Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2015 Vol.35 Issue.9,Published 2015-09-20

	2561	Response analysis of haze/particulate matter pollution to Land Use/Cover in Beijing
		TANG Xin-Ming, LIU Hao, LI Jing, XIE Zhi-Ying, ZHAO Wen-Hui
		Land-Use/Cover Change (LUCC) has direct or indirect effects on particulate matter pollution. To quantitatively evaluate the correlation between particulate matter pollution and land use in terms of temporal variation and spatial distribution, long-term meteorological data, land use data, measured particulate concentration data and remote sensing images, as well as the GIS spatial analysis methods and canonical correlation analysis methods were used to perform quantitative evaluation of the correlation between the number of haze days and land use change in Beijing, as well as the effects of local land use types on spatial distribution of particle pollution. The results showed that: (1) In respect of temporal variation, from 1996 to 2008, the number of haze days in Beijing presented a significant negative correlation with ecological land and agricultural land, with the correlation coefficients being -0.574 and -0.592 respectively, but presented a significant positive correlation with construction land, residential settlements and industry and mining, and transportation land, with the correlation coefficients being 0.595, 0.609, and 0.590 respectively; from 1989 to 2012, the number of haze days in urban areas of Beijing presented good responding relationship with the variation trend of ecological land, agricultural land, and construction land, in which the expansion of urban areas has significant effect on the number of haze days, and the coverage of built-up areas presented a significant positive correlation with the number of haze days, with the correlation coefficient being 0.876. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the concentration of particulates at underlying surface including construction sites, roads, and bare land was obviously higher than that at land of other types; within the 0.5km and 1km buffer area, the area of green land presented a significant negative correlation with the PM1.0concentration, with the correlation coefficients being -0.542 and -0.507 respectively, and the area of construction land presented a significant positive correlation with the PM1.0 concentration, with the correlation coefficients being 0.469 and 0.537 respectively. As a whole, the pollution level and spatial distribution pattern of particulate matter were closely related to the Land Use/Cover status.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2561-2569 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1785KB] ( 949 )

	2570	Standard systems of surface parameters in AERMOD
		BO Xin, WANG Gang, TIAN Jun, YANG Jing-Chao, GAO Xi-Zhang, HUANG Yuan-Yi, LI Shi-Bei
		As we have a lot of problem and requirements in Atmospheric EIA (Environment Impact Assessment) work, we built an Integrated System based on the high resolution data, GIS technology and EPA surface parameters processing module. With the land use data, the system focused on improving AERMOD simulation result by the standardized and automatic ways, and finally build a national EIA surface parameters database. With a real case in Inner Mongolia, we compared the results before and after modification, the results show that FB and RHCR index are more close to 0and 1. So we can say that the AERSURFACE system can improve the accuracy of prediction.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2570-2575 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1311KB] ( 1753 )

	2576	CO2 concentration representation of source and sink area at Shangdianzi atmospheric background station in Beijing
		CHENG Si-Yang, AN Xing-Qin, ZHOU Ling-Xi, LIU Li-Xin, FANG Shuang-Xi, YAO Bo, LIU Zhao
		In order to study the spatial representativeness of CO2 source and sink about observing concentrations at a single station and the regional flux characteristics, the atmospheric inversion model FLEXPART was used to simulate and determine the main source of air mass impacting on observed concentration at ShangDianZi station. Carbon Tracker model was also used to inverse spatial and temporal distributionof CO2 concentrations and fluxes. The optimal threshold of footprint function was found with numerical iterative approach and correlation analysis, and then the distribution of source and sink area of CO2 observation concentration at the station was obtained. Then, the in-situ CO2 observation concentrations were screened into two parts, the background and the non-background, for tracking the background and non-background source area of station with FLEXPART model. The results showed that the background and non-background source regions were obviously different and changed with the seasons. In the potential source area where footprint function was greater than the threshold, the background and non-background regional net fluxes changed differently. The fossil fuel flux was smaller and the biosphere flux was larger in the background area. However, it was opposite for the non-background area. Therefore, source and sink area, influencing the concentrations of observing station, and regional characteristics of fluxes could be quantified using inversion models.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2576-2584 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2530KB] ( 1211 )

	2585	Characteristics of black carbon concentration in Shijiazhuang under haze weather conditions during December, 2013
		HU Ming-Yu, QIN Kai, BAI Yang, WANG Run-Feng, ZHOU Yang
		A prolonged heavy haze event occurred in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, China, from December 5th to 27th, 2013. The visibilities variates from 0.2 to 8 km and there are approximately 89.53% days with visibility lower 5 km during this period. The aethalometer for measuring black carbon was deployed in the 2nd Institute of Surveying and Mapping of Hebei Province, and the data showed that, 1) the averaged black carbon mass concentration (CBC) was 39.84μg/m3; 2) the diurnal variation presented a bimodal distribution with the first peak at 01:00 (UTC Time) and the second peak at 13:00~16:00; (UTC Time) 3) a negative correlation can be observed between hourly averaged CBC and hourly averaged visibility; 4) the probability of occurrence of serve haze hours was 97.78% when the CBC was higher than the averaged CBC. In addition to the fixed station measurements, mobile measurements were conducted on the main roads in Shijiazhuang downtown for several days, using a car which was equipped with an aethalometer and a GPS receiver. The results showed that the CBC was obviously related to the traffic density and street characteristics (road type and traffic density). The CBC over the 2nd ring road was 1.48times higher than that within the 2nd ring road. The CBC over downtown areas was lower and presented a significance difference between south, north direction.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2585-2593 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1390KB] ( 780 )

	2594	Analysis of PM2.5 spectrum characteristics in Shijiazhuang based on high resolution MARGA data
		CHEN Jing, YANG Peng, HAN Jun-Cai, QIAN Wei-Miao
		The composition of PM2.5 was on-line monitored using MARGA IC Analyzer ADI 2080 on the top of ShiJiaZhuang meteorology bureau building from August 21 to September 23, 2014 continuously. These on-line data were analyzed conjointly with meteorological data and other routine environmental monitoring data. Sum of concentration of 8water-soluble ions was in consistent with that contained in PM2.5 in Shijiazhuang, of which SO42-, NH4+ and NO3- accounted for 88.4%, indicating that they are the major components of PM2.5. The proportion of soluble SO42- was the largest. Its abundance raised with the increasing temperature and decreasing humidity. On the contrary, the soluble NO3- raised with the increasing humidity. The proportion of NH4+ was relatively stable. Visibility declined in terms of power function with the increase of the water-soluble ions above. The concentration of SO42-, NH4+ and NO3- were affected by prevailing wind direction, industrial layout and mountain terrain. The largest contribution to the local concentration was northeast wind, while the west contributed the smallest. SOR and NOR of the precursor gas content (SO2, NO2) of SO42-, NO3- increased along with humidity. SOR was more closely associated with humidity. Daily NOR was in unimodal pattern due to daily radiation variation. The concentration of Ca2+, as an indicator of building material, was higher in dry sunny day especially with the influence of west wind, indicating that construction dust should be controlled during that kind of weather.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2594-2604 [Abstract] ( 375 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1012KB] ( 1842 )

	2605	Concentration characteristics and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric deposition in Shanghai
		LIU Yan-Kun, WANG Qing, LIU Min, LU Min, LIU Sai, YANG Bo, WU Zi-Lan, QIN Yu-Kun
		To study the atmospheric deposition in Shanghai, we have collected deposition samples in August, September and October in 2014. The concentration,spatial distribution and composition of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of ∑15PAHs at eight sampling sites were also calculated. The potential sources of PAHs were apportioned by positive matrix factorization model (PMF), which could produce a quantitative interpretation. Our results indicated that the total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 0.458μg/L to 21.013μg/L in atmospheric deposition. Furthermore, the PAHs concentrations in dissolved phase varied from 0.174μg/L to 0.625μg/L, while in particulate phase from 0.275μg/L to 20.455μg/L. The atmospheric deposition flux of ∑15PAHs in sampling sites ranged from 0.24μg/(m2×d)to 14.74μg/(m2×d)and the mean deposition flux of ∑15PAHs was 2.77μg/(m2×d). According to the apportionment results using PMF model, the first major sources of PAHs were categorized as mobile vehicle exhausts, such as gasoline car exhausts and diesel car exhausts, which constantly contribute 40.23% to the total PAHs pollution. Another four sources (residential cooking, coal combustion, oil spill and volatilization, coking and coal smelting) identified by PMF model, account for 23.73%, 14.75%, 14.35% and 6.92% respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2605-2614 [Abstract] ( 327 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1163KB] ( 2212 )

	2615	Evaluation of the use of coal-based synthetic natural gas for haze prevention in China
		CHEN Zeng-Bo, QIAN Fang-Yuan, CHEN Ding-Jiang
		Life-cycle atmospheric emissions were assessed for the use of Synthetic natural gas (SNG) in refitted coal-fired boilers in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. Results show, SNG-fired boilers emit less pollution than traditional coal-fired boilers in the life cycle, while also effects a massive pollution transfer. Further analysis involves the comparison between the emissions from coal-fired boilers with a conventional treatment and SNG-fired boilers. This comparison includes three aspects: life-cycle emissions, resource consumption, and techno-economical analysis. Results show that SNG-fired boilers emit more atmospheric pollutants than the conventional treatment in the life cycle, in addition to consuming more energy and water, having a higher refit investment and operating cost. We conclude that the policy of SNG use for haze prevention should be cautiously implemented, and coal-based synthetic natural gas should not be supported overly.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2615-2622 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 420KB] ( 718 )

	2623	Chinese atmospheric mercury pollution status
		WU Xiao-Yun, ZHENG You-Fei, LIN Ke-Si
		China's economy has developed rapidly in recent decades, but it also brought the persistent pollutants of mercury emissions to the atmosphere rapidly. Mercury as a global pollutant, Chinese mercury emission has received a considerable attention internationally. Thus, this paper reviews the current understanding of and knowledge on atmospheric Hg emissions, distribution transport and deposition in China. Anthropogenic mercury annual emissions from China was the highest in the word and up to about 500~700t, which was more than 25~30% of the global anthropogenic emissions and with an annual increase rate of 4.6%. Emissions of Hg from natural surfaces (including bare soil, water, and vegetation covered soil) was comparable to anthropogenic emissions by the estimation from existing model. Atmospheric Hg exhibits a significant concentration variability among urban, semi-remote, and remote areas. Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) concentrations in urban areas of China were often 1.5~5 folds higher compared to the corresponding settings in North America and Europe. In turn, particulate mercury (PHg) concentrations in urban areas of China were up to two orders of magnitude higher compared to North America and Europe. TGM, PHg and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) in coastal areas and remote areas of China were lower than that in central cities, but they were still higher than the corresponding settings in North America and Europe. Accordingly, Hg deposition fluxes tended to be higher in China, with urban areas and remote areas being 1~2 magnitude and1~2 times higher than those in North America and Europe, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2623-2635 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 569KB] ( 2120 )

	2636	Effect of influent C/N ratio on simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNDPR) enriched with phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs)
		DAI Xian, WANG Xiao-Xia, PENG Yong-Zhen, WANG Shu-Ying
		This study focused on the elucidation of the mechanisms of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNDPR) systems enriched with phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). An extended anaerobic (aeration duraction: 180min)/low aerobic (dissolved oxygen: 0.5~1.0mg/L) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with domestic wastewater was studied for SND (simultaneous nitrification-denitrification) efficiency of SNDPR under different C/N ratios (3, 4, 8, and 11) adjusted by adding sodium acetate into the domestic waster. The experimental results showed that the phosphorus removal efficiency was not affected by influent C/N ratios with an effluent PO43--P concentration lower than 0.3mg/L, which might be caused by the enriched PAOs capable of achieving a simultaneous aerobic phosphorus uptake and denitrifying phosphorus uptake at the low aerobic phase. In contrast, effluent NH4+-N concentration increased with the C/N ratio and the effluent NO3--N concentration increased with the decrease of C/N ratio. The consumption of chemical oxygen demand (COD) for exogenous denitrification increased with the decease in C/N ratio. The storage capacity of PHAs (poly-hydroxyalkanoates) for SND was reduced, but its utilization of PHV (Volatile fatty acids) was increased. SND efficiency reach the peak value of 50.8% at the C/N ratio of 4~8, and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency reached 80.8% at the C/N ratio of 8.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2636-2643 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 429KB] ( 1209 )

	2644	Simultaneous removal of phenol and ammonium by a heterotrophic nitrifiying-aerobic denitrifying bacterium
		WANG Guo-Ying, CUI Jie, YUE Xiu-Ping, LI Ya-Nan, JIA Zi-Long
		The simultaneous removal of phenol and ammonium by a heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrifying bacterium Diaphorobacter sp. PDB3 was investigated. The optimal C/N ratio was 7and the optimal shaking speed was 160r/min. The strain degraded 94.9% of 365mg/L phenol in 21h, and 90.8% of total organic carbon was removed. Simultaneously, ammonium at an initial concentration of 40mg N/L was completely removed. The intermediates nitrate and nitrite accumulated in the early phase and declined in the later phase. The nitrogen balance analysis showed that 52.3% of removed nitrogen was finally transformed to intracellular nitrogen and 37.2% was converted to nitrogen gas. Ammonium was removed mainly through cellular assimilation and heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification. The detection of hydroxylamine oxidase, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities demonstrated a coupled heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrifying pathway of strain PDB3. With the increase of phenol concentration, the inhibitory effect increased, leading to lower efficiency of ammonium removal.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2644-2649 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 396KB] ( 1330 )

	2650	The inhibition of free ammonia on combined thermal hydrolysis and mesophilic anaerobic digestion for treating waste activated sludge
		LIU Yang, PENG Yong-Zhen, HAN Yu-Wei, MA Wen-Jin, ZENG Wei
		Thermal hydrolysis facilitates anaerobic digestion process, but raises the possibility of free ammonia inhibition. This study evaluated the effect of free ammonia on the methanogenic ability of the thermal hydrolysis and mesophilic combined process treating waste activated sludge (WAS) with conventional single phase process as comparision. At the volumetric organic loading rates of 1.74~4.27gVS/(L·d), the combined process had 89%~121% methane production and 1.21~1.46 times volatile solids reduced than the conventional process. But it produced free ammonia (FA) ranging 89~382mgN/L, much higher than that (37~84mgN/L) in the conventional process. Anaerobic microorganisms in both processes acclimated to high FA concentrations. The aceticlastic methanogenesis pathway was barely affected in the conventional process with FA increasing from 43 to 84mgN/L, while the activity of aceticlastic methanogens was inhibited in the combined process with FA concentration higher than 264mgN/L. The interaction of FA concentration, BMP utilization ratio, the inhibition of aceticlastic methanogenesis and volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulations indicated the combined process was mainly affected by nitrogen loading, which was different from organic loading limited conventional process. At high solid concentration, nitrogen loading rates should be considered as an limiting operational parameter for thermal hydrolysis anaerobic digestion process.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2650-2657 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 1102 )

	2658	Nutrient removal from domestic sewage with coupled process of ABR and intermittent aeration MBR
		WU Peng, LU Shuang-Jun, XU Le-Zhong, LIU Jie, SHEN Yao-Liang
		In order to reduce energy consumption and delay the process of membrane fouling, the process of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) -membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to treat domestic sewage. The conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and membrane fouling were optimized through intermittent aeration and particulate media in this study. The results show that the efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus removal were improved by increasing the intermittent aeration time. As mean while, the process achieved a high level of COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP removal, with the average removal efficiencies of 91%, 95%, 84% and 92% (run 4), respectively. And the added particulate media would not significantly affect the efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The double aerobic-anoxic alternating environment strengthened phosphorus removal of the process. In addition, the added particulate media could more effectively delay membrane fouling than intermittent aeration, while the formation process of membrane fouling was changed. The extracted amount of membrane fouling material significantly increased. Compared with cake layer, carbohydrate became the main factors of membrane fouling. However, it would not pose a hazard to membrane. Finally, the potential was enhanced for the practical application of MBR.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2658-2663 [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 322KB] ( 733 )

	2664	Electrosorption of phenol in aqueous solution using a plasma-activated CNT/TiO2 electrode
		SHI Zhou, YANG Wen-Hao, YANG Ling-Fang, DENG Lin
		The CNT/TiO2 composite electrode prepared by coating method was activated with radio frequency inductively coupled air-plasma. The surface morphology, wetting ability and surface elements of the plasma activated electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. It was found that the pore ratio, hydrophilic property, contents of TiO2 and oxygen containing groups on the surface of the electrode increased after the activation, which facilitated the adsorption of phenol. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) result indicated that its specific capacity also increased by 54% with the plasma treatment. Further, phenol removal efficiency for the activated electrode was enhanced by 45% compared to that of the raw electrode, and the removal of phenol increased as the increase of applied voltage and initial concentration. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the equilibrium adsorption isotherm well fitted the Langmuir model.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2664-2669 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1132KB] ( 1363 )

	2670	Degradation of triclosan in aqueous solution by using ultrasound combined with chloramine
		LI Qing-Song, ZHOU Sheng-Hui, LI Guo-Xin, CHEN Guo-Yuan, MA Xiao-Yan, GAO Nai-Yun
		Ultrasound and chloramine combined process was employed in this paper to remove triclosan (TCS) in aqueous solution. The effects of several factors such as ultrasonic power, chloramine dosage, TCS initial concentration, pH and radical scavenger on TCS degradation were studied. Furthermore, the degradation products were identified and the degradation mechanism of TCS by combined process was discussed. The results indicated that the combination of ultrasound and chloramine can remove TCS effectively and possess significant synergetic effect on the degradation. The degradation rate of TCS could reach 90.8% within 120min under the conditions of ultrasonic power 600W, TCS initial concentration of 200μg/L, and chloramine dosage of 5mg/L. TCS degradation efficiency decreased with the raise of initial concentration of TCS, and tended to increase firstly and then decrease with the increase of chloramine concentration. Alkaline environment was conducive to the TCS removal, and the degration efficiency of TCS could reach 100% when pH value was 10.7. The presence of free radical scavenger TBA had an inhibitory effect on TCS degradation. The identification and recognition of degradation products by GC/MS indicated 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was the main degradation products of TCS during the combined process.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2670-2676 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 1103 )

	2677	Kinetics study of activated persulfate oxidation of phenol in ground water
		LIU Jia-Lu, LU Wei, ZHANG Feng-Jun, SU Xiao-Si, ZHU Yong-Juan, LI Ren-Sheng, 吕Cong
		The phenol oxidation by sulfate free radical (SO4·-) formed in the activation of persulfate by citric acid chelated ferrous ion (CA-Fe(II)) was investigated in this study. The influence of different factors, such as CA/Fe(II) molar ratio, Fe(II) concentration, initial S2O82- molar amount and phenol concentration on the kinetics of phenol oxidation by chelated Fe(II) activated persulfate was described in detail. Results indicated that the removal efficiency of phenol was significantly increased with increasing persulfate dosage, but decreased with increasing initial phenol concentration. A CA/Fe (II) molar ratio of 1/5contributed to phenol removal on maintaining sufficient quantities of available Fe (II) in solution. The highest phenol removal (98%) can be obtained within a 15min with the PS/CA/Fe (II)/phenol molar ratio of 100/10/50/1 and the highest oxidation rate (0.430min-1) was gained. The phenol oxidation by chelated ferrous ion activated persulfate followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics reaction. With the CA/Fe(II)/phenol molar ratio of 10/50/1, the phenol oxidation rate constant exhibited a linear trend as a function of initial persulfate concentration, R2 = 0.953.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2677-2681 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 345KB] ( 1710 )

	2682	Investigation of rhodamine B photocatalytic degradation by Ce3+ doped Bi2WO6
		WANG Chun-Ying, ZHU Qing-Jiang, GU Chuan-Tao, SHI Hu-Quan, ZHANG Da-Chao, YU Chang-Lin
		Rare earth element Ce3+ doped Bi2WO6 was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The physicochemical properties of prepared materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, UV-vis DRS and N2adsorption-desorption. Rhodamine B was used to as the objective pollutant to investigate the photocatalytic activity of Ce/Bi2WO6. As a result, Ce/Bi2WO6 (0.05%) has the optimum phtocatalytic activity to removal rhodamine B, which has good crystalinity, uniform shape and size, strong visible light-responsible property and the higher SBET value (ca. 10%) than pure Bi2WO6. Much more amount of catalyst, less concentration of Rhodamine B, lower pH value of the reaction solution and higher concentration of H2O2 all benefit the adsorption and photodegradation of Rhodamine B by Ce/Bi2WO6. The common inorganic ions showed different effects on Rhodamine B degradation. There was no significantly effect of NO3- and SO42-; but the addition of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- inhibited the removal of the dye. HCO3- reduced the adsorption of Rhodamine B but accelerated its photodegradation. In addition, after three recycling runs, Ce/Bi2WO6 (0.05%) still kept high photocatalytic activities on the degradation of rhodamine B.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2682-2689 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 822KB] ( 1595 )

	2690	Effects of aeration conditions on the oxygenation performance of a hypolimnetic aerator
		SUN Xin, LIU Ling-Wei, DUAN Fei-Fei, JIE Yue
		Oxygen transfer process from the air bubbles to the water was mainly analyzed in the aeration chamber of a hypolimnetic aerator, parameters characterizing the effectiveness of oxygen transfer were properly determined,a dynamical model of oxygen transfer for hypolimnetic aeration was developed based on the double-layer theory. The effectiveness of oxygenation was well predicted using the developed dynamical model of oxygen transfer for hypolimnetic aeration. Based on the predicted results using the dynamical model of oxygen transfer, when the air flowrate increased or the bubble diameter decreased, the oxygen transfer coefficient and the oxygen transfer rate increased. When the air flowrate and bubble diameter increased, the aeration efficiency decreased. Under fixed configuration conditions of a hypolimnetic aerator, decreasing the bubble diameter and increasing the water depth above the air diffusors would be helpful to improve the effectiveness of oxygenation in the aeration chamber of a hypolimnetic aerator, especially when the bubble diameter was of micrometer level. When the air flowrate increased to a critical value of 0.06m3/s, the effectiveness of oxygenation in the aeration chamber would become weaker. Judged from the influencing characteristic curves of air flowrate on the oxygen transfer rate, aeration efficiency and oxygen input of the aeration chamber per unit time, the optimized operational conditions of a hypolimnetic aerator can be determined.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2690-2697 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 525KB] ( 697 )

	2698	Effects of aeration conditions on the hydrodynamic performance of a hypolimnetic aerator
		SUN Xin, DUAN Fei-Fei, LIU Ling-Wei, JIE Yue
		Superficial water velocity in a hypolimnetic oxygenator directly influences the oxygenation effectiveness of a hypolimnetic aerator. Aiming at the common problem of poor prediction of superficial water velocity, driving energy and energy losses of the gas-liquid two-phase flow in the aeration chamber were systematically analyzed, dimensionless formulas for calculating the energy losses due to wakes and top were particularly proposed, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the water flow in the aeration chamber was developed, and a analytical solution to this hydrodynamic model was built using the real-domain method of MATLAB. The predicted superficial water velocities were validated against the operation data of hypolimnetic oxygenators installed in Lakes Prince, the United States, the prediction errors fell into the range of ±8%, which were much lower than the exiting prediction errors of ±20%. Under the orifice diameter of 2.6mm, the superficial water velocity increases with the air flowrate when the air flowrate increased from 0.018m3/h to 0.063m3/h; Under fixed air flowrate condition, the superficial water velocity increased when the orifice diameter decreased from 2.6mm to 0.26mm, but it remained unchanged when the orifice diameter further decreased to 0.026mm. Driving energy and energy losses under various conditions were calculated, the inherent factors causing the variations of superficial water velocity were revealed. This developed hydrodynamic model can be used to guide the design and optimization of a hypolimnetic oxygenator.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2698-2705 [Abstract] ( 170 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 662KB] ( 819 )

	2706	Radial differences in contaminant distribution in large-diameter pipe scales of main pipelines in drinking water distribution system
		CHEN Huan-Yu, LIU Jing-Qing, WEI Zong-Yuan, ZHANG Hui-Hui, HE Xiao-Fang, ZHOU Xiao-Yan, QIU Shang-De, HU Bao-Lan, LOU Li-Ping
		The surface character of a 11-year-old DN300 ductile cast iron pipes of main pipelines in drinking water distribution system was investigated by atomic absorption spectrometry, GC-MS, EDS, and XRD, and the content of pollutants, such as metals and organic compounds, also detected. Results showed that, the pipe scales of the lower part had the maximum amount and the maximum average particle size. The spatial distribution of heavy metals was significantly different. The concentration of iron, manganese, zinc, lead, copper and chromium was highest in the upper pipe scales. While the highest content of aluminum was detected in the lower pipe scales. The distribution was closely related with its resource in pipe scales. Beside some common types of hydrocarbons formed by microbial metabolites, there were also some microalgae metabolites and exogenous contaminant accumulated in pipe scales. And types of organic pollutants varied in different spatial locations. The finding put forward higher requirements on the research method about drinking water distribution system biochemical safety, and provided a theoretical basis for the drinking water safety.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2706-2712 [Abstract] ( 162 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 722KB] ( 718 )

	2713	Tracer parameters to identify and quantify electronic industrial flow entries into storm drains
		YIN Hai-Long, XU Zu-Xin, LI Huai-Zheng, JIE Ming, HONG Xi-Yao, YUAN Mu-Tian
		The non-storm water sources with inappropriate entries into storm drains, especially industrial sources, could have a severe detriment to the quality of receiving water body. This study assessed tracer parameters to identify electronic enterprises with inadvertent connections to storm drains and therefore quantified the industrial source flow using the identified tracer parameters. Among the 22 monitored water quality indicators, fluoride, chloride and sulphate are identified as the markers, which can be used to distinguish electronic industry wastewater from sanitary wastewater. Particularly, fluoride is the priority marker, showing most significant difference among the source types and less concentration range within the electronic industry source type, with a concentration level of (10.5±1.76) mg/L (i.e., standard± deviation). A case study at a catchment in the Shanghai downtown area was conducted based on fluoride mass balance within the storm pipes and Monte Carlo simulation. For the dry-weather discharge from the storm pipe network, the estimated electronic industrial flow ratio matches the data from field observations, with a relative error less than 15%. Moreover, from a wider perspective, the use of multi marker species is desired to provide clear evidence for the presence of a variety of industry trades with unexpected entry into storm drains.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2713-2720 [Abstract] ( 188 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 714 )

	2721	The forms of pyrene in different particle-size fractions of soil
		NIE Jing, QIN Li, LING Wan-Ting, KANG Fu-Xing, GAO Yan-Zheng
		Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of persistent organic pollutants with high toxic properties, have been found in soil with high concentrations all over the world. However, the forms of PAHs in different particle-size fractions of soils have never been clarified heretofore. Here, the forms of pyrene as a representative PAH in different particle-size fractions of a yellow-brown soil were fractionated. Four soil fractions with different particle-size were obtained including fine sand (50~250 μm), silt (5~50 μm), coarse clay (1~5 μm), and fine clay (0.1~1 μm). Pyrene in each particle fraction was sequentially fractionated into three forms including desorbing fraction, non-desorbing fraction and bound residue. Pyrene was found to dominantly present as desorbing fraction and non-desorbing fraction in test soil. 6.00%, 4.66%, 34.68% and 40.88% of pyrene was found in fine sand, silt, coarse clay and fine clay, respectively. The concentrations of each form of pyrene in every particle-size fraction were in the order of non-desorbing fraction > desorbing fraction > bound residue. Non-desorbing and desorbing fraction were the dominant forms of pyrene in test particles, while bound residue contributed less than 1.18% to the total contents of pyrene in each particles with different particle-size. Clays (coarse and fine clays) were the dominant sink of pyrene in soil irrespective of soil desorbing fraction, non-desorbing fraction, bound residue and extractable fraction. Results of this work benefited the understanding of PAH sink in soil, and would be valuable for PAH risk assessment and pollution controls in the soil environment.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2721-2728 [Abstract] ( 212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 366KB] ( 1188 )

	2729	Pollution characteristics and risk assessments of mercury in wastewater-irrigated paddy fields
		ZHENG Shun-An, TANG Jie-Wei, ZHENG Hong-Yan, XUE Ying-Hao, ZHENG Xiang-Qun
		A paddy field is typical constructed wetland, where mercury (Hg) is easily methylated to methylmercury (MeHg). Due to long-term wastewater irrigation, a large area of farmlands, including paddy fields in Tianjin City, has been seriously contaminated with Hg. There is therefore an important question to be answered in our understanding as to the characteristics of total Hg (THg) and/or MeHg accumulations in rice from wastewater-irrigated areas and risk assessment for evaluation Hg exposure for the population by rice consumption. In this study, a field survey of mercury pollution in 29 paddy fields (soil and rice) from wastewater-irrigated areas around north discharged river in Tianjin city was conducted to evaluate the health risks of mercury to residents by rice consumption. The results showed that: 1. THg and MeHg concentrations in surveyed paddy fields were (367.04 ± 129.36) μg/kg and (0.87 ± 0.77) μg/kg, respectively, where the total mercury content of back soil was 73μg/kg. Analyses of the distribution of Hg species in different parts of rice plants from selected sampling locations shown that grain contained the lowest THg concentrations (12.80 ± 5.14) μg/kg, followed by stem 10%), followed by root > stem > leaf. This suggests that rice grain may preferentially accumulate MeHg compared to other parts of the plant. Observations clearly show that MeHg in the paddy soil could be more easily taken up and transferred to rice grain compared to THg. The probable weekly intake (PWI) of THg and MeHg for an adult population based on 60kg body weight (bw) in studied wastewater-irrigated area was 0.068~1.25 μg/(kg·bw) and 0.0095~0.49 μg/(kg·bw), respectively, which were all well below reference dose established by WHO (FAO) or U.S EPA. However, it was clearly manifest that there is a great concern of MeHg exposure risk for rice consumption around some highly Hg-contaminated areas. There were positive and significant correlations between soil MeHg concentrations and soil THg concentration, or clay contents in the collected soil samples. Similarly, significant positive correlations were also found between MeHg concentrations in brown rice and soil THg concentrations, or soil MeHg concentrations and soil clay contents. This study highlights the potential health risks of MeHg associated with cultivation and consumption of rice on the wastewater-irrigated areas.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2729-2736 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 369KB] ( 1433 )

	2737	The study of electric and magnetic response on polluted soil at waste landfill.
		GUO Gao-Shan, LI Yong-Tao, ZHANG Yan, LONG Chang-Dong
		The feasibility of rapidly testing contaminated soils at refuse landfill as an example of Erfeishan in the skirt of Wuhan city, using soil resistivity and environmental magnetism methods, had been discussed, in terms of analytic techniques for contaminated soils, such as electric, magnetic and geochemical to study cross-section soil conductivity, the relationship between magnetic parameters and element content. Depth sounding with electromagnetic (EM) could give the vertical resistivity distribution image of soil cross-section, which indicated that the resistivity of polluted soils vary in stepped pattern, having obvious layered phenomenon. Resistivity method was capable of dividing the boundary of polluted area. Based on the characteristic of vertical resistivity distribution at cross-section, the environmental magnetism and heavy metal of the specimens sampled along the cross-section were analyzed, which shows that the magnetism parameters, resistivity value and heavy metals content have prominent accordance. The contaminated soils had the features of low resistivity, high susceptibility and increasing heavy metal content. Resistivity and susceptibility could all perfectly reflect the polluted degree in the area. Also from the thermal magnetism analytic curves, the polluted soils had more ferromagnetic minerals than non-polluted soils. So, both soil conductivity and magnetism had good response to soil polluted degree, which could replace the tedious conditional heavy metal testing methods.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2737-2744 [Abstract] ( 175 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1048KB] ( 670 )

	2745	Formation of algae-derived DON and characterization of algae organic matter (AOM) from different stages
		GU Li, GUO Xian-Qiang, DING Chang-Long, HE Qiang, DAN Zhi-Jun
		Formation rules of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), as well as characteristics of extracellular oganic matter (EOM) & intracellular organic matter (IOM) during the growth of Microcystis aeruginous have been studied. The results show as follows: DON concentration of EOM shows a growing tendency during the growth of Microcystis aeruginous, the yield of which is less than 0.05mg DON per 107cells in the early growth phase, around 0.40mg DON per 107cells in the late growth phase, respectively; molecular weight distributions of EOM during exponential phase and decline phase mainly concentrate in range of less than 1kDa and more than 100kDa, while organic matter less than 30kDa dominating EOM in stationary phase;molecular weight distributions of IOM concentrate in range of more than 1kDa and less than 100kDa in the three phases. The main fluorescence regions of EOM occur at the fluorescence region of humic acid-like materials and soluble microbial products. By contrast, the region of aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products dominate the main region of EEM spectra of IOM.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2745-2753 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 927KB] ( 1465 )

	2754	Atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorous deposition in Hangjiahu area
		WANG Jiang-Fei, ZHOU Ke-Jin, WANG Xiao-Quan, DENG Jing, WU Liu-Fang, MA Xiao-Yan, ZHONG Xiao, PU Feng-Lian, SHI Li-Li, CHEN Jiang, JIANG Cai-Ping
		Available data of atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorous deposition during Sep, 2013 to Aug, 2014, were collected from three typical monitoring stations of Hang-Jia-Hu area, which are located at Hangzhou, Jiaxing andg Huzhou city respectively. The pollution characteristics of this area were discussed. Annual bulk deposition of nitrogen and phosphorous were significantly high in range of 4950.74~5585.80 and 65.25~69.72kg/(km2·a); Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, phosphorus into the water were 6038.4 and 77.8 tons, respectively, equivalent to 39.6% and 5.9% input amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by agricultural. The principal deposition form for nitrogen was wet deposition, while for and phosphorous, it was dry deposition. Wet deposition of nitrogen and phosphorous were affected by rainfall situation, and usually increased along with the rainfall amount. The spatial ariation characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorous showed that high dry atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (Hangzhou, Jiaxing), high dry atmospheric deposition of phosphorous (Jiaxing), high wet nitrogen deposition (Huzhou, Jiaxing), and high wet phosphorous of Huzhou. On the time scale, nitrogen deposition was much higher in summer and autumn, while phosphorus deposition was much higher in autumn and winter.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2754-2763 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 803KB] ( 1370 )

	2764	The stress response of net phytoplankton biomass size structure in Liaodong Bay
		SONG Lun, SONG Guang-Jun, WANG Nian-Bin, ZHAO Hai-Bo, TIAN Jin, YANG Shuang, DU Jing
		Based on net collection of phytoplankton samples in Liaodong Bay in all four seasons during 2012~2014, the distribution pattern of size structure of phytoplankton and its response to environmental stress were analyzed in the northern and southern areas of the bay. The stability of the phytoplankton community was estimated and was found to be dominated by small species in spring, summer and autumn, and by medium-sized species in winter. Phytoplankton biomass was controlled by medium-sized species in spring, summer and autumn, and by large species in winter. In general, phytoplankton sizes in the southern area were greater than those in the northern area. Large phytoplankton species were much more adaptive to oligotrophic water and a colder environment. The phytoplankton community in spring, autumn and winter was relatively stable; however, it deviated from equilibrium in summer. Phytoplankton community stability in the southern area was slightly better than in the northern area. The W statistical value of the group of large species can be used as an evaluation index of phytoplankton community stability.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2764-2771 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 695KB] ( 768 )

	2772	Atmospheric Pb pollution in the alpine area of southwest China based on the lichens (Usnea longissima) analysis
		YAN Ting, LIU 恩Feng, ZHANG 恩Lou, ZHU Yu-Xin
		Concentrations and the isotopic compositions of Pb (208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb) in the Usnea longissima from 13regions in the alpine area of southwest China were analyzed. Atmospheric Pb pollution and the potential sources were discussed based on the chemical data as well as the Pb concentrations in the soils. Mean Pb concentrations varied between 1.5 and 64.5mg/kg in the Usnea longissima samples, which all showed high values in the regions near the city and non-ferrous metal production area, similar to the spatial variations of Pb concentrations in the soils. Concentrations of Pb in the Usnea longissima and soil showed positive correlation (r=0.919, P<0.01), implying the Pb concentrations in the Usnea longissima indicate the atmospheric Pb pollution levels. The 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb ratios were 2.099~2.123 and 0.852~0.874 in the Usnea longissima, respectively. Combining the results of Pb isotopic compositions in the Usnea longissima and in potential sources, we deduced that atmospheric Pb pollution in the alpine area of southwest China should primarily be attributed to regional emissions from non-ferrous metal production industries and may also influenced by the emission from leaded gasoline used in Myanmar.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2772-2777 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 541KB] ( 1063 )

	2778	Water-quality responses of the intrusion of high-turbidity runoff to the thermal stratified Jin-pen Reservoir during flood season
		ZENG Kang, HUANG Ting-Lin, MA Wei-Xing, ZHOU Zi-Zhen, LI Yang
		To explore the intrusion pattern of rainfall runoff and the corresponding water-quality response, vertical water-quality monitoring in Jin-pen Reservoir of Xi'an City in China was implemented daily in the flood season. The results show that the seasonal thermal stratification occurs in the reservoir due to the change of air temperature. Storm runoff events in flood season damaged the structure of thermocline in the lower layer and weakened the stability of thermal stratification. Rainfall runoff, containing a large amount of particulate nutrients and sediments, entered the reservoir in the form of density current, which changed from underflow to interflow between transition zones and lacustrine zones, and the thickness of interflow was 20m during the early period of current intrusion. The concentrations of TP, TN, TOC increased significantly due to the intrusion of density currents in the middle and lower of water, with the highest concentration of TN, TP, TOC and turbidity was 0.2, 2, 0.6 and 16times higher than that in normal condition, resulting in serious water body pollution in short time. The decomposition rate of particulate pollutants settled in sediments increased due to the intrusion of higher temperature water in bottom, leading to a continuous increase of the endogenous nutrient loads in the reservoir, i.e., the concentration of TN, TP, TOC in bottom water was up to 1.88mg/L, 0.05mg/L, 4.6mg/L, respectively. Managers can take water from different layers of the reservoir and discharge high-turbidity current to ensure drinking water quality in flood season.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2778-2786 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 679KB] ( 787 )

	2787	Distribution of different phosphorus forms in the overlying water under sediment disturbance with algae
		CHEN Jun, LI Da-Peng, LI Yong, HUANG Yong, YUAN Yi, LI Xiang
		Distribution of dissolved phosphorus (P), particulate P (PP) and biavailable P (BAP) was investigated in the overlying water under sediment disturbance with algae. In addition, the contribution to P disappearance by particulate matter adsorption and algae uptake was investigated. The results show that sediment disturbance handled the algae growth and the concentration of chlorophyll a increased by 3.53 μg/L (initial chlorophyll a 30 μg/L) and 4.80 μg/L (initial chlorophyll a 120 μg/L). But, the value increased by 21.36 μg/L (initial chlorophyll a 30 μg/L) and 14.49 μg/L (initial chlorophyll a 120 μg/L) without disturbance. Accordingly, the concentration of dissolved oxygen and pH value with disturbance was lightly higher than that without disturbance. Under sediment disturbance, total P and PP increased, while dissolved total P (DTP) and dissolved inorganic P (DIP) decreased. The degradation was attributed to the particulate matter adsorption and algae uptake. The contribution of particulate matter adsorption is up to 90% under sediment disturbance. On the contrary, the contribution decreased to 60% without disturbance, but the algae uptake increased to 40%. The concentration of BAP stabilized in the experiment with and without disturbance, but the percentage of bioavailable particulate P (BAPP) increased. The percentage of BAPP to PP with disturbance is lower than that without disturbance. It is suggested that the contribution of P migration and transformation by particulate matter adsorption is more important, compared with algae uptake.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2787-2793 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 395KB] ( 840 )

	2794	Comparative characterization of optically active components in waters from the east/west tributaries and the stem of Liaohe River
		SHAO Tian-Tian, SONG Kai-Shan, DING Zhi, LI Si-Jia, ZHAO Ying, ZHANG Bai
		Comparative analyses about the differences of optical characteristics and composition of riverine waters in the East/West tributaries and the stem of Liaohe River were conducted and the influenced factors impacting on chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and dissolve organic carbon (DOC) in different sub-watersheds were examined based on the absorption and fluorescent optical properties. Relationship between CDOM absorption and DOC concentration in the stem of Liaohe River exhibited the best (R = 0.89, P < 0.01) compared with that in the East Liaohe River (R = 0.75) and the West Liaohe River (R = 0.81). Close relationships between two water qualities (total suspended matter [TSM] and total alkalinity) and ratios of CDOM and DOC (CDOM/DOC) were obtained in this investigation. CDOM and DOC concentrations showed great variability in different sub-watersheds. CDOM and DOC concentrations in West Liaohe River were higher than that in East and the stem of Liaohe River. Land use/cover and climate conditions exerted great influences on CDOM and DOC. Significant negative correlations were obtained between forest area and CDOM and DOC, with the R = -0.41 and -0.56respectively. Positive correlations were observed between cropland area and CDOM and DOC (R = 0.40 for CDOM and R =0.32 for DOC). Furthermore, negative correlations were obtained between precipitations and CDOM and DOC, with the R = -0.53 and -0.38 respectively, which demonstrated that dilute effect of rainfall exhibited great influence on CDOM and DOC concentrations. Moreover, relationships between Fn (355) and CDOM absorption in different sub-watersheds showed strong correlations, especially in the West Liaohe River (R = 0.96, P < 0.01). All the samples exhibited fairly strong humic-like fluorophore (fluorophore A and fluorophore C) in the fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs). Meantime, samples in the main stem of Liaohe River showed strong protein-like fluorophore (fluorophore T). Main sources of CDOM in the studied rivers were terrestrial (allochthonous) origins, which showed the high weight molecular substances based on the S, FI and HIX values. However, molecular weights in West Liaohe River and the main stem of Liaohe River were inclined to be lower than that in the East Liaohe River.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2794-2804 [Abstract] ( 146 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1200KB] ( 672 )

	2805	Prediction of the alga growth in a reservoir based on the stepwise cluster analysis
		CHANG Chun, FENG Ping, SUN Dong-Mei, ZHANG Kai
		The stepwise cluster analysis (SCA) was employed to predict the chlorophyll-a content of alga in Yuqiao Reservoir. A SCA model was firstly developed based on 56 data sets of 7factors related to water quality and meteorology from 1999 to 2006, which was used to predict the chlorophyll-a content from 2007 to 2010. The predicted values matched the measured values well with the average absolute error of -0.0007 and the average relative error of 21.66%, and the correlation coefficient is 0.94. It showed that SCA was effective to predict the chlorophyll-a content in Yuqiao Reservoir. The sensitivity analysis were also performed, the results showed that pH value, total phosphorus content and dissolved oxygen had more significant impacts on the alga growth in Yuqiao Reservoir. Therefore, it is an important way to prevent algal blooms by controlling the above 3 factors.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2805-2812 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 616KB] ( 851 )

	2813	Statistical analysis of sea ice physical conditions effect on chlorophyll during the austral spring in Antarctica
		LI Zhi-Jun, LI Run-Ling, WANG Zi-Pan, Christian Haas, Gehard Dieckmann
		The sea ice core texture, and 302 groups of ice core temperature, salinity, density, chlorophyll a (Chl-a) as well as phaeophytin, Chl-a under ice from Northern West of Weddell Sea, Antarctica during the period between winter and spring of 2006 were statistically analyzed. The contributions of snow/ice thickness, ice temperature, ice salinity and ice density to the Chl-a content in ice and Chl-a blooms under ice were determined. The snow/ice thickness effect on the Chl-a blooms under the ice due to light absorption was determined. The relationship between the activity of ice algae cells and brine volume (function of ice temperature and ice salinity) in ice was investigated following the principle of environment control on the ecological balance. The statistical analysis not only revealed the relationship between the upper limits of Chl-a and brine volume in Logistic model, but also showed that granular and columnar ice crystals affect the brine drainage. The 4.3% of the index of active algal cells less than 0.5showed that the physical properties of sea ice not only affect the Chl-a blooms near ice bottom and at the ice-water interface in the austral Spring, but also are a key control element modulating the marine phytoplankton bloom in the ice covered waters around Antarctica.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2813-2819 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 456KB] ( 661 )

	2820	Coupling surface-groundwater model and application in Heihe River Basin
		ZHU Jin-Feng, WANG Zhong-Jing, ZHENG Hang, LU Xue-Gang, QI Gui-Hua
		By coupling the conceptual water resources planning model WEAP and distributed groundwater model MODFLOW, the demand-based surface-groundwater model across the whole middle-down Heihe River Basin is developed. The hydrology gauge data and groundwater monitoring data are used for calibration and verification. For both the calibration and verification periods, the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficients (NSE) for surface water are above 0.7, and the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) for groundwater table are less than 0.80m. The modelling results show that the unified water resources management and operation in the mainstream (Eastern Heihe Basin) from 2002 to 2012 have increased the released water for downstream by 163million m3 (18%) annually. The human activities in the Taolai River (Western Heihe Basin) changed the river flow regime of the tributary, and blocked its hydraulic connections with downstream Heihe drainage. For both the east and west of Heihe River, the changes of discharges from the mountain and human activities contribute to the reduction of runoff through Langxinshan Gauge, downstream, which directly caused the disappearance times ago and recent restoration of the downstream Juyan Lake.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2820-2826 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 699KB] ( 1719 )

	2827	Message mapping for abrupt trans-boundary environmental risk communication in Yangtze River-Hongze Lake
		LIU Jie, GUO Liang, RAN Meng, LI Jia-Hui, JIANG Ji-Ping, CAO Wu-Kui, WANG Peng
		Message mapping is useful for communications which should be easy to understand and reflect the concerns of stakeholders when abrupt trans-boundary environmental pollution occurs in river basin. This paper describes the process undertaken to develop the message maps, and lessons learned thus far. The working group developed a message map for one part of east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (from Yangtze River to Hongze Lake). The message map can satisfy the urgent demand of pollution information for the stakeholders, improve the efficiency of environmental risk communication, and can help give clear and concise information for stakeholders communication in a crisis. Auxiliary information tools could be obtained for abrupt trans-boundary environmental pollution.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2827-2834 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2653KB] ( 650 )

	2835	Optimization of rural domestic sewage treatment models
		WANG Xi-Qin, GAO Wei, ZHANG Yuan
		Rural sewage treatment is an important task of the New Rural Construction in China, which also plays a key role in improving the rural ecological environment. In this study, using system dynamic (SD) model and Powell optimization model, a SD-Powell coupled model with simulation and optimization function was set up to simulate and predict the amount of pollutant discharge, and to establish the functional relationship of pollutant reduction and cost. Taking Changzhou City in Jiangsu Province as a case study, the calculated results indicate that COD and ammonia emissions will reach up to 16583 t and 2551 t in 2020 respectively, increased by 4.60% and 4.59% compared to 2008. The 51 towns in Changzhou City were divided into four categories of control units using clustering method. The treatment cost functions for COD and ammonia in different control units were obtained, with the treatment cost in four units varying from 348 kg to 413 kg per ten thousand Yuan RMB for COD, and 54 kg to 65 kg per ten thousand Yuan RMB for ammonia. The total cost will be 168.7 million RMB Yuan if the pollutant reduction rate in the whole area reaches 100%. The results show that the pollutant reduction rate by cost optimization was better than the cost average allocation. Compared to average allocation results, the method used in this study could increase reduction effectiveness of the two pollutants COD and ammonia by 6.4% and 7.4%, respectively. The optimal treatment cost was between 10and 168.7 million RMB per year under different reduction rates and the treatment cost for priority unit was in the order of I>IV>II >III.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2835-2842 [Abstract] ( 151 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 803KB] ( 1156 )

	2843	Pollutant identification and quality assessment of groundwater near municipal solid waste landfills in China
		HAN Zhi-Yong, XU Mo, LIU Guo, CHENG Cheng
		In order to give a basis for the assessment, the remediation and the treatment of groundwater contaminations, the groundwater pollutants from MSWLs were identified by cumulative pollution load ratio; the groundwater quality near the MSWLs were assessed integrally by Nemero index method and grading methods based on authors′ survey and related reports from 1991 to 2014. The results showed that there were 99 kinds of groundwater pollutants, 2 kinds of visual pollutants and 6 kinds of aggregative pollutants which had been detected. The widespread groundwater pollutants include ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, permanganate index, chemical oxygen demand, total hardness, chloride, iron, manganese, total coliform and volatile phenol; the local groundwater pollutants include total phosphorus, total dissolved solids, fluoride, sulfate, bacterial count and hexavalent chromium; the point groundwater pollutants include trichloro-benzene, cadmium, lead, mercury and iodide. Additionally, the local groundwater pollutants and the point groundwater pollutants are very different in different areas. The comprehensive score of groundwater quality was 7.76. It is indicated that the groundwater near MSWLs had been contaminated seriously in China.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2843-2852 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 805KB] ( 2196 )

	2853	Levels and risk assessment of bisphenol A and chlorinated BPAs in urine samples of Beijing women
		CHEN Mo, FAN Zhan-蓝, GAO Qun, GAO Fu-Mei, MOU Di, HU Jian-Ying
		A derivatization UPLC-MS-MS method was used to analyze bisphenol A (BPA) and its chlorinated derivatives, including monochloro-BPA, dichloro-BPA, tricholro-BPA, and tetrachloro-BPA, in 40urine samples of Beijing women. The detection frequencies of BPA, monochloro-BPA, dichloro-BPA, tricholro-BPA, and tetrachloro-BPA were 90%, 96%, 90%, 52%, and 45% with average concentrations of (1.30±1.24), (0.40±0.37), (0.41±0.51), (0.18±1.49), (0.46±0.35) ng/mL, respectively. While the total concentration of four chlorinated BPA was 1.45ng/mL, which was similar with that of BPA in urine, their BPA toxic equivalent quantity (TEQBaP) in urine was calculated to be 4.84ng/mL, which was 2.2 fold higher than that of BPA. The TEQBPA concentration was log-normally distributed, and the probability higher than Benchmark Dose (BMDL0.05), corresponding to the increasing risk of diabetes by 0.05% due to exposure to BPA, was 19.2%. Our results indicated that chlorinated BPA might pose a relatively high risk.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2853-2860 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 1164 )

	2861	Subduction of PM2.5 by road green space in Beijing and its health benefit evaluation
		TONG Ming-Kun, GAO Ji-Xi, TIAN Mei-Rong, JI Ping
		Taking Beijing urban area with serious traffic pollution as a case study and based on prior field observation, we estimate the total amount of PM2.5 removed annually by road green space and its health benefits by using the poisson regression model and environmental health evaluation method. The results showed that the road green space in Beijing urban area remove 1.09 tons PM2.5 annually, which reduced the population health risk significantly, he road green space reduced the total number of 3024 cases of harmful diseases, including 18 cases of premature deaths, 53 and 25 cases of hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, 324 and 761 cases of pediatric and internal outpatients respectively, 1134 and 264 cases of acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis, 445 cases of asthma respectively. Consequently, it obtains economic benefit of 198 million Yuan for health-related economic benefits. Thus, we suggest strengthening the construction of road green space and enriching vegetation hierarchy to cope with urban traffic air pollution actively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2861-2867 [Abstract] ( 348 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 468KB] ( 1179 )

	2868	Urine biomarker of exposure to phthalate in rat
		LIU Chun-Hong, ZHANG Ming-Ming, LAI Yu-Ting, CHU Yue, LI Jian-Jun, FANG Min-Ting
		A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of phthalic acid (PA) in urine after alkaline hydrolysis of the phthalate metabolites to PA. The content of the total PA in male adult SD rat urine was measured after separated or combined exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), and then the relationships between exposed PAEs molar quantities and the molar concentration of the urine PA were analyzed by linear regression. The results showed that the total amount of urine PA increased as the exposure increased. The mean percentage of PAEs intake excreted in the urine was found to be 65.04% for DBP exposure alone and 55.00% for DEHP exposure alone and 38.35% for combined exposure to the two. The contents of urinary PA were well correlated with PAEs exposure levels with the correlation coefficient being 0.92 for DBP(P<0.01), 0.56 for DEHP (P<0.01) and 0.93 for combined DPB and DEHP (P<0.01). The findings suggested that PA in urine after alkaline hydrolysis of the phthalate metabolites could evaluate the total exposure level of PAEs, which may be a valid exposure biomarker of PAEs used in risk surveillance of human exposure to PAEs in future.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2868-2873 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 382KB] ( 887 )

	2874	Inhibition effects of copper nanoparticles on the growth of Skeletonema costatum
		LI Fang-Fang, PAN Rong, ZHANG Cai, WANG Jiang-Tao
		By using Skeletonema costatum as experimental algae, the toxic effect of Cu2+, nanometer-copper, and micrometer-copper on it was studied. The results showed that the three copper reagents could inhibited the growth of S. costatum in different degrees. Generally, the increase value of chlorophyll and algal cell density had negative relationship with addition of the copper reagents. In the whole experimental period (96hours), the growth of S. costatum was strongly inhibited if the concentration of Cu2+ was higher than 0.1mg/L, and the algal density and chlorophyll were seriously affected as the concentration of nano-copper was higher than 0.15mg/L. Micro-copper stimulated the growth of S. costatum within 24h when its concentration was lower than 2mg/L. Algae growth was inhibited within 96h in high concentration of micro-copper (>1mg/L). The mechanism of the toxic effect of copper nanoparticles on Skeletonema costatum was attributed to its dissolved copper ions and the nanoparticles itself.
		2015 Vol. 35 (9): 2874-2880 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 527KB] ( 997 )

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