samples were greater than the GradeⅡof the Standard according to the Soil Environmental Quality of China. (2) Accumulation of the heavy metals in soils were related to the overuse of fertilizers for agricultural production for several years, surrounding industrial production, traffic pollution, and soil parent material. (3) The results of the correlation analysis implied that r2values of Cd, Hg and Cr were more than 90%, besides the r2values of other heavy metals were more than 70%, which showed that there were significant correlation between the values of the measured and predicted heavy metals. (4) The contribution of atmospheric deposition to heavy metal accumulation in the soils through PMF model and Pb stable isotopic technique were 32.1% and 36.8%, respectively, which firmly verified that PMF model can be effectively applied to source apportionment of heavy metals in the soils.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2103-2111 [Abstract] ( 353 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 627KB] ( 3242 )

	2112	Magnetic susceptibility accumulation rates in soils near a steel smelter in Lanzhou
		吕Yu-Jia , DAI Shuang, ZHANG You-Xian, LI Ze-Yuan, DING Lei
		In order to establish an easy and fast method to investigate the accumulation rate of heavy metals in soil, samples were collected from the soils on 4sections adjacent a steel smelter near Lanzhou city and their magnetic susceptibility were measured. The data show that the magnetic susceptibilities fast decrease on the section downward. This variation trend can be formulated by a high reliability equation. Using the equation after integrating processing, the newly increased accumulation mass of magnetic susceptibility of soils for each section were calculated. Then the accumulation rate of magnetic susceptibility for each soil layer of the section was calculated according to the running time of the steel smelter. The result shows that the magnetic mineral mainly concentrated in the topmost 1cm soil layer, which accounts for about 70.24%~97.56% of the newly increased accumulation mass of magnetic susceptibility in soil. The magnetic susceptibilities of the soils below 1cm on the section are slightly various. The newly increased accumulation rate of magnetic susceptibility for 4sections are respectively 6.5472×10-8m3/(kg·a), 40.4178×10-8m3/(kg·a), 49.7683× 10-8m3/(kg·a) and 31.8679×10-8m3/(kg·a). The value is maximum in the topsoil above 1cm depth, and it decreases fast down to the 5cm depth on each section. In horizontal, the accumulation rate of magnetic susceptibility of soils in the downwind area is as 4.87 to 7.60 times as that in the upwind area. Therefore, it is feasible and reliable to obtain the newly increased accumulation rate of soil using the variation trend of magnetic susceptibility on the section. This method can reflect the continuous accumulation process of the heavy metals in the soils.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2112-2118 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 700KB] ( 985 )

	2119	Soil quality variability on dump slopes of opencast coalmine in Fuxin
		WANG Kai, ZHANG Liang, LIU Feng, WANG Dao-Han, SONG Zi-Ling
		In the present study, the effects of slope aspect, slope position, and succession years on soil physical, chemical and biological properties in opencast coalmine dumps in Fuxin city were analyzed, and changes of soil quality in the progress of vegetation restoration of the dump slopes were explored using the method of soil quality index. The results showed that the soil water, organic matter, available nitrogen and phosphorus content, pH value, and urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase activities increased from upper part to lower part of slope. The values of soil water content, water-stable aggregates content, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and invertase activities were higher on the shady slope than on the sunny slope after 10 years restoration. With the succession years increase, the soil water-stable aggregates and available phosphorus content, and alkaline phosphatase activity on the shady slope gradually increased, but the soil pH value, and available nitrogen content, urease and catalase activities on the sunny slope gradually declined. The soil quality was higher on the shady than sunny slope, but decreased in the order of lower part> middle part > upper part. With the succession years increase, soil quality increased on the shady slope and at the upper and middle part of sunny slope, while it declined at lower part of sunny slope. These results indicated that slope aspect and slope position played a critical role in soil quality on the slope of coalmine dumps. Therefore, in order to reclaim successfully the slope of coalmine dumps in Fuxin city, different restoration measures should be carried out based on different characteristics of habitat.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2119-2128 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 497KB] ( 960 )

	2129	Investigation and risk evaluation of microcystins in agricultural soils
		ZHAN Xiao-Jing, XIANG Lei, LI Yan-Wen, MO Ce-Hui, DENG Zhe-Shen, HUANG Bin-Hui, WEN Hong-Fei, CAI Quan-Ying, ZHAO Hai-Ming
		Microcystins (MCs) released from cyanobacterial blooms may be transferred to agricultural soil via irrigation water and cyanobacterial compost. Concentration distribution and risk evaluation of three commonly found MCs (including MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR) in 35 soil samples from vegetable fields around heavy eutrophic Dianchi Lake were studied using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results indicated that MCs were detected in 85.7% of the samples and the total concentrations of MCs ranged from n.d. (below LOQ) to 7.8μg/kg with the average concentration of 1.6μg/kg. MC-RR appeared the highest detection rate (82.9%) and concentration (n.d.~5.3μg/kg), followed by MC-LR and MC-YR. Both the health and ecological risks of the three MCs were acceptable. MC-YR displayed the highest health ecological risk, while MC-LR showed the highest ecological risk. Oral intake and dermal contact were primary exposure pathway of MCs to children and adults, respectively. Children suffered higher health risk than adults.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2129-2136 [Abstract] ( 194 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 535KB] ( 872 )

	2137	Dynamic characteristics and ageing factors of Cd added to paddy soils with various properties
		LIU Bin, SUN Cong, CHEN Shi-Bao, ZHANG Xiao-Qing, SONG Wen-恩, LI Ning
		To study the dynamic characteristics, aging factors and its’ influence factors of Cd added to paddy soil, five kinds of paddy soil with various properties were collected, the soils were artificially polluted by cadmium with 6 different addition levels. A pot experiment was performed to investigate the Cd phytotoxicity to the rice growth characterised with different sensitivity to Cd stress in paddy soils, meanwhile, the effect of five ageing times (i.e. 14d, 30d, 60d, 90d and 180d) on the Cd phytotoxicity was investigated using Log-logistic dose-response distribution model. The results showed that the content of the 0.05mol/L EDTA-2Na extracted Cd decreased with the increasing of the aging time in all the soils, the maximum decrement of the 0.05mol/L EDTA-2Na extracted Cd ranged from 21.5% (for the red soil) to 38.0% (for the black soil) respectively, as compared with the treatment of 14d-incubation time. After aging for 90d, the adsorption of Cd in the soil solution reached the slow reaction stage. According to the fitting parameters of the two-order kinetics equation, the aging of Cd in soil was characterized with the extracted Cd content decreased fast in 30d to 60d stage, then the process became slow and reached the balance in the soil solution after 90d incubation. The analysis of the correlation between the kinetic equation parameters (C∞ and K2) and soil properties indicated that, soil pH was the main control factors affecting the fraction of bio-available Cd content in soils, followed by soil CEC and OC content. The 50%inhibiting concentration (EC50) of Cd toxicity to rice growth increased significantly (P<0.05) with the aging time in soils, the EC50 of the treatments with 180d ageing time increased 72.1% to 195.0% as compared with the treatments of 14d aging time. The effects of soil pH on the Cd aging processes decreased gradually, and the influence of CEC increased gradually in thelong-term ageing greater than the treatment of 90d, however, the key factor that affecting the Cd ageing process in the soil was still the soil pH, and no effect of the selected rice cultivars on the Cd ageing process was observed in the soils for this study.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2137-2145 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 566KB] ( 973 )

	2146	Diversity analysis of two-component signal transduction systems in the genus Acidithiobacillus
		YU Shui-Jing, PENG Tao, ZHOU Dan, PAN Tao, DONG Wei, CHEN Jiang-An, QIU Ting-Sheng
		To investigate the difference in the molecular mechanism of the genus Acidithiobacillus responding to extreme mine environment, two A. ferrooxidans strains, one A. caldus strain and one A. ferrivorans strain were analyzed in the diversity of two-component signal transduction systems (TCS) by using the bioinformatics method. The results showed that 27~38 TCS proteins were respectively identified from the four Acidithiobacillus strains. These TCS proteins were clustered into 16 paired groups, four groups of orphan histidine protein kinases, and nine groups of orphan response regulator proteins, demonstrating significant correlationship with their evolutionary branches. Among TCS proteins, nine groups of paired TCSs and five groups of non-paired TCSs were shared by the four strains of Acidithiobacillus, while the other TCSs were absent at least in one strain. Common TCS proteins of the four strains played basic biological roles including nitrogen fixation and citrate/malate metabolism regulation. Specific TCS proteins got involved in chemotaxis regulation, heavy metal response, and copper resistance regulation, which might contribute to survival of bacterial strains under the extreme mine environment.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2146-2152 [Abstract] ( 158 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1143KB] ( 577 )

	2153	Effects of light intensity and phosphorus concentration on the growth of Cladophora oligoclona
		GUO Liang-Liang, ZHOU Wei-Cheng, ZHOU Qi-Chao, LI Gen-Bao
		In the process of ecological restoration using submerged vegetation, green filamentous algae Cladophora will be blooming with decreased nutrients and increased water transparency. To determine the effects of light intensity and phosphorus concentration on growth of C.oligoclona, the growth and photosynthetic activity of C. oligoclona cultured in BBM medium at different concentrations of phosphorus (0.005, 0.02, 0.1,0.6mg/L) and light intensities [10, 30, 50μmol/(m2·s)] for 16 days was examined. The results showed that at the light intensity of 10μmol/(m2·s), the fresh weight of C. oligoclona increased by about 0.05g at the phosphorus concentrations of 0.1mg/L or above. However, the fresh weight of C. oligoclona decreased under other conditions. The greatest fresh weight loss was observed (about 0.49g) at the highest light intensity of 50μmol/(m2·s) and the lowest phosphorus concentration of 0.005mg/L. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm values inversely related to light intensity, the value of Fv/Fm decreased as the light intensity increased. Fv/Fm value was 0.75 at 10μmol/(m2·s) whereas Fv/Fm value was only 0.3 at 50μmol/(m2·s). Under the same light intensity, the different concentrations of phosphorus had no significant effects on the Fv/Fm values. These data showed that light intensity exerted more effects on the growth of C. oligoclona than phosphorus concentration. However, higher light intensity was detrimental to the growth of C. oligoclona.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2153-2159 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 498KB] ( 782 )

	2160	Reduction rate of nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution under different riparian buffer restoring strategies
		ZHAO Peng, HU Yan-Fang, LIN Jun-Yu
		This study was conducted along Liuxi River watershed, a main branch of Beijiang River, in Guangdong Province. Based on the non-point source (NPS) pollution and riparian buffer’s reduction in current situations of the Liuxi River Basin, the differences of NPS pollution reduction improvement of different restoration strategies were investigated by scenario simulations. In order to compare the efficiency of different restoration strategies, the relationships between the improvement of NPS reduction rate and the increase of buffer area were interpreted by benefit-cost index. The results showed the NPS reduction rate performed remarkable spatial variation. Each scenario had improved the NPS reduction rates to varying degrees (TN: 23.36%~30.72%; TP: 27.19%~39.86%). The relationships between buffer areas and NPS reduction rate of each scenario were fitted well by the logarithmic function (P<0.05). The strategy with restoring the sub-basins of prior riparian buffer restoration, which integrated NPS loading and riparian buffers conditions, could reach the best benefit-cost index (1.19%).
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2160-2170 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2142KB] ( 710 )

	2171	Horizontal and vertical variations of activities of extracellular enzymes in the seawater of the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea in late autumn, 2013
		ZHAO Li-Jun, TIAN Ji-Yuan, YU Juan, YANG Gui-Peng, JIA Hong-Bing
		Field investigation was conducted in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea between 6th to 23rd, November, 2013. Sea water samples were collected from 42 survey stations and two vertical stations A7 and E7, and the environmental parameters of the samples were analyzed. Horizontal and vertical variations of activities of nine extracellular enzymes in the study area were studied. The results showed that: The mean activities of nine extracellular enzymes in the surface seawater of the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea in late autumn ranked from high to low as the following order: Alkaline Phosphatase [77.31nmol/(L·h)]> Lipase [23.59nmol/(L·h)]> β-D-Glucosidase [3.87nmol/(L·h)]> Xylosidase [2.63nmol/(L·h)]> α-D- Glucosidase [1.58nmol/(L·h)] ≈Cellulase [1.47nmol/(L·h)] ≈ Chitinase [1.29nmol/(L·h)]> Leucine aminopeptidase [1.09nmol/(L·h)]> β-D-Galactosidase [0.74nmol/(L·h)];Generally, activities of the extracellular enzymes in the surface seawater of the Yellow Sea were higher than those in the Bohai Sea; indicating a high to low pattern of the activities from south to north in the research area; The activities of β-D-Glucosidase or Cellulose in surface seawater showed weak positive correlation with temperatures (P0.05);Vertical variations of the activities of the extracellular enzyme showed that the activities of most extracellular enzymes at surface, 10m and 30m water were higher than those at 50m, 75m and the bottom water.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2171-2181 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 756KB] ( 727 )

	2182	Correlations between the volume of dominant periphytic algae species and the water quality parameters in Gufu River
		LIU Yi-Ling, GE Ji-Wen, LI Yan-Yuan, PENG Feng-Jiao, GAN Juan, GU Jin-Pu
		Changes in volume of periphytic algae dominant species in Gufu River of Three Gorges Reservoir Area were studied and the main parameters of water quality influencing the change were explored, in order to provide an evidence for the quality assessment of river water. Periphytic algae and water quality samples were collected eleven times from December 2010 to February, 2012. A total of 197 species were identified from the periphytic algae samples, and ten water quality factors were measured. The species of which Mcnaughton dominance-index (Y) was large than 0.02 were chosen as the dominant species and their volumes were calculated. The analysis of the volume changes of these dominant species (thirty species) during various months by using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that Bacillariophyta were more sensitive to the seasonal variations. The analysis of the relationship between the water quality parameters and the volume of dominant species by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) demonstrated that the sequencing of the correlations between the water quality and algae volumes were: DO >NH4+-N > chlorophyll a > pH >NO3--N> TP > Tem. > TN > TOC > COD. Monte Carlo significance test showed that the volume of dominant species was most influenced by COD and , and less by chlorophyll a, pH and . The results suggest that the variations of the volume of Bacillariophyta could partly reflect the variation of the concentrations of COD, chlorophyll a, pH and in Gufu River.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2182-2191 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 814KB] ( 1329 )

	2192	Influence of attapulgite clay capping on phosphorus forms in the sediment
		KONG Ming, YIN Hong-Bin, CHAO Jian-Ying, ZHANG Yi-Min
		Influence of sediment capping on phosphorus speciations using 800℃-heated natural calcium-rich attapulgite were researched, sequential chemical extraction and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) were used to analyze the changes of phosphorus speciations during sediment capping period, and mechanism of phosphorus forms transformation were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDS). The results indicated that active phosphorus content was reduced from 308.6mg/kg to 241.1mg/kg, and calcium phosphorus content was increased from 204.9mg/kg to 257.3mg/kg. Results from 31P NMR analysis showed that DNA-P, pyrophosphate and single lipid content were decreased by 47.0%, 36.8% and 31.3%, respectively. Results of SEM-EDS analysis indicated that the white flocculent deposits on the surface of sediment were mainly calcium phosphate. The above analysis preliminary showed that mechanisms of phosphorus forms transformation were due to the high content of active calcium in the material and the changes of surface sediment environment after sediment capping, which promoted phosphorus speciations transformed from active phosphorus to calcium phosphorus.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2192-2199 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 815KB] ( 945 )

	2200	Measurement zoning and control of urban eco-environmental vulnerability
		ZHANG Xiao-Rui, HE Yan-Dan, FANG Chuang-Lin, WANG Zhen-Bo
		The measurement indicator system was established from two perspectives of ecological sensitivity and ecological resiliency. Meanwhile, the GIS spatial analysis technology was adopted for the quantitative measurement and classification of the urban eco-environmental vulnerability, thus obtaining the type zone of vulnerability control. In Hefei, for example, the eco-environmental vulnerability was specifically measured on GIS platform. Then it was divided into 5 vulnerability zoning, including low, relatively low, middle, relatively high and high and concluded as three type zones of vulnerability control, namely, ecological green line, ecological grey line and ecological red line. Among which, the control zone of ecological green line had the largest scale, taking up 53.61% of the total area and providing sufficient development space for Hefei. At last, suggestions for the development of different type zones of vulnerability control were offered so as to provide scientific decision-making basis for the protection and development of urban eco-environment.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2200-2208 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3518KB] ( 669 )

	2209	Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the coupling relationship between planktonic algae-planktonic bacteria
		CHEN Shu, GUO Zhao-Bing, FANG Hua, LI Xun, XING Peng
		CO2 fixation by planktonic algae and subsequent assimilation of algae-derived organics by planktonic bacteria, and the coupling relationship between them were studied at elevated CO2 levels. The elevated CO2 levels were achieved in three sets of mesocoms, each having a volume faction of 400×10-6 (P1), 800×10-6 (P2), and 1200×10-6 (P3), respectively. Results showed that elevated CO2 supplies promoted algal growth, leading to biomass of 9.4×106cells/mL, 1.1×107cells/mL, and 1.5×107cells/mL at P1, P2, and P3 levels. Algal esterase activity was also reduced at these CO2 levels, but the time to reach peak biomass was not affected. For planktonic bacteria in the same mesocoms, they reached peak biomass on day 12 (P1), 14 (P2), and 20 (P3), leading to cell density of 2.10×106cells/mL (P1), 1.94×106cells/mL (P2), and 1.70×106cells/mL (P3). In the first seven days, the growth rate of planktonic bacteria correlated with increasing CO2 levels: vP3>vP2>vP1, as was the bacterial activity. At elevated CO2 levels, algae showed high biomass with low metabolic activity, while bacterial showed relative low biomass with high metabolic activity; this contrast reflected differences in the response mechanism of algae and bacteria to changes in CO2levels. Therefore, the high biomass resulting from elevated CO2under global change may not effectively transform into bacterial biomass.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2209-2216 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 500KB] ( 1563 )

	2217	Factors controlling bioaccessibility of Cd in soils from contaminated sites and its implication on soil screening values
		ZHONG Mao-Sheng, PENG Chao, JIANG Lin, HAN Dan, XIA Tian-Xiang, YAO Jue-Jun, ZHENG Di
		Unified bioaccessibility model (UBM) was used to measure cadmium (Cd) bioaccessibility of 12 soils with different physic-chemical properties and concentrations from Hunan, Guangxi and Dalian. The results revealed that the bioaccessibility of Cd in stomach was 12.24%~81.10% with the average value being 53.60% while in intestine it was 2.01%~43.30% with the average value being 19.74%. The bioaccessible concentration in stomach correlated well with total Cd (TCd) (P<0.000, n=12) and total Mn (TMn) (P=0.04, n=12) in soils while in intestine the most significant controlling factor was TCd (P<0.001, n=12), followed by bioaccessible concentration in stomach (P<0.001, n=12) and TMn (P=0.05, n=12). A model regressed based on TCd and total phosphate (TP) can predict the bioaccessible concentration in stomach very well with R2 being 0.992, and the bioaccessible concentration in intestine can be predicted precisely using a model regressed based on bioaccessible concentration in stomach and soil pH with R2being 0.999. When the bioaccessibility in stomach was considered the soil screening values for residential and industrial was 1.8 (calculated based on the average bioaccessibility) and 1.2 (calculated based on the maximal bioaccessibility) times the values without considering Cd bioaccessibility while the screening levels were 5.0 (calculated based on the average bioaccessibility) and 2.3 (calculated based on the maximal bioaccessibility) times the values when bioaccessibility in intestine was taken into account.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2217-2224 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 650KB] ( 1338 )

	2225	Contamination characteristics and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in PM2.5 in Chengdu
		LI You-Ping, LIU Hui-Fang, ZHOU Hong, FAN Zhong-Yu, ZHANG Zhi-Sheng, ZOU Chang-Wu
		To study the pollution characteristics, sources and human health risks of toxic heavy metals in PM2.5 in Chengdu, the samples were collected from April 2009 to January 2010, in which 20 elements were analyzed by the XRF. The Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geo-accumulation Index methods were used to investigate the pollution levels of 7 toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Sb); the correlation analysis (CA) was applied to study their sources; the health risk assessment model of US EPA was exploited. The results indicated that the concentrations of toxic heavy metals in PM2.5 were at a high level as follows: As (40.5±30.3), Cd (9.5±13.2), Cr (17.9±10.5), Mn (137.6±84.3), Ni (5.1±4.1), Pb (320.5±186.0) and Sb (11.0±16.0) ng/m3. The concentrations of As in all samples significantly exceeded the 6.0 ng/m3 standard. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in some samples also exceeded the 5.0 ng/m3 and 500.0 ng/m3 standards. Most of the elements reached their highest concentrations in winter and lowest in summer. It was demonstrated that the enrichment factors of Cr, Mn, Ni were lower than those of As, Cd, Pb, Sb indicating moderate pollution. The sources of toxic heavy metals in PM2.5 included soil dust, vehicle emission and coal combustion, metallurgy and machinery manufacturing and brake wear. Mn was found to cause highly non-cancer risks to children and adults which values were estimated as 6.01, 2.59 and 2.46, respectively. The non-cancer risks of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb were less than 1, indicating relatively small impacts. The high pollution levels of As, Cr were found to be with cancer-risks.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2225-2232 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 560KB] ( 1932 )

	2233	Economic evaluation of health risks caused by PM2.5 in Beijing based on contingent valuation method
		ZENG Xian-Gang, XU Zhi-Hua, LU Yi-Qiong
		Resident’s willingness to pay (WTP) for reductions of health risks caused by PM2.5 were investigated in Beijing by using contingent valuation method (CVM). The WTP for reducing the annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 71.60 yuan/month, 85.66 yuan/month and 94.31 yuan/month for a reduction of 30%, 45%, and 60%, respectively. Based on structure equation model and by using risk characteristic, risk emotion and risk communication as three dimensions to reflect risk perception, a theoretical model of the relationship between WTP and risk perception was constructed. The results showed that the impact factor of risk perception on WTP was 0.37. Among the three variables used to reflect risk perception, the loading of risk emotion was the highest, which was 0.95. Reality satisfaction was the most significant factor in risk emotion, the influence coefficient was 0.71. The likelihood of health risks and the severity of the consequences had the greatest impact on risk characteristic, with a factor loading of 0.85. The individual features have a direct influence on WTP, it also affect WTP indirectly by way of risk perception. The total impact factor was 0.47. Education and income had a strong correlation, the covariant coefficient was 0.67.
		2015 Vol. 35 (7): 2233-2240 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 378KB] ( 969 )

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