Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban green space of Beijing: distribution and potential risk
ZHANG Juan1, WU Jian-zhi2, LIU Yan1
1. Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
2. Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, China
To determine the concentration, spatial distribution, and health risk of 15polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban green space, a total of 64surface soil samples (0~5cm) were collected from park green space (PGS) and residential green space (RGS). No significant difference was found between two types of green space. The content of Σ15PAHs in PGS ranged from 1069 to 19002μg/kg, with a median value of 4377μg/kg; And the content of Σ15PAHs in RGS ranged from 947 to 16882μg/kg, with a median value of 4708μg/kg. Naphthalene, pyrene and Benzo (a) pyrene contribute a lot to the total concentration. Samples with higher PAHs levels mainly distributed in the central and Southwest of the city. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) associated with exposures to PAHs in soil was calculated for children and adults, respectively. Results showed that ILCRs were quite low for humen exposure to the current urban green space under normal conditions. But individual samples were seriously polluted and its potential health risks can not be ignored.
张娟, 吴建芝, 刘燕. 北京市绿地土壤多环芳烃分布及健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(3): 1146-1153.
ZHANG Juan, WU Jian-zhi, LIU Yan. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban green space of Beijing: distribution and potential risk. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2017, 37(3): 1146-1153.
Masih A, Taneja A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India [J]. Chemosphere, 2006,65(3):449-456.
[3]
Nam J J, Song B H, Eom K C, et al. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea [J]. Chemosphere, 2003,50(10):1281-1289.
[4]
Yunker M B, Macdonald R W, Vingarzan R, et al. PAHs in the Fraser basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition [J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2002, 33(4):489-515.
[5]
Cai Q Y, Mo C H, Li Y H, et al. Occurrence and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from vegetable fields of the Pearl River Delta, South China [J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 68(1):159-168.
[6]
Li J, Lu Y L, Shi Y J, et al. Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China [J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2011,23(8):1359-1367.
[7]
Zhang W H, Wei Ch, Feng C H, et al. Distribution and health-risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils at a coking plant [J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011,13:3429-3436.
[8]
Williams E S, Mahler B J, Van Metre P C. Cancer risk from incidental ingestion exposures to PAHs associated with coal-tar-sealed pavement [J]. Evironmental Science and Technology, 2013, 47(2):1101-1109.
[9]
Jiao W, Wang T, Khim J S, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils along the coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013,185(10):8185-8195.
[10]
Kumar B, Verma V K, Sharma C S, et al. Estimation of toxicity equivalency and probabilistic health risk on lifetime daily Intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban residential soils [J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2015,21(2):434-444.
[11]
Peng C, Chen W P, Liao X L, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: Status, sources, distribution and potential risk [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(3):802-808.
[12]
Wang X T, Miao Y, Zhang Y, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of the megacity Shanghai: Occurrence, source apportionment and potential human health risk [J]. Science of Total Environment, 2013,447:80-89.
[13]
Man Y B, Kang Y, Wang H S, et al. Cancer risk assessments of Hong Kong soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Journal of Hazard Material, 2013,261:770-776.
[14]
Olawoyin R, Grayson R L, Okareh O T. Eco-toxicological and epidemiological assessment of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Niger Delta, Nigeria [J]. Toxicol Environmental Health Science, 2012,4(3):173-185.
[15]
Liu S D, Xia X H, Yang L Y, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of different land uses in Beijing, China Distribution, sources and their correlation with the citys urbanization history [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 177:1085-1092.
[16]
Chen S C, Liao C M. Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2006,366(1):112-123.
[17]
Chen M, Huang P, Chen L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Urumqi, China: distribution, source contributions, and potential health risks [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013,185:5639-5651.
[18]
USEPA. (1991). Risk assessment guidance for superfund, volume I: human health evaluation manual (part B, development of risk-based preliminary remediation goals). EPA/540/R-92/003 Publication 9285.7-01B.
[19]
Knafla A, Phillipps K A, Brecher R W et al. Development of a dermal cancer slope factor for benzo[a]pyrene [J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2006,45(2):159-168.
[20]
DB11/T 656-2009 场地环境评价导则 [S].
[21]
Wang K, Shen Y, Zhang S et al. Application of spatial analysis and multivariate analysis techniques in distribution and source study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the topsoil of Beijing, China [J]. Environmental Geology, 2009,56(6):1041-1050.
Maliszewska K B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil in Poland: preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 1996,11(1/2):121-127.
Parrish D Z, Banks M K, Schwab A P. Effectiveness of phytoremediation as a secondary treatment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in composted soil [J]. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2004,6(2):119-137.
[26]
Ma L L, Chu S G, Wang X T, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soils from outskirts of Beijing, China [J]. Chemosphere, 2005,58(10):1355-1363.
[27]
Jiao W T, Lu Y L, Wang T Y, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around Guanting Reservoir, Beijing, China [J]. Chemistry and Ecology, 2009,25(1):39-48.
[28]
Nielsen T. Traffic contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the center of a large city [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30:3481-3490.
Li C R, Kamens R M. The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as source signatures in receptor modeling [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1993,27(4):523-532.
[31]
Rogge W F, Hildemann L M, Mazurek M A. Source of fine prganic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy duty diesel trucks [J]. Environmental Science and Technolo gy, 1993,27(4):636-651.
Goldstein L S. To BaP or not to BaP? That is the question [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2001,109:A356-A357.
[35]
Malcom H M, Dobson S. The calculation of an environmental assessment level (EAL) for atmospheric PAHs using relative potencies. London, UK: Department of the Environment; 1994: 34-46.
[36]
Nisbet I C, Lagoy P K. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1992,20:290-300.
[37]
Yu Y J, Guo H C, Liu Y, et al. Mixed uncertainty analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inhalation and risk assessment in ambient air of Beijing [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2008,20(4):505-512.
