1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
2. Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China;
3. College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
A marine vessel emission inventory of 2010 in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port was developed based on an activity-based approach with tracks of local vessels from AIS (automatic identification system) and vessel feature information from LR (Lloyd's Register of Shipping). The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of marine vessel emission were acquired. The results showed that the emissions of SO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, VOC and CO were 2.16×104, 3.50×104, 2.59×103, 2.35×103, 1.50×103 and 3.01×103t, respectively. The contribution percentages of exhausted emissions from container vessel, dry bulk carrier, conventional cargo vessel, oil tanker and cruise/ferry were 45.1%~57.7%, 8.9%~12.9%, 25.3%~40.7%, 4.2%~8.1% and 0.2%~0.7%, respectively. The emissions of pollutants usually reached peaks during 9:00~14:00, and the hourly emission profiles varied with vessel types. The high emissions were found in the large channel composed of Jintang, Cezi, Luotou and Xiazhimen waterways, as well as the surrounding main ports.
Pandolfi M, Gonzalez-Castanedo Y, Alastuey A, et al. Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in the strait of Gibraltar by PMF:impact of shipping emissions[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2011,18(2):260- 269.
[4]
Minguillón M C, Arhami M, Schauer J J, et al. Seasonal and spatial variations of sources of fine and quasi-ultrafine particulate matter in neighborhoods near the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(32):7317-7328.
[5]
Kim E, Hopke P K. Source characterization of ambient fine particles at multiple sites in the Seattle area[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(24):6047-6056.
[6]
Yuan Z, Lau A K H, Zhang H, et al. Identification and spatiotemporal variations of dominant PM10 sources over Hong Kong[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(10):1803-1815.
[7]
Mazzei F, D'Alessandro A, Lucarelli F, et al. Characterization of particulate matter sources in an urban environment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2008,401(1):81-89.
[8]
Viana M, Amato F, Alastuey A, et al. Chemical tracers of particulate emissions from commercial shipping[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2009,43(19):7472-7477.
[9]
Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, et al. Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation budget[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, 7(19):5061-5079.
[10]
Dalsøren S B, Endresen Ø, Isaksen I S, et al. Environmental impacts of the expected increase in sea transportation, with a particular focus on oil and gas scenarios for Norway and northwest Russia[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres (1984-2012), 2007,112(D2).
[11]
Eyring V, Isaksen I S, Berntsen T, et al. Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate:Shipping[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(37):4735-4771.
[12]
Corbett J J, Fischbeck P. Emissions from Ships[J]. Science, 1997,278(5339):823-824.
[13]
Entec. Quantification of Emissions from Ships Associated with Ship Movements between Ports in the European Community.Final Report[R]. United Kingdom:Entec, 2002.
[14]
Entec. Ship Emissions Inventory-Mediterranean Sea[R]. United Kingdom:Concawe, 2007.
[15]
Starcrest Consulting Group L. Port of long beach air emissions inventory-2009[R]. The Philippines:The Port of Long Beach, 2010.
[16]
Starcrest Consulting Group L. Port of Los Angeles inventory of air emissions-2010[R]. Los Angeles:The port of Los Angeles, 2011.
[17]
Starcrest Consulting Group L. Port of Los Angeles inventory of air emissions-2012[R]. Los Angeles:The port of Los Angeles, 2013.
Yang D, Kwan S H, Lu T, et al. An emission inventory of marine vessels in Shanghai in 2003[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007,41(15):5183-5190.
Heather M. Perez R C A R. Automatic identification systems (AIS) data use in marine vessel emission estimation[R]. Baltimore, Maryland:2009.
[28]
Jalkanen J P, Brink A, Kalli J, et al. A modelling system for the exhaust emissions of marine traffic and its application in the Baltic Sea area[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(23):9209-9223.
[29]
Johansson L, Jalkanen J, Kalli J, et al. The evolution of shipping emissions and the costs of regulation changes in the northern EU area[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(22):11375-11389.
[30]
Ng S K W, Lin C, Chan J W M, et al. Study on marine vessels emission inventory, Final Report[R]. Hong Kong:The Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 2012.
[31]
Yau P S, Lee S C, Corbett J J, et al. Estimation of exhaust emission from ocean-going vessels in Hong Kong[J]. Science of the total environment, 2012,431:299-306.
Fan Q, Zhang Y, Ma W, et al. Spatial and seasonal dynamics of ship emissions over the Yangtze River Delta and East China Sea and their potential environmental influence[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50(3):1322-1329.