Correlation of LNA and HNA bacteria based on flow cytometric characteristics
LIU Jie, SONG Yu-hao, MA Rui, WANG Ying-ying
Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
In the present study, bacterial concentration and FCM characteristics of LNA and HNA were analyzed in seven different terrestrial environments. Results showed clear separation between LNA and HNA bacteria in both aquatic and soil environments. The LNA abundance in soil (107~108cells/g) was higher than that of freshwater (105~106cells/mL) while the proportion of LNA in soil (29.80%~33.94%) was lower than that of freshwater (42.25%~65.92%), but not underground water (21.60%). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the flow cytometric characteristics of LNA and HNA had distinct differences between freshwater and soil. Correlation analysis further revealed that both green fluorescence (FL1) and side scatter (SSC) signals between LNA and HNA bacteria had a significant correlation (FL1:R2=0.711, P<0.01; SSC:R2=0.762, P<0.01), i.e. co-variation between LNA and HNA. The variance of SSC was higher than that of FL1 in different ecosystems. The results demonstrated that LNA and HNA bacteria were neither physiologically related nor completely independent communities, but rather have a close co-variation.
刘杰, 宋宇昊, 马芮, 王莹莹. 基于流式细胞特性的LNA和HNA细菌相关性研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016, 36(3): 865-874.
LIU Jie, SONG Yu-hao, MA Rui, WANG Ying-ying. Correlation of LNA and HNA bacteria based on flow cytometric characteristics. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2016, 36(3): 865-874.
Wang YY, Hammes F, De Roy K, et al. Past, present and future applications of flow cytometry in aquatic microbiology[J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2010,28(8):416-424.
Longnecker K, Sherr BF, Sherr EB. Activity and phylogenetic diversity of bacterial cells with high and low nucleic acid content and electron transport system activity in an upwelling ecosystem[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005,71(12):7737-7749.
[5]
Bouvier T, del Giorgio P A, Gasol J M. A comparative study of the cytometric characteristics of High and Low nucleic-acid bacterioplankton cells from different aquatic ecosystems[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2007,9(8):2050-2066.
Prest EI, Hammes F, Kotzsch S, et al. Monitoring microbiological changes in drinking water systems using a fast and reproducible flow cytometric method[J]. Water Research, 2013,47(19):7131-7142.
[9]
Gomes A, Gasol J M, Estrada M, et al. Heterotrophic bacterial responses to the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom in open waters of the NW Mediterranean[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 2015,96:59-68.
[10]
Lebaron P, Servais P, Baudoux AC, et al. Variations of bacterial-specific activity with cell size and nucleic acid content assessed by flow cytometry[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2002,28(2):131-140.
[11]
Lebaron P, Servais P, Agogué H, et al. Does the high nucleic acid content of individual bacterial cells allow us to discriminate between active cells and inactive cells in aquatic systems?[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001,67(4):1775-1782.
[12]
Gozdereliler E, Boon N, Aamand J, et al. Comparing metabolic functionalities, community structures, and dynamics of herbicide-degrading communities cultivated with different substrate concentrations[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2013,79(1):367-375.
[13]
Wang YY, Hammes F, Boon N, et al. Isolation and characterization of low nucleic acid (LNA)-content bacteria[J]. ISME Journal, 2009,3(8):889-902.
[14]
Jochem F J, Lavrentyev P J, First M R. Growth and grazing rates of bacteria groups with different apparent DNA content in the Gulf of Mexico[J]. Marine Biology, 2004,145(6):1213-1225.
[15]
Zubkov M V, Tarran G A, Burkill P H. Bacterioplankton of low and high DNA content in the suboxic waters of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman: abundance and amino acid uptake[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2006,43(1):23-32.
[16]
Williams T J, Ertan H, Ting L, et al. Carbon and nitrogen substrate utilization in the marine bacterium Sphingopyxis alaskensis strain RB2256[J]. ISME Journal, 2009,3(9):1036-1052.
[17]
Salcher M M, Pernthaler J, Posch T. Seasonal bloom dynamics and ecophysiology of the freshwater sister clade of SAR11bacteria 'that rule the waves' (LD12)[J]. ISME Journal, 2011,5(8):1242-1252.
[18]
Ramseier M K, von Gunten U, Freihofer P, et al. Kinetics of membrane damage to high (HNA) and low (LNA) nucleic acid bacterial clusters in drinking water by ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ferrate(VI), and permanganate[J]. Water Research, 2011,45(3):1490-1500.
[19]
Bouvier T, Maurice C F. A Single-Cell Analysis of Virioplankton Adsorption, Infection, and Intracellular Abundance in Different Bacterioplankton Physiologic Categories[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2011,62(3):669-678.
[20]
Roesel S, Grossart H-P. Contrasting dynamics in activity and community composition of free-living and particle-associated bacteria in spring[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2012,66(2): 169-181.
[21]
Vila-Costa M, Gasol J M, Sharma S, et al. Community analysis of high-and low-nucleic acid-containing bacteria in NW Mediterranean coastal waters using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2012,14(6):1390-1402.
[22]
Garcia F C, Lopez-Urrutia A, Moran XAG. Automated clustering of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in flow cytometry data[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2014,72(2):175-185.
[23]
Grob C, Ostrowski M, Holland R J, et al. Elemental composition of natural populations of key microbial groups in Atlantic waters[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2013,15(11):3054-3064.
[24]
Santic D, Krstulovic N, Solic M, et al. HNA and LNA bacteria in relation to the activity of heterotrophic bacteria[J]. Acta Adriatica, 2012,53(1):25-40.
[25]
HJ 494-2009 水质采样技术指导[S].
[26]
HJ/T 166-2004 土壤环境监测技术规范[S].
[27]
Foladori P, Bruni L, Tamburini S, et al. Direct quantification of bacterial biomass in influent, effluent and activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants by using flow cytometry[J]. Water Research, 2010,44(13):3807-3818.
[28]
Liu J, Ding YL, Bartlam M, et al. Microbial community analysis of underground drinking water using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry technologies[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2015,700:519-524.
[29]
Ma L L, Mao G N, Liu J, et al. Rapid quantification of bacteria and viruses in influent, settled water, activated sludge and effluent from a wastewater treatment plant using flow cytometry[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2013,68(8):1763-1769.
Liu J, Wang J, Gao G, et al. Distribution and diversity of fungi in freshwater sediments on a river catchment scale[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015,6:329.
[32]
Button D K, Robertson B R, Lepp P W, et al. A small, dilute-cytoplasm, high-affinity, novel bacterium isolated by extinction culture and having kinetic constants compatible with growth at ambient concentrations of dissolved nutrients in seawater[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998,64(11):4467-4476.
[33]
Lebaron P, Joux F. Flow cytometric analysis of the cellular DNA content of Salmonella typhimurium and Alteromonas haloplanktis during starvation and recovery in seawater[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1994,60(12):4345-4350.
[34]
Lebaron P, Parthuisot N, Catala P. Comparison of blue nucleic acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria in aquatic systems[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998, 64(5):1725-1730.
[35]
Brussaard C P D, Thyrhaug R, Marie D, et al. Flow cytometric analyses of viral infection in two marine phytoplankton species, Micromonas pusilla (Prasinophyceae) and Phaeocystis pouchetii (Prymnesiophyceae)[J]. Journal of Phycology, 1999,35(5): 941-948.
[36]
Moran X A G, Bode A, Angel Suarez L, et al. Assessing the relevance of nucleic acid content as an indicator of marine bacterial activity[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2007,46(2): 141-152.
[37]
La Ferla R, Lo Giudice A, Maimone G. Morphology and LPS content for the estimation of marine bacterioplankton biomass in the Ionian Sea[J]. Scientia Marina, 2004,68(1):23-31.
[38]
Bouvier T, Troussellier M, Anzil A, et al. Using light scatter signal to estimate bacterial biovolume by flow cytometry[J]. Cytometry, 2001,44(3):188-194.
[39]
Zubkov M V, Fuchs B M, Burkill P H, et al. Comparison of cellular and biomass specific activities of dominant bacterioplankton groups in stratified waters of the Celtic Sea[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001,67(11):5210-5218.
[40]
Servais P, Casamayor E O, Courties C, et al. Activity and diversity of bacterial cells with high and low nucleic acid content[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2003,33(1):41-51.
[41]
Button D K, Robertson B R. Determination of DNA content of aquatic bacteria by flow cytometry[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001,67(4):1636-1645.
[42]
Mary I, Heywood J L, Fuchs B M, et al. SAR11dominance among metabolically active low nucleic acid bacterioplankton in surface waters along an Atlantic meridional transect[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2006,45(2):107-113.
[43]
Gasol J M, Zweifel U L, Peters F, et al. Significance of size and nucleic acid content heterogeneity as measured by flow cytometry in natural planktonic bacteria[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1999,65(10):4475-4483.
[44]
Joux F, Lebaron P, Troussellier M. Succession of cellular states in a Salmonella typhimurium population during starvation in artificial seawater microcosms[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1997,22(1):65-76.
[45]
Nilsson A I, Koskiniemi S, Eriksson S, et al. Bacterial genome size reduction by experimental evolution[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005,102(34):12112-12116.
[46]
Fuchs B M, Woebken D, Zubkov M V, et al. Molecular identification of picoplankton populations in contrasting waters of the Arabian Sea[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2005,39(2):145-157.
[47]
Islas S, Becerra A, Luisi P L, et al. Comparative genomics and the gene complement of a minimal cell[J]. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 2004,34(1):243-256.