Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

关闭×

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

Current Issue

	2015 Vol.35 Issue.12,Published 2015-12-20

	3521	Establishment of emission inventory and spatial-temporal allocation model for air pollutant sources in the Pearl River Delta region

		Capable of spatial and temporal illustration, the grid-based air pollutant emission inventory was established in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in 2012 by calculating annual-total emission values and developing local spatial-temporal allocation schemes. The activity data of anthropogenic and natural sources were collected and applied to estimating multi-pollutant emissions by the “bottom-up” compilation approach. The annual estimated results show that the emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5, VOCs and NH3 in the PRD region for the year of 2012 are 552kt, 1029kt, 3492kt, 952kt, 385kt, 1539kt and 177kt, respectively. Stationary combustion source is the largest SO2 and NOx contributors. Power plants and industrial boilers contribute 35.0% and 41.8% of SO2 emission, 28.2% and 16.2% of NOx emission. Processing source is the most significant VOCs emitters, and furniture manufacturing, oil refining and oil-gas port share 52.4% of total VOCs emissions. Fugitive dust, contributing 42.3% of PM2.5 emission, is one of the most important source of particulate matters. NH3 emission mainly comes from livestock feeding and fertilizer application, which occupy 50.7% and 26.8% of total regional NH3 emission. The emission results show remarkable variabilities over the PRD region spanning diurnal and seasonal time scales. A semi-annular high emission zone centralize along the “Dongguan-Guangzhou-Foshan” city cluster. Daytime (9:00 to 8:00pm) emission intensity is significantly higher than that of nighttime (9:00pm to 8:00am of next day). Summer and autumn are the slight higher emission seasons during the whole year.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3521-3534 [Abstract] ( 432 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2665KB] ( 2632 )

	3535	Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Nanjing by PMF

		In order to identify the main emission sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Nanjing, a total of 170 ambient samples were collected at three receptors and in four typical seasons. Chemical compositions were analyzed, including Al, Fe, Na, Mg, K, Ba, Li, Tl, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb, Pb, Cr, Ce, Na+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC). First, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was estimated by using the OC/EC minimum ratio method. Then, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied for source apportionment basing on the non-SOA compositions. The PMF indicated six contribution factors of PM2.5, which are secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA, 25.0%), coal combustion (23.5%), motor vehicle (20.4%), airborne soil (17.1%), metal processing (3.0%) and undefined sources (11.0%). Furthermore, based on the total emissions of SO2, NOx and VOCs in Nanjing, which are major precursors of secondary aerosols, the SIA and SOA were further apportioned among the primary sources. Final results show that the main sources of PM2.5 in Nanjing are coal combustion, motor vehicle, airborne soil, industry and others, with contributions of 29.6%, 22.4%, 14.6%, 18.7% and 14.7%, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3535-3542 [Abstract] ( 610 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 4174 )

	3543	Characteristics and toxicity assessment of airborne particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of four background sites in China

		PM2.5 and PM10 were sampled in the ambient air of four national background sites (Changbaishan, Pangquangou, Shennongjia and Nanling) from north to south in China during four seasons in 2013. Filter samples were pretreated by ultrasonic extraction with acetonitrile and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The concentration variation of PAHs in PM2.5 and PM10 of four background sites were 0.09~25.42ng/m3 and 0.13~30.16ng/m3, respectively. The PAHs concentration level of four background sites is similar to the other background site in China and foreign countries. The degree of spatial variation of PAHs was ranked as: Pangquangou>Changbaishan>Shennongjia>Nanling. The seasonal variation was that PAHs concentration in spring and winter of Pangquangou and Shennongjia, spring of Changbaishan, winter of Nanling were higher than others. There was a linear correlation between BaP and ∑PAHs of low concentration in both PM2.5 and PM10. PAHs were mainly composed of 4 and 5-ring PAHs (such as fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo (a) fluoranthene) in most seasons of background sites despite of the winter of Changbaishan and summer of Nanling in which the proportion of 3-ring PAHs was high. The toxicity assessment of PAHs was determined by benzo(a)pyrene equivalent for carcinogenicity (∑BaPTEF) and mutagenicity (∑BaPMEF). The result showed that the toxicity in spring and winter of Pangquangou (1.81~2.74ng/m3 and 2.92~4.36ng/m3) was much higher than that of other seasons of background sites. It is necessary to pay more attention to the relative area which Pangquangou site represents.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3543-3549 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 410KB] ( 1916 )

	3550	The characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Qingpu Shanghai, China

		The ambient concentrations of 58VOCs species were monitored continuously in November-December 2012 and May-July 2014 in the Qingpu District of Shanghai, China. The results showed that the average concentration of VOCs in Qingpu was low, among them, the alkanes were the most abundant component, accounting for 41.64% of the total VOCs, followed by aromatics (25.66%), alkenes (15.21%) and acetylene (7.71%). The monthly variation of the total VOCs indicated that the maximum values occurred in November while the minimum occurred in October. The diurnal pattern showed obviously two peaks. The OH radical loss rate and the ozone formation potential (OFP) were applied to assess the chemical reactivity of VOCs. The VOCs of Qingpu district showed rather high chemical activity and had the significant consistency with the concentration. For the OH radical loss rate, alkenes and aromatics accounted for 56.92% and 45.24%; and for the OFP, accounted for 29.19% and 40.82%. The most important contributors to ozone formation were ethene, isoprene, toluene, m/p-xylene, and propylene. By using the chemical mass balance (CMB) model, we analyzed the sources of VOCs. The results showed that there were six main sources of VOCs in Qingpu District of Shanghai, including vehicle exhaust, LPG leakage, paint and solvent evaporation, vegetable emission, biomass burning, industrial emission, which accounted for 43%, 5%, 16%, 3%, 14%, 7%, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3550-3561 [Abstract] ( 352 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 778KB] ( 2359 )

	3562	Seasonal characteristics and pollution of haze in Shenzhen based on meticulous observation data

		Based on the Meticulous observational data of hourly haze, visibility and air quality monitoring of Shenzhen during 2010~2013, Seasonal variations of haze, the relationships of the meteorological conditions and air quality to haze were analyzed in order to provide the basis for issuing haze warning and forecast more pointedly. The results suggested that the annual haze days of Shenzhen presented an increasing trend overall and the phase change of a down trend since 2009. The monthly variations of haze days showed "V" type, which implied the haze occurred mainly in autumn and winter rather than in spring and summer. There were more long duration and serious haze processes in autumn and winter but short duration ones in spring and summer. The haze was often accompanied by mainly mild air pollution (35%). PM2.5 was the primary pollutant followed by O3, which indicated that PM2.5 was the main cause of haze weather and photochemical pollution was also serious in Shenzhen. There was significant variation of PM2.5, PM10 and O3 with the seasons. The primary pollutants changed with the seasons that PM2.5 was the main pollutant (above75%) in winter and spring, but O3 and PM2.5 were in summer and autumn. The wind and relative humidity were the important influencing factors of haze. The 80% of moderate and severe haze occurred under the wind speed <2m/s and relative humidity 70%~90% ,which suggested the weaker wind speed and the greater humidity were conductive to the emergence and development of haze.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3562-3569 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 445KB] ( 1233 )

	3570	The correlation analysis of Nanjing haze days and meteorological factors

		In the present study, we discussed the interactions between surface weather types, ground weather situations, meteorological elements and the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in the haze days in Nanjing 2012~2014 by using synoptic meteorology principle. The results showed that most of the haze pollutions in Nanjing were slight and mild, mainly occurred in winter and seldom in the summer. The haze days occurred easily when the relative humidity between 50%~80%, especially 70%~80%. Nearly 87.6% of the haze days occurred in the case of wind speed 4m/s or less and wind direction northeast to southeast. The haze days frequently presented in the uniform pressure field, high pressure control, and the back of the high pressure, while in the conditions of under controlled by the subtropical high pressure, low pressure trough and typhoon, it was rare. The ratio of mass concentrations of PM2.5 in PM10 was proportional to the strength of haze pollutions. The results of trajectory clustering analysis by HYSPLIT4 mode showed that in the medium and heavy haze days in Nanjing, it was mainly affected by the local pollution and sources from northeast China and southeast of Nanjing.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3570-3580 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2641KB] ( 1639 )

	3581	Characteristics of PM2.5 and hydrocarbon emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicle

		The PM2.5 and hydrocarbon (HC) samples emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles including Euro Ⅱ, Euro Ⅲ and Euro Ⅳ technologies were collected by on-board emission measurements. The PM2.5 chemical compositions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ion chromatograph, and the thermal/optical carbon analyzer. HC was analyzed online by five-gas analyzer. Results demonstrated that the emission factors of PM2.5 and HC were (0.22±0.12) g/km and (0.57±0.45) g/km, respectively. Emission reductions of PM2.5 and HC had been achieved as the control technology become more rigorous. EC and OC were the major components of PM2.5, accounting for 38.87%~42.87% and 16.22%~19.96% of the total PM2.5 mass, respectively. The abundance species of water soluble ions were SO42-, NH4+, and NO3-, accounting for 7.64%~8.85%, 2.22%~3.97%, 1.91%~2.73%, respectively. The abundance species of elements were S, Na, Ca, Fe, and Al. It was also found that PM2.5 and HC emission factors were dropped with the increase of the speed.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3581-3587 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 519KB] ( 1607 )

	3588	Distribution of atmospheric particle number concentration in Xi’an and variations in typical weather conditions

		Distribution and variation characteristics of atmospheric particle number concentration in typical weather conditions were analyzed, by using 0.25~32μm particulate matter monitoring data with meteorological parameters and scattered extinction coefficient of the same period between March 2013 to December 2014 in Xi’an of China. The results indicated that mean atmospheric particle number concentrations were 206.27 cm-3. Among them, the particle which size less than 1μm accounted for over 99%. The highest particle number concentrations was observed in winter which was 267.66 cm-3, and followed by autumn, summer and spring, which were 231.31, 141.82 and 135.77 cm-3, respectively. The number concentration value was the lowest around 6PM throughout the four seasons, which were higher in night than in the day time. However, the concentration differences between the day and night were the smallest in summer and the highest in autumn. The Pearson correlation coefficients were respectively 0.756, 0.702, 0.411 and 0.377 between the scattered extinction coefficient and the particle number concentrations in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The particle number concentrations first increased and then decreased before and after dust and haze events. The particle number concentrations were relatively low in the hot and dry days. Rainfall removed particles significantly, but the particle number concentrations increased rapidly after the rain.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3588-3594 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 403KB] ( 1768 )

	3595	Performance and electron donor analysis of microbial fuel cell with supernatant of anaerobically fermented excess sludge as substrate

		A double-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) was successfully started up by using the supernatant of anaerobically fermented excess sludge as substrate in the anode chamber and potassium ferricyanide as electron acceptor in the cathode chamber. The concentration changes of various volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the supernatant were investigated during the anaerobic fermentation process of the sludge. Then the electricity production process of the MFC was studied, and the substrate consumption and electron donors during electricity production were also analyzed. The results indicated that the acetic acid concentration was the highest (approximately accounting for 50% of total VFAs), followed by isovaleric acid and propionic acid (respectively about 18% and 15% of total VFAs), n-butyric acid and isobutyric acid (all less than 10% of total VFAs), while the n-valeric concentration was the lowest (less than 1% of total VFAs) among the VFAs in the supernatant of anaerobically fermented sludge. The MFC kept a stable voltage output (0.65±0.05V) for 250h, and the coulombic efficiency was 9.09%. An overall degradation trend was found among the total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and VFAs during electricity production of the MFC. The removal rates of TCOD and SCOD were 74.9%、86.4%, respectively. The complete consumption of VFAs was accompanied by the rapid deterioration of the electricity production performance, indicating that the main electron donors were VFAs. The consumption and production of VFAs existed simultaneously during the process of electricity generation, while the consumption rates were faster than the production rates in general. The consumption rate sequence of various VFAs was as following: acetic acid> n-butyric acid> propionic acid> n-valeric acid> isovaleric acid> isobutyric acid.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3595-3601 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 396KB] ( 1275 )

	3602	Impact of organic matter and calcium on nanofiltration membrane biofouling: XDLVO approach

		The extended derjaguin-laudau-verwey-overbeek (XDLVO) theory was utilized to quantitatively evaluate the interfacial interactions in organic conditioning and biofouling of nanofiltration membrane under various organic matter and Ca2+ concentrations. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was selected as the model bacterium, and sodium alginate (SA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and humic acid (HA) were selected as model organics in wastewater. Results showed that SA conditioned membranes have the strongest hydrophilicity and the biggest interfacial free energies with PA and SA at 5mmol/L Ca2+, with a DGcoh of 42.96mJ/m2 and DGadh of 45.85and 39.64mJ/m2, respectively. This condition inhibited the biofouling of membranes. However, BSA conditioned membranes have the strongest hydrophobicity and the lowest interfacial free energies with PA and BSA at 2mmol/L Ca2+, with a DGcoh of –40.32mJ/m2and DGadh of 3.49 and –26.36mJ/m2, respectively. This condition accelerated the biofouling of membranes. In all membrane fouling processes, vander Waals interactions changed slightly, whereas electrostatic double layer interactions contributed minimally to fouling with a low absolute value. Organic matter and Ca2+ affected the membrane biofouling mainly through the alteration of hydrophobic interactions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3602-3611 [Abstract] ( 286 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 580KB] ( 1957 )

	3612	In situ infrared spectroscopic studies of catalytic degradation of toluene by continuous discharge and adsorptive storage-discharge

		Continuous discharge and adsorptive storage-discharge combined with γ-Al2O3, Ag/γ-Al2O3, NiO/γ-Al2O3 for toluene adsorption and decomposition were investigated by in-situ infrared spectrum technology to study adsorption species on catalyst surface and the role of the addition of catalyst during the toluene degradation. The results showed that adsorptive storage-discharge method exhibited higher toluene degradation and less intermediate products, and the amine wasn’t detected. The majority factor was that adsorptive storage-discharge method contributed to the catalyst to enhance the utilization efficiency of the active species generated in the plasma which made intermediates on the catalyst surface rapid stripping and transformation. The results also indicated that the addition of Ag, NiO could reduce the formation of intermediate products, and NiO/γ-Al2O3 played a better role in toluene degradation.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3612-3619 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 514KB] ( 1248 )

	3620	Research on HCPA-UF-MBR combined process treating high color and ammonia nitrogen from source water at low temperature

		High Concentration of Purified Attapulgite (HCPA) was added into UF-MBR to form HCPA-UF-MBR process, the decontamination effect of HCPA-UF-MBR and UF-MBR parallel systems treating high color and ammonia nitrogen from source water at low temperature was researched, the performance of activated sludge and membrane pollution in each reactor was studied, HCPA function and efficiency were examined. The results show that the average removal rate of chromaticity, CODMn, NH -N and TN was 94.60%, 81.61%, 98.44% and 58.30%, respectively. The NO -N and NO -N concentration from the effluent were lower. After HCPA dosing, the decontamination effect and anti shock loading capability of UF-MBR were improved. The sludge total activity and nitrification activity increased by 9.09% and 105.88%, respectively. The HCPA-UF-MBR reactor achieved stability in short time and small fluctuations. The nitrification and denitrification processes of activated sludge inside HCPA-UF-MBR reactor were more fully. In addition, HCPA adsorbed organic matter in mixture and improved the sludge mixture properties. It makes the cake layer on the membrane surface more loose and more permeable. It reduced effectively the degree of membrane fouling.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3620-3627 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 578KB] ( 1029 )

	3628	Influence of Al(III) on the reduction of Cr(VI) by organic reducing substances from sugarcane molasses

		The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of Al (III) on the reduction of Cr (VI) by organic reducing substances (contain phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) from sugarcane molasses, and to analyze the kinetics of Cr (VI) reduction in the presence of Al (III) under different conditions through batch experiments. Results indicated that Al (III) could catalyze the reduction of Cr (VI) by sugarcane molasses, and its mechanisms was organic reducing substances complexes of both Al (III) and Cr (VI) would reduce the reaction activation energy (Ea) of Cr (VI) reduction, and accelerated the reaction rate of Cr (VI) reduction by organic reducing substances from sugarcane molasses. This reaction could be described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with respect to Cr (VI) concentration in the presence of Al (III). At pH 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5, the reaction rate constants increased 25.1, 13.9, 5.8, and 4.8h-1 respectively in the presence of Al (III) compared with that without Al (III). The reaction activation energy of Cr (VI) reduction by sugarcane molasses was 66.38 and 62.80kJ/mol respectively in the presence or no. When sugarcane molasses was insufficient, Al (III) would increase the removal efficiency of Cr (VI) reduction.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3628-3633 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 375KB] ( 1053 )

	3634	Algae-laden water treatment using air flotation combined with advanced oxidation technology

		In this study, an integrated air flotation and advanced oxidation process (AOP) facilitated by ×OH, resulting from strong ionization discharge, was applied to address this problem. For this purpose, natural reservoir water was used to culture Scenedesmus dimorphus to prepare synthetic water laden with algae cells concentration of 65.6×104cells/mL, turbidity of 10.8NTU and CODMn of 6.74mg/L, and the applied TRO dosage of 1.03mg/L. Almost complete removal of algae and bacteria (total bacteria, coli bacteria and E.coli) was achieved within 6s, while the CODMn of treated water decreased by 10% from 1.43mg/L to 1.25mg/L, its turbidity decreased by 12.59% from 0.66NTU to 0.54NTU. This suggest that this integrated treatment was effective for treatment of algae-laden wastewater, thus ensuring the safety of water supply.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3634-3639 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 394KB] ( 982 )

	3640	Effect of pH on UF membrane fouling of organic foulant (BSA)

		Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected to represent the organic foulant, and the adsorption behavior of BSA on PVDF membrane surface and the features of the changes of the structure of the adsorption layers change at different pH was investigated by the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), and the quantitative determination of the interaction forces between BSA-BSA and PVDF-BSA at relevant pH values were measured by atomic force microscope (AFM), and the mechanism of the influences of pH on the membrane fouling behaviors of organic foulant were analyzed combined with the membrane fouling experiment. According to the results, at the isoelectric point of BSA, there was the minimal value of the electrostatic repulsive forces between BSA-BSA and between PVDF-BSA, a higher deposition rate of BSA was resulted on the membrane surface, and a denser BSA layer was formed, so the flux was declined most severely. As pH deviated from the isoelectric point, the membrane fouling and the deposition rate of BSA onto the membrane surface were mitigated, which was mainly due to the increase of electrostatic repulsion forces, accompanied by a “loose” BSA layer was formed. Therefore, it is important to adjust pH to control the net charges of foulants and membranes positively or negatively to the same level together with the increase of the net charges of the both, because it is one of the effective strategies for mitigation of membrane fouling.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3640-3645 [Abstract] ( 312 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 333KB] ( 1916 )

	3646	Synergistic and antagonistic effect of treatment performance of constructed wetlands under artificial aeration and external carbon source

		A new enhancing nitrogen removal constructed wetland which there were aeration pipes at the bottom of nitrification chamber and carbon addition pipes in the denitrification chamber was built, and effects of artificial aeration, external carbon source and both of them on treatment performance of constructed wetlands were investigated, based on important limiting factors for nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands, i.e. dissolved oxygen and carbon concentrations. The results showed that artificial aeration obviously improved the removal efficiency of TSS, COD, TN, NH4+-N and TP in constructed wetlands, while there was significant accumulation of NO3--N in the effluent in summer. External carbon source significant improved the removal efficiency of TN and NO3-- N in constructed wetlands, while had negative effect on COD removal efficiency in winter. Moreover, the results showed that artificial aeration and external carbon source had a synergistic effect on TN and NO3--N removal, and an independent effect on NH4+-N and COD removal, while showed an antagonism effect on the removal of TP and TSS. When the low-carbon and high-nitrogen wastewater mainly contained ammonia, the average removal efficiency of TN was 87.3% in constructed wetland under artificial aeration and external carbon source, so the enhanced system is especially suitable for treatment of wastewater with low-carbon and high-nitrogen.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3646-3652 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 411KB] ( 1089 )

	3653	Research progress on the occurrence and behaviour of androgens in wastewater treatment plants

		If steroid hormones produced from human and animal due to their metabolism and intake of pharmaceuticals are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), they are likely to contaminate the receiving water, thus having adverse impacts on the aquatic organisms. Among steroid hormones, the concentration of testosterone is 1~3orders of magnitude higher than the concentration of estradiol. This paper summarized the studies on the occurrence of androgens in WWTPs. It is shown that primary treatments in municipal WWTPs rarely remove androgens; secondary treatments can remove 80%~100% of androgens, and the Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic process is the most effective technology; and the removal rate during tertiary treatments range from -66.7% to 70%. In addition, the new materials development and further research were also involved.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3653-3662 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 384KB] ( 1441 )

	3663	Distribution characteristics and correlation analysis of Fe speciation in the surface sediments from different reaches along Yellow River

		The distribution characteristics and correlation analysis of Fe speciation in the surface sediments from different reaches along Yellow River have been analyzed utilizing the so-called sequential extraction approach. The results indicate that the concentration of total iron (∑Fe) in the surface sediments is in the range from 14.01g/kg to 30.98 g/kg, Liulin (H13) sample is the maximum and Bohai offshore (H21) sample is the minimum. The residue iron(Fe-6)-the highest concentration in all speciations with 92.55%~98.4% of ∑Fe, and the bio-available fraction iron (BFe) only for 1.56%~6.98% with remarkably positive correlation with ∑Fe, the change trades of BFe, Fe-6 and ∑Fe concentrations are consistency along main stream of the Yellow River. The organic matter (OM) shows a notable correlation with both BFe and Fe-Mn oxides (Fe-4), while BFe has extremely positive correlation with Fe-4, indicating that the content of BFe mainly relies on the Fe-4 and the organic matter. When the concentration of total particulate matter (TPM) is increased in the water of the Yellow River, such as in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Dayudu segments (H15) and Sanmenxia segments (H17), one can find the high concentration of ∑Fe and Fe-1 in the surface sediments, when the concentration of TPM decrease, such as in the upper reaches of the Yellow River Wuhai segments (H7) and Sanshenggong segments (H8) , the concentration of ∑Fe and Fe-1 in the surface sediments is low. The results indicate that the artificial dams in the Yellow River Basin cause the changes of TPM concentration in the water, and also lead to non negligible impact on the iron cycle in the Yellow River.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3663-3669 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 545KB] ( 1581 )

	3670	Temporal and spatial variations of dissolved organic matter in urban river during snowmelt period

		The monthly changes of contents of dissolved organic matter (DOM), as well as the spatial and temporal variations in contents and characteristics of DOM during snowmelt period, in the Xinkaihe River in Shenyang were investigated. DOM was fractionated using XAD resins into five fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in river water during snowmelt period were high. HPO-N and TPI-N were the major DOM fractions, and aromatic protein- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials were the major fluorophores in DOM, during the snowmelt period. DOC, absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254nm (UV-254) and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) initially increased, then fluctuated, and finally decreased during snowmelt period. The changing trend of specific ultraviolet light absorbance (SUVA) and specific THMFP (STHMFP) were opposite to the above three. DOC in river water was significantly affected by the sewage discharge during snowmelt period, and DOC near the sewage outfall was higher than other areas. The indicating function of UV-254 on THMFP in receiving waters weakened as a result of the sewage discharge.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3670-3678 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 565KB] ( 1547 )

	3679	Spatial distribution of pollution load and critical source area identification in the Jinjiang River Basin

		Based on the monitoring data on water quantity and quality at different river cross sections, a procedure on calculating the spatial distribution of pollutant loads was suggested. A method for identifying critical source area based on the relationship between pollutant loads and catchment areas in sub-areas was further proposed. The procedure and method had been taken into practice in the Jinjiang River Basin, an important drinking water source area. The results showed that the output pollutant loads of the Jinjiang River Basin (Jinji water intake section) mainly derived from East stream (EStm) and West stream (WStm). In low river flow periods, the output pollutant loads of CODMn, NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen) and TP (total phosphorus) were 226.8, 27.1 and 17.1g/s, which accounted for 18%~67% of high and normal flow periods. In high and low flow periods, EStm (Honglai section above) and WStm (Yuanmei section above) had almost same contribution in pollutant loads to the total outputs, but in normal flow period WStm generated significantly greater pollutant loads than EStm. Five critical source areas were indentified using the above method, including Penghu-Changtingqiao, Changtingqiao-Ganglong and Hengkou-Yuanmei section, etc. The identification method can not only mirror spatial distribution of pollutant concentrations and loads, but also define key pollutants and sensitive flow periods, which is beneficial to pollution control. The proposed procedure and method in this paper can be widely used in the other river basins in China.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3679-3688 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 604KB] ( 1231 )

	3689	Study on spatial and temporal characteristics of the COD in estuarine and coastal waters of the Yanghe River and the Daihe River

		Based on MIKE 21 software, a hydrodynamic and pollutant transport model has firstly been established for the estuarine and coastal waters in the Yanghe River and the Daihe River. Then the model is verified by measured tidal current and concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Finally, the transport processes of COD in the estuarine and coastal waters are simulated and analyzed. Numerical results show that the tidal current in the coastal water of the Yanghe River and the Daihe River can be characterized as a reciprocating flow along the shore while the tide is a standing wave. The directions of flood and ebb currents are NE to SW and SW to NE, respectively. The tidal current velocities increase from estuaries to the offshore in both flood and ebb periods. The direction of COD transport is consistent with that of the tidal current. The high concentration region of COD is pushed towards rivers at the slack of flood with the smallest area, while towards offshore at the slack of ebb with the largest area. The tidal current velocity is quite small in the region around the Putao Island, generally less than 0.14m/s in a tidal cycle, which leads to weak dilution of COD.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3689-3697 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 752KB] ( 1533 )

	3698	Potential bioavailability and flux of dissolved organic nitrogen at the Datong station of the Yangtze River

		Based on the bimonthly investigation at the Datong station in the Yangtze River during 2012 to 2013, the concentrations and compositions of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) including dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and its important compositions urea, dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) and dissolved combined amino acids (DCAA) were analysed. On the other hand, the bioavailability of DON was evaluated and the fluxes of different nitrogen forms were calculated. The concentration of DON in the Yangtze River showed a seasonal variation tendency, which were higher in spring and winter and were lower in summer and autumn, due to the dilution of Yangtze River and the adsorption of suspended particulate matter to DON. The average concentration of DON was (33.28±21.35)μmol/L, accounting for 20.05%±13.53% of TDN; and the concentration of urea, DFAA and DCAA accounted for 21.94%±19.89%、0.84%±0.52% and 3.68%±2.61% of DON, respectively. The concentration of urea presented a positive correlation with the river runoff, which attributed to the seasonal fertilization in the Yangtze River basin. The carbon-normalized of total dissolved amino acids (TDAA (%DOC)) and the degradation index of TDAA both indicated that the DON in the Yangtze River had high bioavailability and presented a seasonal variation, which was higher in spring and summer and was lower in autumn and winter. The flux of DON was 42.04′104t/a, approximately accounted for 17% of TDN. Accordingly, the flux of urea, DFAA and DCAA accounted for 15.50%、0.64% and 2.80% of DON flux, respectively. In conclusion, the DON in the Yangtze River had high bioavailability and constituted the important nutrients for eutrophication in the Yangtze Estuary and its adjacent areas.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3698-3706 [Abstract] ( 186 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 574KB] ( 1316 )

	3707	Analysis of regime shift in Taihu Lake based on Mann-Kendall method

		Basing on the rate of change of trends and tendencies, Mann-Kendall method, total nitrogen (TN)、total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chla) were took as the key factors, and regime shift and mutation were analyzed in Taihu Lake among 1981~2008. The results showed that: (1) Significant increases in TN, TP and Chla were 0.05, 0.10 and 0.05 level respectively; (2) There were two TN mutations from 1990 to 1991 and 1994 to 1995. The TP mutation occurred between 1987 and 1988. Chla changes contained three stages: 1981~1989, the first stage had not yet mutated; 1990~1996: the second was mutation transitional stage; 1997~2008: the third was mutated stage; (3) Considering the mutation and the historical change sequence of TN, TP and Chla, the two mutations of regime shift were 1988 and 1997 in Taihu Lake. The lake regime was divided into three stages in Taihu Lake. The first stage was from 1981 to 1987, in which the TP concentration was 0.025 mg/L and it was called macrophytes-algae coexist stage which was closed to clear water steady state. The second stage was algae-macrophytes coexist state from 1988 to 1996, and the TP concentration was 0.086mg/L. The third stage was algae-dominated turbid water state from 1997 to 2008, and the TP concentration was 0.103mg/L. The results showed that Mann-Kendall method could be used for lake regime shift analysis.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3707-3713 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 573KB] ( 3048 )

	3714	Effect of aeration rate on the NH3 and H2S emissions and maturity of kitchen waste composting

		In order to decrease the NH3and H2S emissions during kitchen waste composting, this study investigated the effect of aeration rate on NH3 and H2S emissions and maturity. A control treatment was studied using pure kitchen waste with an aeration rate (AR) of 0.16m3/h, and three different ARs (0.08, 0.16 and 0.24m3/h) were set to compost using a mixture of 85% kitchen waste and 15% cornstalks (wet weight). The results showed that adding cornstalks could increase the total nitrogen compared with kitchen waste composted alone, the TN content of the treatment (AR = 0.16m3/h) was the highest among all treatments, its TN content increased 39.05%. Kitchen waste mixed with cornstalks reduced the NH3emissions by 14%~53% and H2S emission by 67%~80% than did pure kitchen waste. The NH3emissions increased with the AR increasing, and the NH3cumulative emissions showed a logarithmic growth trend. The H2S emissions has no obvious regularity, but low and high AR would lead to higher H2S emission. Moreover, all treatments met the sanitation requirements and reached the required maturity standard. Given the comprehensive effect, the recommended aeration rate for kitchen waste composting is 0.16m3/h.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3714-3720 [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 430KB] ( 1108 )

	3721	Effects of distillery waste recycling on open ethanol fermentation from kitchen garbage and technological enhancement

		Based on the previous studies, in order to reduce the distillery waste form ethanol fermentation, the distillery wastewater of ethanol production from kitchen garbage was recycled in this study. Particularly, the accumulation of the by-product during the fermentation and their effects were investigated. The results indicated that ethanol fermentation was inhibited obviously by full-recycling distillery wastewater without treatment. After 4times full-recycling, ethanol production was decreased from 28.4g/L to 2.56g/L. With the increasing recycling times, lactic acid, SS, DS and salinity were accumulated to 5.45, 64.7, 99.5 and 12.3g/L, respectively. In order to improve the recycle times, 2/3 partial-recycling mode and flocculation full-recycling mode were utilized. During 7times of distillery wastewater recycling, the ethanol productions maintained at the range of 25.5~35.5g/L for 2/3partial-recycling mode. While for flocculation full-recycling mode, the ethanol production maintained at the range of 12.2~32.4g/L. 2/3partial-recycling mode was superior to flocculation full-recycling mode. In future, the combination of the two recycling methods should be considered for further improving the distillery wastewater recycling system.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3721-3727 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 430KB] ( 1208 )

	3728	The spatial variability of soil organic carbon in plain-hills transition belt and its environmental impact

		In this study, the relationships between environmental variables and SOC were analysed using spatial autoregression (SAR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to quantitatively model the spatial variability of SOC and its environmental impact, comparing with ordinary least square (OLS) regression. The results demonstrated strong correlations between SOC and auxiliary variables. As to soil properties, bulk density and available iron played significant roles. As to topography factors and location factors, latitude, elevation, slope and roughness were the most important affecting factors. Local clustering of soil organic carbon occurred mostly on core transition zone. Plus, SAR model has a better goodness of fit than OLS regression and its estimated value showed a similar trend with the observated values of SOC. Additionally, weak spatial patterns were detected after modeling. Thanks to the flexibility to adjust the weighting function and the bandwidth, GWR model has a better detection of spatial variability of SOC than the others. On model assessment, the residual sum of squares of GWR-1 and GWR-2 were reduced by 20.717% and 8.799%, comparing with OLS’s, respectively; the AIC values of SLM、SEM、GWR-1、GWR-2 were reduced by 5.108、5.391、19.88 and 11.751, respectively. In addition to the spatial autocorrelation, soil properties and environmental factors can significantly explain the heterogeneity of SOC.The auxiliary variables and spatial regression model used here indicated the variability of SOC may propose a certain basis for further exploring the synergies and quantitative analysis of SOC. This study may pave a way for ecological restoration, indicating changes in the environment and the planning of the typical citrus area.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3728-3736 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1247KB] ( 1685 )

	3737	Enhancement of Tween60 and SDS for bioremediation of DDT-contaminated soil by white rot fungus

		The effects of nonionic surfactant Tween60 and anionic surfactant SDS on bioremediation of DDT contaminated soils by white rot fungus Phlebia lindtneri GB1027 were investigated. The results showed that Tween 60 and SDS could enhance the degradation rate of DDT by fungus in soil, and the optimum concentration of both surfactants for fungal degradation of DDT was 1.0mg/g. P. lindtneri GB1027 showed the higher degradation activity of DDT from soil with Tween60than that with SDS. The efficiency of Tween60-SDS mixed surfactants for enhancing biodegradation capacity was as: Tween60-SDS (3:1)>Tween60-SDS (2:1)>Tween60-SDS (1:1), and the enhancing capacity of Tween60-SDS (3:1) and Tween60-SDS (2:1) for fungal degradation of DDT from soil was higher than that of Tween 60. The inoculum amount could greatly enhance the removal rate of DDT from soil by P. lindtneri GB1027at a range of 0.2 to 1.0mL/g, and the highest degradation rate of DDT was 70.9% within 30days, when the inoculum amount of fungus was 1.0mL/g. It was also found that fungal degradation rates of DDT increased sharply with increasing soil moisture at a range between 10% and 50%, and that DDT of about 70% was removed from soil with moisture of 50% during 30 days of incubation. The above results confirmed the workability of white rot fungus-surfactants augmented remediation of DDT-contaminated soil.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3737-3743 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 349KB] ( 1673 )

	3744	Analysis of bacterial community composition in landfill cover soil

		In this study, the bacterial community composition in 4geographically different location (Shandong Laiwu, SD; Guangdong Shenzhen, GD; Shanghai Laogang, SH; Chongqing Changshengqiao, CQ) was investigated by Illumina MiSeq sequencing targeting V3~V4region of 16S rDNA gene and the link between the bacterial community composition and environmental parameters was analyzed. Results showed that representatives of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria dominated at all 4cover soils, ranging from 12.67%~25.54% and 14.35%~18.88% of the total abundance, respectively. Cover soil of GD had higher bacterial diversity than the others, which suggested by Shannon index (5.52±0.026 Vs 4.76±0.030 of SD, 4.89±0.037 of SH, and 3.43±0.027 of CQ). Genus Sphingomonas dominated at cover soils of SD、GD and SH, accounting for 7.25%、10.67%、11.30% of the total abundance, respectively. Person correlation suggested that groups of Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria highly correlated to total nitrogen (TN) (r=1.00, P<0.001) and total phosphorus (TP) (r=1.00, P<0.001). Redundancy analysis (RDA) further indicated that TN、TP and organic matter (OM) are the important factors in shaping the bacterial community structure.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3744-3753 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 864KB] ( 2025 )

	3754	Diversities of autotrophic CO2-fixing microbes in no-tillage paddy soils

		The aim of the study was to investigate the diversity and community structure of autotrophic carbon dioxide-fixing bacteria by DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) technology and microcosm model method in no-till paddy soil in South China. The total DNAs by CsCl density-gradient centrifugation were separated on the basis of the buoyant density distinguishing after an 80-day incubation as templates, it showed that the carbon dioxide-fixing autotrophic microbes can assimilate and utilize carbon dioxide in soil. The RFLP-PCR showed that the highest copies of the cbbLR gene from two kinds of soil samples were 1.36×105 copies/g dry soil and 2.21×105 copies/g dry soil, respectively. The structure of carbon dioxide-fixing autotrophic microbial communities were significantly different from each other by clone library and phylogenesis analysis. Bradyrhizobium and Rubrivivax were the main microorganisms in soil FG and accounted for 60.40% and 13.86% of all clones, respectively. The community composition of carbon dioxide-fixing bacteria in soil TF was relatively uniform, and Rhodopseudomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Methylibium and Variovorax accounted for 20.92%, 11.94%, 16.42% and 10.45% of the total clones, respectively. The number of OTUs and diversity index of 13C-carbon dioxide stable isotope labeled cbbLR library were higher than these of the 12C-carbon dioxide labelled control library, and the community structure also showed significant differences. Together, we conclude that there are diverse autotrophic bacteria capable of fixing carbon dioxide in the no-tillage paddy soil, and they have an important role in the carbon cycling for farmland soils.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3754-3761 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 505KB] ( 1395 )

	3762	Risk assessment of net primary productivity for wetland under climate change scenario: a case study of the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland at Fujin in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

		Using the BIOME-BGC model, we estimated the changes of net primary productivity (NPP) of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland at Fujin City in the Sanjiang Plain under IPCC SRES emission scenarios (A1B, A2, B2), and assessed the wetland risk level based on the change ratios. Our results showed the optimal method significantly improved the simulation of wetland vegetation. From 2013 to 2042, wetland NPP was higher than that in 1961~1990. The NPP fluctuated strongly under A1B and B2 scenarios, while it showed a decreasing trend under A2 scenario. Risk assessment result indicates the risk of wetland under climatic change scenarios. In the A1B scenario, the number of high risk year might more than 6 in the next 30 years, and the risk of wetland might be lowest in A2scenario. In addition, precipitation was determined to be the dominant factor that affected NPP with significantly positive relationship (R2=0.58, P<0.05). Although the increases in temperature and CO2 concentration in the future climate are beneficial to plant growth, the wetland will face risk with the increases in extreme weather events and the intense climate change, especially for the greater fluctuation of precipitation. The protection and management of wetland should focus on water supply and deployment in the future.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3762-3770 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 543KB] ( 1746 )

	3771	Effect of vegetation rehabilitation and construction on runoff of watershed in Beijing Mountain Area

		Vegetation rehabilitation is the key measures for maintaining the soil and water resources and restoring the ecological environment in mountain areas. To explore the impact of vegetation rehabilitation on annual runoff, Hongmenchuan watershed located in Miyun Reservoir of Beijing was selected as research object. Mann-Kendal Test, Hydrological analysis based on separation evaluation method, and Zhang (2001) model were applied to quantify the respective contribution of climatic change and forest change to annual runoff of the area from 1989 to 2009. The results indicated that the mean annual precipitation and of Hongmenchuan watershed showed a fluctuant decreasing but not remarkable trend from 1989 to 2009, while the runoff showed a significant decreasing trend. Combined with the results of cumulative runoff rate curve and independent sample t-test, the annual runoff had a significant decreasing trend with the change point occurred in 1998. Human activities were the strongest contributor to the reduction in mean annual streamflow of Hongmenchuan watershed, and the contribution rate reached 57%, while the remaining caused by climatic variations. Different types of human activities on the reduction in annual streamflow were quite different, for instance, the contribution rates of vegetation rehabilitation and construction on runoff was about 25.34%. In summary, compared with vegetation restoration, reduction in precipitation has a greater impact on the water yield. The results provide a theoretical reference for basin water resources management and land-use planning in Beijing Mountain areas.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3771-3778 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 555KB] ( 1545 )

	3779	Air pollution and occupational inhalation exposure of PCDD/Fs in an automobile foundry

		To investigate the air pollution level, characteristics and occupational inhalation exposure of PCDD/Fs in an automobile foundry, fine particles and gas phase of air in workshops, nearby residential areas and remote background area were collected and analyzed. The results showed that (1) the mean concentration of PCDD/Fs in the workshop was 4.18pg/m3, which was 21times higher than background area and 4times higher than residential areas, and the shakeout zone showed the highest level; (2) for I-TEQ concentration, the mean value of the workshops was 0.282pg I-TEQ/m3and the highest value was found in the cadmium mineralization zone (0.480pg I-TEQ/m3), fortunately, all the results were below the annual air quality control limit of Japan (0.6pg I-TEQ/m3); (3) estimated occupational inhalation exposure dose to PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.02~0.25pg I-TEQ/(kg·d) in the different workshops, and the workers in the cadmium mineralization zone were bearing the highest PCDD/Fs exposure risk in the factory.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3779-3785 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 348KB] ( 1234 )

	3786	Implication of dietary Cadmium intake on deriving soil screening values

		Literatures on Cd concentrations between 2000~2010 in different diets of China were reviewed and concentrations of Cd in the main diets of Chinese were calculated statistically based on that. In combination of the total dietary survey carried out in 2000, the dietary Cd exposure of people in different regions was computed and the screening value of Cd was derived. The results revealed that dietary Cd intake of Chinese people was below the provisional tolerable value 0.833μg/(kg BW?d) issued by FAO/WHO(Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization). And the national average dietary Cd intake was 0.444μg/(kg BW?d), which was higher than the one of north [0.240μg/(kg BW?d)], Beijing [0.160μg/(kg BW?d)] and Shanghai [0.408μg/(kg BW?d)], but lower than the one of south [0.518μg/(kg BW?d)]. Vegetables, cereal and its products, flour and its products, aquatic products and meat were the main diets contributed to dietary Cd intake in nationwide, northern and southern areas. Butin Beijing it was attributed to vegetables, flour and its products, fruits, cereal and its products and aquatic products and in Shanghai it was attributed to vegetables, aquatic products, cereal and its products and meat. The derived screen values were lower than the one when dietary Cd intake was not considered (829mg/kg), and the value for nationwide, north, south, Beijing and Shanghai was 461, 630, 400, 697 and 492mg/kg, respectively.The difference among the derived values of different scales based on it corresponding dietary Cd intake was obvious, and the value of south was 86.8% of the one at national scale while the one of north, Beijing andShanghai was 1.4, 1.5 and 1.1times of it, respectively. Therefore, the different dietary Cd exposure characteristic in different regions should be taken into account when the national screening value of Cd is to assure its rationality.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3786-3794 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 427KB] ( 851 )

	3795	Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Anqing

		In order to evaluate the contamination and health risk of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Anqing, samples of atmospheric deposition were collected from 48sampling sites respectively and their concentrations of heavy metals were determined. The results showed that the average contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, As, Cd were 134.1, 640, 128.9, 55.4, 128.7, 63.9, 2.98mg/kg, respectively. According to the results, the enrichment factor score of Ni, Cr was close to 1, belonged to slightly enriched, while the enrichment of Cu, Pb, As was more serious, and Zn, Cd were extremely enriched, each enrichment factors were reach 10.25 and 29.53. The assessment results of geo-accumulation index of potential ecological risk indicated that the pollution of Cd in the atmospheric deposition of Anqing was classified as extreme degree and the average geo-accumulation index was 5.07, and that of Cu, Pb, As were between moderate and extreme degrees, and Ni, Cr as slightly uncontaminated, and Zn belonged to moderate pollution, some areas reach serious pollution. Health risk assessment indicated that the heavy metals in atmospheric deposition were mainly ingested by human bodies through hand-mouth ingestion. The order of non-cancer hazard indexes of heavy metals was As > Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd > Ni > Zn. The hand-mouth ingestion of As has reached 2.72 significantly exceeded the limits 1, easy to affect children's health. Other metals didn’t exceed the limit of risk, and were not harmful for people's health. Elements such as Ni, Cr, As, Cd content in dust do not cause any cancer risk by inhalation.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3795-3803 [Abstract] ( 333 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1065KB] ( 1502 )

	3804	Adjuvant effect of skin DINP exposure on mice with allergic dermatitis

		In order to explore the effect of a new plasticizer-di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) on mice allergic skin inflammation, we used skin exposure method. Fifty six male Balb/C mice were divided into seven groups, in which four groups and exposed to 0, 1.4, 14 and 140mg/kg DINP, two other groups administrated antioxidant melatonin were set to explore oxidative stress effects, and one group was set as saline control. After exposure, the indexes of ear swelling and the weight difference of bilateral ear were determined, and we observed the pathology change through the ear pathology slice. The biomarkers about oxidative stress were tested too. The results showed that the 14and 140mg/kg DINP worsen skin inflammation significantly (P<0.01), and the oxidative stress indexes also changed obviously (P<0.01). These results suggest that a certain concentration of DINP can significantly increase related symptom of skin inflammation caused by allergen. It certifies that a certain concentration DINP has obvious adjuvant effect on allergic skin inflammation in mice. In addition, along with the concentration of DINP increase, the oxidative stress in the bodies of mice is overactive and it causes organism tissues or cells oxidative damage and contributes to the inflammatory response.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3804-3809 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 695KB] ( 994 )

	3810	Estimation of methane emissions of wastewater treatment plants in China

		The CH4 emissions of each (domestic and industrial) wastewater treatment plants (WTP) in China in 2012 are estimated based on our field measured emission factors and detailed information of each WTP. The results show that the total emissions are 52642 tons, 39921 tons from domestic WTP and 12721 tons from industrial WTP, accounting for 75.84% and 24.16% of the total emissions respectively. Fujian, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the top 3 emitters and Ningxia, Qinghai and Tibet are the lowest three emitters. The domestic WTP dominate the total emissions due to their high share of total COD treatment. The CH4emissions from industrial WTP are higher than that from domestic WTP only in Jiangsu and Fujian provinces. Compared with the CH4 emissions in 2005 reported in the Second National Communication on Climate Change of The People’s Republic of China, the result of this paper was lower than that due to the discrepancies of activity data and emission factors. It is estimated that 99.93% and 85.94% of annual entrance COD concentration of domestic WTP and industrial WTP respectively, are lower than 1000mg/L. The low annual entrance COD concentration leads to low use of anaerobic biological treatment. The COD removed in WTP only occupies a small part of total COD removed. A large part of removed COD (64.98%) is disposed by enterprises themselves. This part is probably the predominant source of CH4 emissions of wastewater treatment sectors in China, due to its huge volume of COD with high concentration. There is large quantity of COD released into nature, which is equivalent to one third of the COD generated in China. The emission factors research is far from sufficient in this field.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3810-3816 [Abstract] ( 416 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 352KB] ( 2652 )

	3817	Estimation of N2O mitigation potential from rape planting through soil testing and formulated fertilization in Hubei Province

		Based on the relationship between nitrogen fertilizer and the production of rapeseed and the changes of nitrogen use efficiency, this study estimates N2O mitigation potential from rape planting through soil testing and formulated fertilization in Hubei Province. The application of soil testing and formulated fertilization will bring theoretically 646.32kt CO2-eq emission reductions in Hubei Province. Based on the current status of soil testing and formulated fertilization in rape planting, the extensive applications of this measure will produce 173.91kt CO2-eq reduction, accounting for 13.98% of total N2O emission caused by nitrogen fertilizer from rape planting. The measure improves the nitrogen use efficiency by balancing the nutrient supply, thereby reduces the corresponding N2O emission. Therefore, soil testing and formulated fertilization is an effective means to mitigate agricultural N2O emissions, and reduce surplus capacity of nitrogen in environment.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3817-3823 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 484KB] ( 1475 )

	3824	The agricultural pollution risk estimation of livestock manures on heavy metals in Guanzhong plain

		The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn in livestock manures and feeds from livestock farm concentrated regions in Guanzhong Plain were determined to evaluate the heavy metal accumulation rates and the manure safe service period. The results indicated that 7.69%, 4.35% and 8.00% of cattle, chicken and pig manure samples were out of limit on Cr, respectively, moreover, 76.00% and 8.00% samples of pig manure exceeded the limits of Cu and Zn, respectively. The concentrations of Cu and Zn in livestock feeds were more than those of Cr and Pb, and had a significantly positive correlation between those in manure. The principal component analysis results showed that the Cu and Zn in manure primarily derived from livestock feeds. The morphological analysis of Cu and Zn showed that the availability of Cu and Zn in manure were very high, especially in chicken manure. The concentrations of Cu and Zn in greenhouse soil would exceed the safe limits from soil background values in 24.4~131.0and 69.7~91.9years under the manure fertilization situation, respectively. As a result, it’s urgent to control the manure overuse in agriculture and reduce the addition of Cu and Zn in livestock feeds.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3824-3832 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 524KB] ( 1850 )

	3833	Institutional analysis of sewage treatment charge based on operating cost of sewage treatment plant—an empirical research of 227samples in China

		This paper calculated the differences in the regional operating costs using data from 227 sewage treatment plants, covering eastern, central and western regions of China. A thorough comparison of the operating cost structure and the standard of the regional sewage treatment charge-taking into account the treatment plant location, indicate that the sewage treatment charge levied currently only covers the partial cost, not the total whole-of-life cost, that are estimated to be 1.38yuan/t on average. Via cost-benefit analysis, research findings show that average sewage treatment charge of samples is 0.80yuan/t, average income is 3.24yuan/t, average profitability is 2.09yuan/t, most of which does mainly come from the financial subsidies. Furthermore, the paper discusses the insufficiencies of the sewage treatment charge and therefore, proposes that the levy standard of sewage treatment charge should be based on the operating cost of sewage treatment plants under scientific discharge standard, while premised on polluter-pays principle and local conditions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (12): 3833-3840 [Abstract] ( 343 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 547KB] ( 3989 )

中国环境科学

News

More>>

下载中心

Instruction

Template

More>>

Links

  Ministry of Land and
　  Resources of the People^,s
　  Republic of China

CNKI

WANFANG DATA

CNPITC

More>>

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

Links：

China Association for Science and Technology　Chinese Society For Environmental Sciences　CNKI　WANGFANG DATA