Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2015 Vol.35 Issue.8,Published 2015-08-20

	2241	The mercury mass flow and emissions of coal-fired power plants in China
		HUI Mu-Lin, ZHANG Lei, WANG Zu-Guang, WANG Shu-Xiao
		To investigate the fate of mercury (Hg) in coal burned at power plants in China, the amount of mercury released to the air, water and solid waste in 2010 were calculated based on the Hg content of coal, coal consumption, application rate of air pollution control devices, and the re-utilization of coal combustion by-products. All the Hg input of power plants came from coal, totally 271.7t (147.1~403.6t) in 2010. In coal-fired power plant, the mercury emitted to air, to byproducts, and to water were 101.3t (44.0~167.1t), 167.4t (84.3~266.3t) and 3.0t (1.2~5.0t), respectively. During the re-utilization of byproducts, the mercury emitted to air, released to soil and stored in products including cement, gypsum wallboard, and fly ash brick were 32.7t (12.5~56.1t), 58.6t (33.6~103.9t), and 76.1t (30.3~108.6t), respectively. The results indicated that cement production and fly ash brick production were two important processes with atmospheric Hg re-emissions, accounting for 81.7% and 15.3% of the total Hg re-emissions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2241-2250 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 516KB] ( 911 )

	2251	Spatial variations of airborne dust trace elements in Beijing
		ZHENG Xiao-Xia, ZHAO Wen-Ji, GUO Xiao-Yu
		Using dust samples collected in urban, suburban area in Beijing during heating period, chemical characteristics of lanthanoid elements (La-Lu) and 5 heavy metals (Cr, Co, Mo, Cd, Pb) were analyzed in order to subsequently discuss the variation in spatial distribution. Discriminant Analysis, together with Spearman Correlation Analysis, was used to identify significant variables influencing the variation. Ternary diagram was further applied to explain the differences. The results demonstrated that the elements had obvious spatial variations along an urban-rural gradient. The concentrations of Cr, Mo, Cd and Pb and the degree of lighter lanthanoids fractionation presented a decreasing trend from urban core to suburb. On the contrary, the amount of Co, lanthanoids abundance and Eu-anomalies increased towards the suburb. Mo, Co and Pb accounted for 68.2% of total spatial variance. The LaCeSm diagram showed that the major origin of airborne dust in Beijing came from crustal materials. The PbCoMo and CrCoMo diagrams sufficiently explained that spatial variations of trace elements were due to the different contributions of pollution sources. The airborne dusts in suburb were mainly derived from soil and chimney soot. While the atmospheric dusts in urban core were primarily influenced by traffic emissions. In the middle transitional zone, the influences of the above sources were medial.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2251-2260 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1894KB] ( 636 )

	2261	Observational study of the spatial-temporal distribution of cloud condensation nuclei in Shanxi Province, China
		LI Jun-Xia, YIN Yan, REN Gang, YUAN Liang, LI Pei-Ren, SHEN Dong-Dong
		Observational data of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) from January to December 2011 was used to analyze the CCN spatial-temporal distribution properties including the seasonal, monthly and daily distribution in Shanxi Province, and the results were compared with the similar researches in other places of China and abroad. The CCN number concentration (NCCN) showed obvious seasonal variation, the average value of NCCN was highest in Winter and lowest in Summer. The maximum NCCN occurred in January and the lowest value occurred in June. More precipitation days in summertime had strong wet scavenging effect on NCCN. NCCN significantly increased during the local winter heating period. A bimodal pattern was presented in the NCCN diurnal variation. Two peaks appeared at 07:00-11:00 am and 17:00-20:00 pm, respectively. The fitted CCN spectra of four seasons were obtained by using the expression N=CSk. The fitted parameters C were 10983, 2454, 7614 and 16421 for Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, and all the values of k were less than 1, which showed the typical continental nuclei spectrum characteristics. The NCCN vertical profiles were acquired based on the airborne measurements of CCN in summertime of Shanxi, 2013. The largest NCCN appeared close to the ground surface, and the NCCN decreased with height. The average magnitude of NCCN was 103cm-3below 2000m height and 102cm-3 above 3000m height.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2261-2271 [Abstract] ( 170 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1211KB] ( 717 )

	2272	Characterization of haze pollution over Central China during the past 50 years
		TAN Cheng-Hao, ZHAO Tian-Liang, CUI Chun-Guang, LUO Bo-Liang, ZHANG Lei, BAI Yong-Qing
		Based on the observational data of haze occurrences from 1962 to 2011, the temporal-spatial variations of haze pollution and the causes over Central China were discussed by using statistical methods, such as linear regression, cluster and correlation analysis. It was found that haze pollution occurred frequently in the areas of northern-central Henan, western-central Hubei and central Hunan, where the population was relatively dense with high aerosol concentrations. The station with the most frequent haze events was Xinxiang in Henan province, reaching 79.1d/a. The seasonal variations showed that the heaviest haze pollution happened in winter and the slightest haze occurred in summer. Haze pollution was a typical atmospheric environment incident in winter over Central China. These seasonal differences became obscure with the increases of haze frequency in spring, summer and fall. High haze pollution was spatially centred over the urban area. The increasing and decreasing trends in haze occurrences were identified respectively in the polluted region and the relatively clean region over the recent 50years, revealing the polarization in air environment change over Central China. Haze events in Central China were highly related to the increasing anthropogenic emissions and the decreasing East Asia monsoon over the region during the past 50years.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2272-2280 [Abstract] ( 153 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 695KB] ( 986 )

	2281	Spatial-temporal change of tropospheric NO2 column density and its impact factors over Shandong province during 2005~2014
		ZHOU Chun-Yan, LI Qing, HE Ying-Xia, WANG Zhong-Ting, CHEN Hui, ZHANG Li-Juan, MAO Hui-Qin, YU Chao
		Based on satellite derived NO2 column data from OMI, we analysed the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of tropospheric NO2 column density and its impact factors over Shandong province for 2005~2014. Results demonstrate: Tropospheric NO2 column density had a large fluctuation on the temporal scale, increased at the rate of 28.5%, with the highest column density in the year 2011; The spatial distribution of tropospheric NO2 column density also had significant changes, with variation of the highest value areas, regions with the fourth and fifth level values had extended to a wide range of the central and western part of Shandong province during 2010~2012, which only appeared in developed inland cities during 2005~2009, but narrowed again during 2013~2014; Precipitation had a highly negative correlation with NO2 concentrations, for the reason of atmospheric wet deposition. Through analyzing the significant increasement of regional gross domestic product (GDP), the large and rapid increasement of vehicle ownership and the significant straw burning in Shandong province during 2005~2014, the change of NO2 columns can be attributed to these anthropogenic sources.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2281-2290 [Abstract] ( 212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1263KB] ( 805 )

	2291	Research on the spatial/temporal patterns of NO2 concentration and NOx emissions of Lanzhou by applying satellite data
		ZHANG Jie, LI Ang, XIE Pin-Hua, XU Jin, WANG Yang, WU Feng-Cheng, MOU Fu-Sheng
		OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) on abroad the EOS AURA satellite is widely used to observe the trace gases (O3, NO2, SO2) for its high spatial and temporal resolution. The distribution of NO2 column concentration over Lanzhou was reconstructed using data from OMI database (2010~2012), following the analysis of variation of spatial and temporal patterns, and the estimation of NOx emissions when considering the distribution of NO2 concentration under south-western wind. The results shown that: in the spatial pattern, the NO2 column concentration at the center of Lanzhou City was the highest, and the concentration of NO2 decreased with the distance from the center. In the time pattern, the NO2 column concentration of Lanzhou City reached the highest value in December, and the lowest value in August. The lifetime of NO2 in Lanzhou during wintertime from 2010 to 2012 was about 10.6, 9.9, 9.1h respectively, and the NOx emission rate was about 175.3, 183.7, 179.9mol/s respectively. The emission rate calculated matched the data provided by the “Lanzhou Environment Bulletin”, which indicated that analyzing the distribution of NO2 under special wind direction provides a feasible way to estimate the emissions of NOx.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2291-2297 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 840KB] ( 888 )

	2298	Meteorological factors and aerosol characteristics during two long-lasting fog/haze event in Xi￠an
		YANG Wen-Feng, LI Xing-Min, CHEN Chuang, LIU Rui-Fang, DU Chuan-Li
		Based on the meteorological and aerosol observed data, the change of wind, temperature ,humidity, aerosol mass concentration, particle size distribution and scatter coefficient had been analyzed in Xi`an on 17~25 December 2013 and 20~26 February 2014. These factors had an effect on the fog/Haze of formation, development and lasting. The results showed: By ASP observation, particle number concentration between 0.5μm and 0.835μm of aerodynamic diameter increased obviously during the formation and maintaining of fog/haze. After the process of fog/haze, the particle number concentration of aerodynamic diameter 3.5μm decreased significantly. By SMPS observation, particle number concentration was mainly concentrated in 30nm~300nm of aerodynamic diameter and had obvious diurnal variation during the formation and maintaining of fog/haze, the time of large particle number concentration appeared from 8a.m. to 2p.m and from 6p.m to 2a.m. The increase of pollutant concentration was mainly related to the increase of number concentration of aerodynamic diameter>140nm.The increase of scatter coefficient was related to the increase of number concentration of aerodynamic diameter<1.0μm. This was one of the important factors which caused the visibility deterioration.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2298-2306 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1266KB] ( 768 )

	2307	Distribution and long-term variation of tropospheric NO2 over China during 2005 to 2013
		GAO Jin-Hui, ZHU Bin, WANG Yan-Zhe, KANG Han-Qing
		With the combination of NOx emission index of regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS), the wind field at 10 meters height above surface which based on European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Real- Analysis data, and the relavant statistical data based on the China Statistical Yearbooks Database, the monthly tropospheric NO2 data over China acquired from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) was analyzed with respect to spatial distribution and long-term trends between 2005 and 2013. The results showed that the high value areas of tropospheric NO2 columns over China were located on North China, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. The trends of tropospheric NO2 columns were distinguished between east and west China. It was increased during 2005 to 2011 in east China, but decreased by 7.1% from 2011 to 2013. In west China, the tropospheric NO2 columns were increased continuously from 2005 to 2013. High value regions of NO2 tropospheric columns were decreased after 2011, which was strongly related to the cut of the NOx discharge of industry. The tropospheric NO2 columns reached their maximum in winter and minimum in summer. The anthropogenic emission of NOx was one of the important factors which influenced the seasonal mean tropospheric NO2 columns. In the mean time, seasonal means of 10-m winds also played an important role of influencing the seasonal distribution of tropospheric NO2 columns, which indicated that the impact of meteorological conditions should not be ignored.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2307-2318 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1591KB] ( 741 )

	2319	Characteristics of atmospheric PM2.5 and the variation of PAHs in PM2.5 during spring in Hongshan district, Wuhan
		ZHANG Li, ZHANG Yuan, QI Shi-Hua, LI Hui, XING Xin-Li, ZHANG Ze-Zhou, ZHENG Huang, SUN Yan, MIN Yang
		33 atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected in Hongshan district, Wuhan in the spring of 2014. The PAHs in these samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for investigating the composition and variation of PAHs in PM2.5. The results showed that the PM2.5 concentrations were in the range of 47.99~195.87μg/m3 with the concentration of 101.34±32.49μg/m3, and the exceeding criteria rate was 81.82%. Furthermore, the concentration of PM2.5 did not correlate significantly with meteorological parameters. The total concentration of PAHs in PM2.5 ranged from 8.44 to 34.45ng/m3, and the average was 21.48±7.03ng/m3. The 4 rings PAHs had the highest concentration 11.72ng/m3, which accounted for 54.56% of the total PAHs concentration. According to the diagnostic ratios of PAHs apportioning from typical sources and principle components analysis, vehicle emissions, combustion and coal burning were the dominant sources of PAHs. The total TEQ concentration ranged from 1.10~5.46ng/m3, and the average was 2.99ng/m3, and the exceeding criteria rate was 60.61%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2319-2325 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 414KB] ( 552 )

	2326	Seasonal variation and gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCBs from Binhai New District, Tianjin
		LI Zhi-Yong, ZHAO Peng, ZHANG Jing-Hong
		The 23 paired samples (gas+particle) were collected from Binhai New District (BHND) during April 2013 to January 2014. The 84 PCB congeners were analyzed for each sample and the results were shown as following, the total PCBs concentrations ranged from 71.08 to 567.26 pg/m3 with the mean value as 307.18 pg/m3; The mean values for spring, summer, autumn and winter were 275.19, 372.55, 259.96, 281.81 pg/m3, the weak seasonal distribution trends and relatively higher PCBs levels in winter possibly resulted from the PCBs emission from the local industrial sources and higher particle levels for winter compared with the other three seasons; The gas PCBs accounted for 77.47% of the total PCBs and showed a strong seasonal trends as summer>autumn>spring>winter; The slope of regressed C.C plot was -5302, indicated the gas PCBs were mainly originated from local sources. The slopes for regressed log KP-log PL0 and log PL0-log KOA plots were -0.43 and 0.46, deviated from the –1 and +1 for the equilibrium status of gas/particle partitioning, indicated the strong influence of local industrial sources.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2326-2333 [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 477KB] ( 527 )

	2334	Influence of feeding modes on anammox under different influent substrate concentration in SBR
		CAO Tian-Hao, WANG Shu-Ying, MIAO Lei, LI Zhong-Ming, PENG Yong-Zhen
		Different feeding modes with different influent substrate concentration were investigated using anaerobic SBR, with the conditions of synthetic wastewater and real mature landfill leachate, respectively. The results showed that when treating low concentration of synthetic wastewater (NO2--N￡400mg/L), the feeding mode of 5min was a better choice for Anammox. When treating high concentration of synthetic wastewater (NO2--N3400mg/L), the continuous feeding mode of 5h was the best choice for Anammox. Under the continuous feeding mode of 5h, the average nitrogen removal rate (ANRR) increased to 39.11mgN/(gVSS·h) and enhanced by 40% comparing with the feeding mode of 5min.When treating the real mature landfill leachate with nitrite concentration of 300±20mg/L, ANRR of 5h was maximum comparing with other feeding modes. Because of the mature landfill leachate contained a little of biodegradable organics and lots of hazardous substances, the ANRR of treating mature landfill leachate was lower than that of treating synthetic wastewater.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2334-2341 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 553 )

	2342	Adsorption of fluorescent whitening agent-VBL in the waste water by TiO2@yeast microspheres and regeneration research
		WU Fei, ZHENG Pei, QIN Fang, BAI Bo, WANG Hong-Lun, SUO You-Rui
		TiO2@yeast microspheres with a unique raspberry-like structure were prepared through electrostatic- interaction-driven self-assembly heterocoagulation. The obtained TiO2@yeast microspheres were subsequently used as adsorbents for removal of anionic fluorescent whitening agent-VBL (FWA-VBL) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption characteristics were determined by investigating factors such as pH, initial concentration and adsorbent dose, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the sorbent was 167.50mg/g at the temperature of 323.15K. The adsorption kinetic was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Due to the coupling effects of photo-catalytic function and adsorption, TiO2@yeast microspheres show desired in-situ regeneration. Additionally, adding H2O2 could improve the regeneration performance of TiO2@yeast microspheres.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2342-2350 [Abstract] ( 138 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1051KB] ( 439 )

	2351	Influence on activated sludge characteristics of anthraquinones before and after pre-treatment by heterogeneous Fenton-like
		SU Cheng-Yuan, LI Wei-Guang, HUANG Zhi, CHEN Meng-Lin, QIU Rui
		With reactive brilliant blue and rhein as anthraquinones model pollutants, the effects of heterogeneous Fenton-like pre-treatment on the biodegradability of anthraquinones and characteristics of activated sludge such as extracellular polymeric substances, intracellular substances, dehydrogenase activity, urease activity, and distribution of the microbial community were investigated. Based on Zahn-Wellens test, the biodegradation of reactive brilliant blue and rhein without the pre-treatment was not effective. The biodegradation of the pollutants with the pre-treatment were 84.44% and 86.72%, and the respiration curves were above the endogenous respiration curves. Without the pre-treatment, the absorption peak intensity of tyrosine protein was decreased significantly in the EEM spectra of extracellular polymeric substances, and amino absorption peak was widened in the FTIR spectra of intracellular material. With heterogeneous Fenton-like pre-treatment, the characteristics of activated sludge were not significant changed. The relative activity of urease still remained 80%. The relative activity of dehydrogenase was decreased, especially for rhein, and the relative activity was only 67.5%. The microbial community of the activated sludge was dramatically changed without the pre-treatment. Gram positive increased from 40.15% to 47.72% and 45.78%, respectively. And gram negative reduced from 39.57% to 37% and 37.15%, respectively. But after heterogeneous Fenton-like pre-treatment, the microbial community was not obviously changed.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2351-2359 [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 787KB] ( 537 )

	2360	Effect of various types carbon source on the synthesis of PHA of aerobic granular sludge
		WANG Jie, PENG Yong-Zhen, YANG Xiong, WANG Shu-Ying
		The stable performance of aerobic granular sludge would be affected by various factors. The type of carbon source was reported to have impact on the synthesis of poly hydroxy acid lipid (PHA), consequently affect the stability of the aerobic granular sludge. In this study, the aerobic granular sludge was cultivated with the mixed carbon source, and the effect of different carbon source on the PHA synthesized by aerobic granular sludge was investigated. The tests were conducted with 8kinds of carbon source including sodium acetate, methanol, glucose, maltose, starch, sugar, glutamic sodium and peptone. The results showed that the aerobic granular sludge had better performance for transforming the sodium acetate and sugar to PHA, with the storage capacity reached up to 102.19mgCOD/g·VSS and 70.58mg COD/g·VSS, respectively. This was significantly higher than the value using the other carbon source, which was in the range of 5~20mg/g·VSS. Therefore, it was beneficifal to maintain the stable performance of granular sludge by using sugar and sodium acetate as carbon source. However, the lowest storage of PHA was found when methanol was used.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2360-2366 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 776KB] ( 494 )

	2367	Assessment of biomass characteristics and membrane permeability in a membrane bioreactor under thickening operation
		WANG Chao-Chao, LI Si-Min, ZHENG Zhao-Ming, LI Jun
		A pilot-scale aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) process was operated to treat municipal wastewater regarding on the influences of biomass characteristics on membrane permeability as well as the membrane permeability recovery. Sucrose solution was added to maintain system operation of a constant food to microorganisms (F/M) ratio at 0.13 and a series of physicochemical and biochemical parameters of activated sludge were also measured throughout the whole trial, with correlations between biomass properties and membrane permeability as well as the membrane permeability recovery were further assessed by using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) analyses. Results showed the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration exerted the greatest influence on membrane permeability (rp=-0.958, P=0.000); soluble microbial products (SMP) concentration, soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) concentration and particle size diameter (PSD) had similar weaker effects on membrane permeability (\|rp\|=0.82~0.85). Whereas the sludge settleability, and filamentous index (FI) had no evident influences on membrane permeability. The accumulated clogged solids (ACS) in membrane channels and absolute membrane permeability recovery increased with the increasing MLSS concentrations, implying that the MLSS concentration had direct effects on membrane clogging propensity and further proved that membrane clogging being another important factor affecting the membrane permeability except for membrane fouling. The off-line declogging combined with enhanced chemically backflushing (CEB) could ensure the sustainable membrane permeability recovery under the condition of low-flux [5~6L/(m2·h)] operation at high MLSS concentrations.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2367-2374 [Abstract] ( 150 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 503KB] ( 853 )

	2375	Numerical simulation of Fe0-PRB in rehabilitating groundwater contaminated by nitrate
		DENG Hong-Wei, HE Wei, HU Jian-Hua, ZHOU Ke-Ping
		According to the theory of the advection-dispersion effect of groundwater, the coupled model of groundwater seepage and contaminant transport was established using GMS software. By numerical simulation method, the transport characteristics of the groundwater contaminant were analyzed. Under the two cases of sorption and dissolve or not, the contaminant laws were analyzed in the process of migration. The results showed that the groundwater and soil had natural ability of purifying contaminant, but it was not obvious. Zero-valence iron was choose as the PRB wall medium, the effects of decreasing nitrate concentration were simulated with GMS software by Fe0-PRB in rehabilitating groundwater contaminant. The pollution plume decreased significantly and pollution concentration reduced effectively. When the PRB thickness was 4meters, contaminant passed through the PRB wall after 550days. To the No.1, 2, 3observation well, the pollution concentration were 1.712, 0.011, 0.018mg/L respectively after PRB processed 10years. And there was a significant pollution plume tail under the PRB. When the thickness of PRB was added to 6meters, contaminant passed through the PRB wall after 850 days. The concentration of observation well was 0.52, 0.004, 0.005mg/L respectively after PRB processed 10 years, in the No.1, 2, 3. The pollution concentration have been reduced 9.6%, 63.6% and 72.2% respectively comparing with 4meters PRB. The pollution plume tail still existed but it was not significant. To the numerical simulation method, it was an important tool of evaluating the effect of PRB in rehabilitating groundwater pollution and defining the PRB parameters.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2375-2381 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1283KB] ( 641 )

	2382	The removal of OCPs in water by coagulation with poly ferric sulfate
		LIU Peng-Yu, XIA Chuan, CHANG Qing, WU Fu-Ping, LI Xiao-Chun
		Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the various factors affecting the removal of organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs) pollutants in enhanced coagulation process with poly ferric sulfate (PFS) as the coagulant, such as pH value, turbidity, coagulant dosage and the initial concentration of OCPs. The optimization results show that the interactions of the factors were significant, the optimal conditions were: pH 5.0, the turbidity of raw water 150NTU, dosage 12mg/L and initial concentration of OCPs 200ng/L. Under these conditions, the OCPs in water could be removed effectively. The model validation experiment shows that the removal rate of α-HCH reached 82.23%, β-HCH 71.15%,γ-HCH 77.28%, δ-HCH 86.27%, p,p’-DDE 93.78%, respectively. Combined with fractal dimension and zeta potential measures, the analysis shows all factors reached the optimum.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2382-2392 [Abstract] ( 147 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3488KB] ( 430 )

	2393	Simulation-optimization model of identification of groundwater pollution sources based on two coupling method
		XIAO Chuan-Ning, LU Wen-Xi, AN Yong-Kai, GU Wen-Long, ZHAO Ying
		This paper presents a study of groundwater pollution sources identification using simulation-optimization model based on the Genetic Algorithm. The simulation-optimization model was coupled with response matrix approach and state transition equation method, which was solved with genetic algorithm, and the minimum error between the simulated results and the observed data was obtained after multiple iteration. The performance of the model was evaluated with a hypothetical example. The simulated results indicate that the absolute error of response matrix approach and state transition equation method was 0.1~1.6g/L and was 0~5.2g/L, respectively. It proves that the simulation-optimization model based on the genetic algorithm for identifying single groundwater pollution source was feasible. Also, response matrix approach was superior to the state transition equation method.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2393-2399 [Abstract] ( 194 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 692KB] ( 644 )

	2400	Estimation of pollution load from non-point source in Baoxianghe watershed based, Yunnan Province on improved export coefficient model
		REN Wei, DAI Chao, GUO Huai-Cheng
		An improved export coefficient model (IECM) was developed through integrating the precipitation and terrain impact factor into the conventional export coefficient model. Based on the meteorological, hydrological, social and economic data in Baoxianghe watershed from 1999 to 2010, IECM was utilized to calculate the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads. The results indicated that the contribution rates of TN and TP loads from non-point source (NPS) (i.e., 74.2% and 68.0%, respectively) were more than that from point source (i.e., 25.8% and 32.0%, respectively) during 2008. For TN loads, the magnitude order of the contribution of NPS was as follows: land use > atmospheric precipitation > rural life> livestock. For TP loads, the magnitude order was as follows: land use > rural life > atmospheric precipitation > livestock. Also, Contribution rates of TN loads from NPS in Baoxianghe watershed were larger than that in Lake Dianchi watershed, the contribution rates of TP loads from NPS in Baoxianghe watershed was close to that in Lake Dianchi watershed. Furthermore, average relative errors of IECM to estimate the TN and TP loads were 15% and -6%, respective. In comparison, the average relative errors of conventional export coefficient model were 54% for TN loads and 17% for TP loads. It is indicated that the IECM improved the calculation accuracy, and it provided reference information of model selection for the estimation of pollution loads especially that from NPS in Dianchi watershed.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2400-2408 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1687KB] ( 680 )

	2409	Phosphorous release from sludge containing ferric phosphate using microbial reduction and the influencing factors.
		SUN Jing, LI Yong-Mei
		Ferric phosphate (FePO4) sludge, which is generated during the chemical phosphorus removal process in wastewater treatment plants, is the research object. The feasibility of phosphorous release from FePO4 using iron reducing bacteria (IRB) under anaerobic conditions was investigated. The effects of carbon source, C/Fe molar ratio and anthraquione-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS) addition were studied. The results showed that IRB was enriched by acclimation of common activated sludge, and the insoluble ferric phosphate could be reduced by IRB. IRB could utilize glucose, sodium acetate, sodium propionate as the sole electron donor to reduce ferric phosphate and to generate Fe (Ⅱ) as well as to release phosphorus. The variation trend of Fe (Ⅱ) in the mixed liquor was consistent with the variation of phosphorus concentration in the supernatant. When glucose was used as carbon source, 51.6% of phosphorus was released, which was 13.8% and 20.3% higher than those released with sodium acetate and sodium propionate as the sole carbon source, respectively. When glucose was used as the carbon source and the C/Fe molar ratio was 5, the highest phosphorus release rate was achieved. With the addition of AQDS as electron shuttle, phosphorus release rate could be increased by 12.6%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2409-2416 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 492KB] ( 541 )

	2417	Catalytic wet co-oxidation of endocrine disrupting chemical-bisphenol A
		PENG Yan-Rong, WANG Jiu-Ling, WANG Peng, ZENG Guang-Ming, LIU Fen, ZHANG Ling, HUANG Xiao-Ming
		The catalytic wet co-oxidation (CWCO) of bisphenol A (BPA) was conducted with NaNO2 as catalyst and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) as co-oxidizing substance, and the results showed that the addition of TCP could significantly promote the degradation of BPA in the presence of NaNO2: when the mixture of BPA and TCP reacted at 170℃ and 0.5MPa oxygen pressure for 6h, the COD removal reached to 71.2%, while the COD removal was only 24.7% after single BPA reacted at the same experimental conditions. On this basis, the effects of reaction temperature, oxygen pressure, reaction time, TCP concentration and NaNO2 concentration on the CWCO of BPA were investigated, and the optimum experimental conditions were selected (170℃ of reaction temperature, 0.5 MPa of oxygen pressure, 6h of reaction time, 0.5mmol/L BPA, 0.5mmol/L TCP and 0.1mmol/L NaNO2). Under the optimized conditions, BPA and TCP removal reached 100% and 96.4%, respectively, meanwhile the biodegradability index of the mixture after the CWCO process was significantly improved with the ratio of BOD5/COD increasing from 0.08 of the raw mixture to 0.95. In addition, the main degradation products determined by GC-MS were some small organic acids, including acetic acid, 2-methylglutaric acid, succinic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, propanetricarboxylic acid and 1-propenyl-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid. The co-oxidation technology for BPA and TCP provides a potential application in treatment of polluted waters.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2417-2425 [Abstract] ( 119 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 501 )

	2426	Electro-catalytic performance of the activated carbon supported metal oxide as particulate electrode for phenol oxidation
		WU Bo, LI Peng, ZHANG Bo, WANG Li-Zhang
		Granular activated carbon (AC) was used as substrate for fabricating of nano MnO2and SnO2-Sb-Mn loaded catalytic particulate electrodes with redox and thermal decomposition methods, respectively. The phase composition, micro-morphology and electrocatalytic activity of the newly prepared particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques as well as electrochemical test. The results showed that the as-prepared manganese oxide was mainly shaped in α-MnO2and δ-MnO2, which fixed in AC pore edge. SnO2-Sb-Mn component exist as the solid solution distributed on the surface and in the pore structure of AC. The average size of the two crystal was 11.47 and 13.70nm. Metal oxide coatings could increase voltammetric charges during the cyclic voltammetry (CV) scanning process, and improve electrical catalytic activity of particle electrodes. Bulk electrolysis experiments in packed bed electrochemical reactor were conducted with simulated phenol wastewater. The experiments data displayed that the removal of phenol and COD concentration with MnO2/AC and SnO2-Sb-Mn/AC filling were better than that of virgin AC, higher current efficiency and lower energy consume would be realized. The removal ratio of phenol and COD on SnO2-Sb-Mn/AC particles was as high as 94.7%, 90.4% under 12mA/cm2current density during 140min purification, with concurrent ACE reached about 62.7% and Esp 20.3kWh/kgCOD.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2426-2432 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1085KB] ( 574 )

	2433	Optimized preparation of lanthanum uploaded biochar and its application in adsorbing pentavalent arsenic ions from aqueous solution
		FENG Yan-Fang, XUE Li-Hong, YANG Bei, SUN Hai-Jun, HE Shi-Ying, YANG Lin-Zhang
		Lanthanum uploaded biochar (La-biochar) that utilized for removing pentavalent arsenic ions from aqueous solutions was prepared on the basis of corn straw. The operation conditions during production procedure of La-biochar were optimized, and then La-biochar was characterized. Compared with control biochar (CK), the surface of La-biochar was rougher, and specific surface area increased 4.6 times. XRF Results showed La-biochar possessed an amount of lanthanum. Through response surface method, the optimized preparation parameters for the maximum adsorption capacity of pentavalent arsenic ions were obtained, and the parameters were as follows: material ratio (w (La)/w (straw) )= 9.47%, residence time = 20min, pyrolysis temperature = 300oC. Both Acid conditions and neutral conditions were preferable for adsorbing arsenic ions, while alkaline conditions would decrease the removal efficiency of arsenic ions. The effect of three negative ions (CO32-, F-, and Cl-) on the adsorbing process was investigated, and results showed that only high concentration of CO32- could decrease the removal efficiency of pentavalent arsenic ions. Through the production of La-biochar, several goals were achieved, including the reutilization of corn straw, reduction of lanthanum consumption, and dramatically increase of the adsorption capacity of pentavalent arsenic ions from aqueous solutions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2433-2441 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1020KB] ( 677 )

	2442	Research of copper and zinc passivation prediction model during cattle manure composting based on uniform design—partial least squares method
		LI Zhi-Yu, SHI Chang-Qing, ZHOU Ling, Ronaldo G. Maghirang
		The wood vinegar was elected the passivation materials and the key factors affecting the quality of compost for moisture content and C/N ratio. Each factor had six levels, uniform design was used for multiple factors level test, the test results were analyzed by using partial least squares regression, and the heavy metal passivation prediction model was established. Results showed that the test combination with 0.50% wood vinegar, 40% water content and 40C/N ratio had the maximum passivation effects for Cu and Zn (13.5% and 30.2%, respectively). Partial least squares regression was also applied to the test results. The prediction model for heavy metal Cu passivation effect was , where xA, xB, and xC were wood vinegar content, water content, and C/N ratio, respectively. The cross-validation was: . The model reached precision requirement. The prediction model for heavy metal Zn passivation effect was . The cross-validation was: . The model reaches precision requirement. In view of the multiple factors level complex composting system, the uniform experimental design combined with partial least squares analysis to effectively solve the experiment many times, and the problems of multiple correlation between factors, so that the precision and practicability of model was improved.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2442-2451 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 721KB] ( 467 )

	2452	Impact factor analysis and quantification method establishment for landfill leachate generation in China
		YANG Na, HE Pin-Jing, 吕Fan , ZHANG Hua, SHAO Li-Ming
		To reflect specific conditions in China, this study established a method to estimate landfill leachate amounts in two sources: infiltrated precipitation and water squeezed from waste. A hydraulic model (i.e. HELP) was used to obtain the precipitation infiltration factors for 31 typical Chinese cities. The calculation method for water squeezed from waste by compaction and degradation was set up based on theoretical analysis, and the key parameters—field capacity and degradation percentage—were acquired by literature mining. According to this method, landfill leachate quantities in 10 Chinese cities were calculated. Water squeezed from waste accounted for 52%~82% of the total leachate amounts during 40 years after landfilling, implying its importance in Chinese municipal landfills. Leachate generation amounts showed significant spatial variations due to the different precipitation infiltration factors and waste properties. Hence, leachate treatment measures should be selected according to its generation amounts rather than using certain general method.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2452-2459 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 555KB] ( 981 )

	2460	HCl generation reaction and its influence factors during PVC pyrolysis
		REN Hao-Hua, WANG Shuai, WANG Fang-Jie, GUAN Jie, FU Xiao-Heng
		The pyrolysis characteristic of poly vinyl chloride (PVC) was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The effect of sample amount, pyrolysis time and temperature on the yield of hydrogen chloride (HCl), tar, gas and char during the production of HCl by PVC pyrolysis was studied. The pyrolysis products were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the mechanism of HCl production from PVC pyrolysis was revealed. An optimal result could be obtained when 1.2g PVC was pyrolyzed at 400℃ for 30min when the carrier gas flow was 100mL/min. PVC pyrolysis included two decomposition stages, at the temperature of 260~320℃ and 390~600℃, respectively. With temperature increasing, tar yield enhanced from 0.95% to 20.29%, HCl yield raised from 25.69% to 53.76%, while char yield decreased from 54.39% to 11.27% and gas yield varied from 9.09% to 18.97%. H2, C2H4 and C3H6 were detected in the gas product when the temperature was below 400℃, while CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 were also found when the temperature was higher than 400℃. The unstable components converted to stable types when the temperature increased. In the first thermal decomposing stage, chain reactions for the removal of HCl were the main reactions, while in the second stage, the main reactions were tar reforming, molecular rearrangement, benzene removal and isomerization.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2460-2469 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 641KB] ( 1854 )

	2470	Dechlorination mechanism of municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash by biological process
		WU Bo-Ran, WANG Dong-Yang, CHAI Xiao-Li
		The high content of chlorine limits the reuse of municipal solid waste (MSW) fly ash in cement industry and dechlorination is the major technical problem to be solved. Based on the analysis of content and chemical properties of chlorine in the fly ash from 7representative MSW incineration plants in China, the co-disposal process of fly ash and excess sludge was developed to provide theoretical and technical support for the utilization of fly ash. The content of chlorine in the fly ash from representative incineration plants was 4.6%~12.7% (wt); the contents of chlorine in fly ash from different regions were different due to various waste compositions; industrial waste is the main source of insoluble chlorine in fly ash; by comparing the synchrotron XRD analysis of washed and unwashed fly ash, it was found that the speciation of soluble chlorine includes KCl, NaCl and CaClOH and the speciation of insoluble chlorine is AlOCl; the content of chlorine in fly ash decreased to 0.03% (wt) and met Chinese national standard, GB175-2007, after 150d co-disposal of fly ash and excess sludge with the mixing ratio of 8:2; volatile fatty acids produced by fermentation of excess sludge decreased the pH of co-disposal system and converted insoluble chlorine into soluble chlorine to accelerate the dechlorination of fly ash.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2470-2476 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 453KB] ( 1044 )

	2477	Mixed heavy metals contamination of tungsten mine area soil in south of Jiangxi Province
		ZHAO Yong-Hong, ZHANG Jing, ZHOU Dan, WANG Chun-Hui
		To investigate the current status of soil pollution of Cr, As, Mn and Pb in tungsten mining area, a total of nine surface soil samples were collected in the tailings accumulation areas. Concentrations of Cr, As, Mn and Pb in the nine samples were measured by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the spatial distribution of the heavy metal concentrations in this area was estimated by Kriging interpolation model. The activities of urease, catalase and invertase in these nine samples were also assessed. It was demonstrated that the average values of all the heavy metal concentrations were much higher than the background values and the mean concentrations of Cr, As, Mn and Pb were as 2.26, 3.06, 1.85 and 2.59 times high as their background values. The spatial distribution analysis of heavy metals revealed that the distribution of Mn and Pb was relatively similar, the distribution of these heavy metals in soil was banded and strong spatial correlations were observed for Cr, As, Mn, and Pb distributions, indicating that they were likely originated from the same source. Soil enzyme activities were estimated to be as low as 7%~93%, 5%~86% and 11%~90% of their background values for the urease, catalase and invertase, respectively, which further confirmed the existence of heavy metals soil pollution. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis between heavy metal contents and soil enzyme activities displayed that the coefficient between the heavy metal and the enzyme activity was different. Among them, the invertase was the most sensitive. In addition, principle component analysis pointed out that enzyme activities in mining soils were feasible indicators to assess changes in soil environmental quality caused by heavy metals pollution.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2477-2484 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 701KB] ( 621 )

	2485	Composition and distribution of organic matter in the surface sediments of the Changjiang River in Post-Three Gorges Dam period
		MA Qian-Qian, WEI Xing, WU Ying, ZHANG Jing
		n-alkanes and fatty acids (FA) were analyzed in the sediment samples collected in 2009 from the Changjiang River (main streams and tributaries) by gas chromatography. Combined with general geochemical parameters, e.g. grain size, organic carbon content, stable carbon isotopes etc. The characteristics of composition and distribution of organic matters were investigated. The variation of sources and control factors, especially the influence of Three Gorges Dam(TGD) were also evaluated initially. The result showed that the surface sediment matters were composed of silt (45.8%) and sand(41.4%); the content of OC% ranged between 0.08% to 1.99%; and δ13C of the OC varied -31.88‰ to -21.41‰ which were close to the signature of continental C3 vegetation. Total n-alkanes concentration varied from 0.71 to 13.69μg/g(dry weight), or from 0.05 to 1.99mg/gOC. Fatty acids (FA) concentration, from 2.77 to 32.52μg/g (dry weight), or from 0.16 to 40.58mg/gOC, the maximum was saturated FA and the minimum was branched FA compounds. Hydrodynamic sorting and grain size took an important role in the concentrations and distribution of organic matter in tributaries of the Changjiang. Compared to the upper reach of mainstream, middle and low reaches were rich in aquatic plants, and less degraded. TGD had a significant influence on the transportation and transformation of terrestrial OM in the Changjiang River system.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2485-2493 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 669KB] ( 604 )

	2494	Clogging of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland and its effects on purifying efficiency
		WANG Zhen, ZHANG Bin-Bin, XIANG Heng, FAN Ting, DU Yu-Neng, LI Ding-Xin
		The clogging of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSF) and its effects on purifying efficiency were investigated during treating digested swine wastewater. The results suggest that accumulation of non-filterable material in substratum layer was the main cause resulting clogging in the VSSF, and the non-filterable material consists of both organic substances and inorganic substances, which sizes of the most part of granular non-filterable material were larger than 5.00 micrometers. Porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the substratum layer decreased, and the content of the non-filterable material in the substratum layer increased correspondingly with the operation of the VSSF. The spatial variation profiles of them alone the vertical direction depended on vertical flow state of the wastewater fed onto the substratum layer. As the hydraulic loading rate was kept at 0.02m3/(m2·d), the purification effect of the VSSF deteriorated after operations of 1380 days, which the removal efficiencies of COD, TSS, TN, ammonium nitrogen and TP declined to 37.31%, 57.82%, 20.80%, 32.13% and 51.18%, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2494-2502 [Abstract] ( 158 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 442KB] ( 540 )

	2503	Lead pollution and isotopic tracing in intertidal sediments of Jiulong River downstream
		LIN Cheng-Qi, HU Gong-Ren, YU Rui-Lian
		Lead isotopes have been widely applied to tracing lead sources in the environment. Lead concentration and isotopic compositions (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb) of 23 intertidal surface sediments collected from Jiulong River downstream and surrounding known sources were analyzed to assess the spatial variation of lead, and to discuss the lead sources and their relative contributions using the dual member model and the three-end member model of lead isotopic ratios. The results show that the range of lead concentration in the intertidal surface sediments of Jiulong River downstream was 38.50~128.50mg/kg with the mean value of 80.60mg/kg. According to geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and potential ecological risk index, the lead pollution degree was mild to moderate and the potential ecological risk of lead was mild in the sediments. The ranges of lead isotopic ratios of 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb are 1.1651~1.1924 and 1.9640~2.1071, respectively. Lead pollutants in most studied sediments mainly came from Fujian Pb-Zn deposit and parent soil material while seldom from vehicle exhaust. At the upstream of Jiulong River estuary, lead in the sediments were mainly from Pb-Zn deposit, parent soil material and coal, with the contribution rates of 26.74%~56.61%, 18.85%~19.91% and 24.20%~58.53%, respectively. At the outer end of Jiulong River estuary, lead were mainly from Pb-Zn deposit, parent soil material, coal and marine paints, with the contribution rates of 20.06%, 13.75%, 7.52% and 58.67%, respectively. At other sampling sites, the sediment lead mainly derives from Pb-Zn deposit and parent soil material with the contribution rates of 20.00%~95.62% and 4.38%~80.00%, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2503-2510 [Abstract] ( 186 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 510KB] ( 577 )

	2511	Seasonal differences in the process of algae-induced black bloom
		SHAO Shi-Guang, XUE Lian-Qing, LIU Cheng, SHEN Qiu-Shi, ZHOU Qi-Lin, YU Ju-Hua, FAN Cheng-Xin
		Algae-induce black bloom has occurred in the spring and summer, but the whole process of black bloom occurring was difficult to tracked in the wild. The study used a patented device simulation that the occurred process of algae-induce black bloom in spring and summer, and studied the change process of characteristics indicators of visual and olfactory when the black bloom occurred. The results showed that: spring black bloom occurred takes longer than in summer, and the short duration. True chromaticity and suspended solids of the black water in spring higher than in summer, and more intense volatile. The change process of the odor substances in summer black bloom more obvious than in spring, at the same time, the black bloom of summer was more quickly, more obvious, and more durable than spring. The algae-induced black bloom processes of spring and summer have shown black and odor appear not synchronized, olfactory effect manifested earlier than visual effects, that is olfactory effect appeared earlier than the visual effect.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2511-2516 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 358KB] ( 674 )

	2517	Effect of water switch on the bacterial community structure of finished water in a drinking water treatment plant
		ZHANG Ming-Lu, LIU Wen-Jun, LI Cui-Ping, LI Yu-Xian, GU Jun-Nong
		To evaluate the microbial safety during the source water switch in a drinking water treatment plant in Beijing, bacterial community compositions and potential pathogensin the raw water and finished water were analyzed by pyrosequencing. The bacterial diversity of finished water was significantly lower than raw water. Proteobacteria were observed as one of the most dominant populations both in raw water and finished water, ranging from 11.99% to 95.48%. Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria dominated in this group. However, the relative abundance varied in raw water and finished water. Cyanobacteria were found in raw water and finished water after water switch. Several potential pathogens were detected in the finished water and the majorbacteria were Acinetobacterand Delftia. The occurrence of pathogens was associated with increased health risk. PCoA results showed that bacterial community structure in raw water before switch was significantly different from that after water switch, but water switch had little effect on the bacterial composition of finished water. The water treatment plant operated stably during water switch.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2517-2522 [Abstract] ( 151 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 410KB] ( 595 )

	2523	Concentration characteristics and related ecological risk assessment in roof runoff in Shanghai
		GE Rong-Rong, LU Min, LIU Min, WU Zi-Lan, LI Shu-Wen
		Roof runoff samples of three rainfall events were collected at three different sites in Shanghai during the rainy season of 2014. Samples were analyzed for PAHs in both particle phase and dissolved phase, including pollution characteristics, dynamic variation, source apportionment and ecological risk of PAHs. Results indicated that the dissolved PAHs concentrations varied from 33.9 to 581.5ng/L, while the concentrations in the particle phase ranged from 134.6 to 27528ng/L.PAHs concentrations differed in three sampling sites: tile roof > concrete roof > asphalt roof. Three and four rings PAHs were the dominant components. The EMC value of BaP was 17.4~378.5ng/L, much higher than the applicable discharge standard of BaP in China. The PAHs in tile roof runoff originated mainly from vehicle emission and coal combustion, whereas the PAHs in concrete and asphalt roof runoff were mainly from vehicle emission, coal combustion and oil spill. The TEQ value of PAHs in roof runoff was 6.08~16.86ng/L, much higher than the applicable discharge standard of China, which should be brought to the attention of relevant departments.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2523-2531 [Abstract] ( 148 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 577 )

	2532	Inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 in water by TiO2 nanoparticles coupled with light
		吕Wen-Zhou , QIAO Yu-Xiang, LIU Ying
		A simple inactivation method of viruses in water was presented in this study by using bacteriophage MS2 as the model virus. Effects of irradiation time, concentration of TiO2 and light intensity of ultraviolet on removal efficiency of MS2 were discussed, and the feasibility of sunlight instead of ultravioletapplied to inactivate virus was evaluated. The results showed that higher transmittance of ultravioletwas obtained for the polyethylene (PE) sample bag; 7.95 Log of MS2 in tapwater was inactivated after 6hour’s irradiation of ultraviolet at the concentration of 50mg/L of TiO2; inactivation rate increased with the increasing light intensity below 45μW/m2. By comparison, 4.87 Log of MS2 in creek water was inactivatedat the concentration of 50mg/L of TiO2 under ultraviolet. However, 6.1 Log removal efficiency of MS2 in either tapwater or creek water was achieved under sunlight at the same concentration of TiO2, indicating that TiO2 coupled with sunlight is a sound method to inactivate the virus in water.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2532-2538 [Abstract] ( 153 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 672 )

	2539	The influence of sound barriers with different heights on the noise reduction effect of high-speed railway
		FEI Guang-Hai, WU Xiao-Ping, LIAO Chen-Yan
		To study the influence of sound barriers with different heights on the noise reduction effect, a noise reduction model of sound barrier for high-speed railway was established. Based on a certain section of Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway, the noise reduction effects of the vertical noise barriers with different heights and conditions were simulated and analysed by the software ANSYS and SYSNOISE. Results showed that, the working efficiency of the sound barrier decreased with the increase of the train speed. And under the same speed, the noise reduction effect of the ground noise barrier is more satisfactory than the bridge barrier. Data according to MATLAB numerical calculation showed that the insertion loss of each observation point is a logarithmic formula of the height. The relationship between noise attenuation and the height of barrier was not a linear one, the growth rate of the insertion loss was smaller as the height increased on the same scale. According to the need of noise reduction and the economics, the suitable height of the subgrade sound barrier is 3.45~3.95m. And when the train runs at a high speed above 350km/h, the suitable height of the bridge sound barrier should be more than 3.15m.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2539-2545 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 540KB] ( 743 )

	2546	A model evaluation of the effect of implementing heavy air pollution emergency plan to PM2.5 reduction in Beijing
		WANG Ling-Hui, ZENG Fan-Gang, XIANG Wei-Ling, WANG Zi-Fa, YANG Wen-Yi
		The nested air quality prediction model system (NAQPMS) was utilized to simulate a severe polluted process from January 10th to 14th, 2013. NAQPMS reproduced the variation of pollutants well, with good agreement between model simulation and observations both in tendency and magnitude. The sensitivity tests indicate that PM2.5 would be reduced by 4%~10%, 1%~6%, and 6%~12%, respectively, if the odd-even traffic control measure, the 30% industrial emission cut measures were implemented separately, or simultaneously. It was found that PM2.5 concentration was inversely correlated with its reduction ratio in the above three tests, in other words, the reduction ratio of the above measures taken in Beijing was much higher in the periods of low PM2.5 concentration. If both of the above measures were taken simultaneously over Hebei-Beijing-Tianjin (HBT) region, it would lead to 20%~35% reduction in PM2.5 concentration and air quality would be improved by one level higher, especially during the periods in areas of peak concentration. In summary, it was unreliable to limit local emissions exclusively for controlling heavy pollution of Beijing, and the combined effort in control of HBT could be a better way to solve the emergent air pollution problem in Beijing.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2546-2553 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2665KB] ( 986 )

	2554	Emission inventory with high temporal and spatial resolution of steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
		BO Xin, ZHAO Chun-Li, WU Tie, SU Yi, WANG Long-Fei, TIAN Jun, SHI Yuan-Liang, LUO Meng, LI Shi-Bei
		Aiming at the situation of the unclear air pollutants emission of the steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei Region, and lacking of research on steel industry emission inventory, an emission inventory which is routing-based, from bottom to top and high temporal and spatial resolution of steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region was developed based on the data of the steel industry research, on-line monitoring and investigation of pollution sources, considering the concrete information of process equipment, environmental protection measures, productivity of the steel industry. In the research, the air pollution emissions of steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in 2012 were calculated: SO2 was 47.16 kt, NOx was 37.22 kt, PM10 was 34.15 kt. Sintering and blast furnace units are the main air pollution emission sources. Air pollution emissions of steel enterprises in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are unbalanced and mainly concentrated in Tangshan, Handan of Heibei province. Emission load and number of steel enterprise of Tangshan and Handan exceeded over 50% of the all region.
		2015 Vol. 35 (8): 2554-2560 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 738KB] ( 804 )

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