Abstract：This work presents a summary of chain elongation treatment technology which has been applied in organic waste management and carbon resource recovery. The advantages and research progresses, metabolic pathways, feasibility of thermodynamic and kinetics, optimized reaction parameters and operational engineering case studies of chain elongation are reviewed. The information provided gives a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of cell carbon chain elongation and some suggestions for driving the application in practical engineering.
石川, 刘越, 马金元, 李坤, 王婧瑶, 王凯军. 碳链延长技术在有机资源回收领域的研究进展[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020, 40(10): 4439-4448.
SHI Chuan, LIU Yue, MA Jin-yuan, LI Kun, WANG Jing-yao, WANG Kai-jun. Review on research progress of anaerobic microbial chain elongation in organic waste treatment. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2020, 40(10): 4439-4448.
余杰,田宁宁,王凯军,等.中国城市污水处理厂污泥处理、处置问题探讨分析[J]. 环境工程学报, 2007,1(1):82-86. Yu J, Tian N N, Wang K J, et al. Analysis and discussion of sludge disposal and treatment of sewage treatment plants in China.[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2007,1(1):82-86.
[2]
Larsen T A, Alder A C, Eggen R I, et al. Source separation:will we see a paradigm shift in wastewater handling?[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009,43(16):6121-6125.
[3]
Guest J S, Skerlos S J, Barnard J L, et al. A new planning and design paradigm to achieve sustainable resource recovery from wastewater[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009,43(16):6126-6130.
[4]
王凯军.厌氧生物技术:理论与应用I[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社, 2015. Wang K J. Anaerobic biological technology:I theory and application[M]. Beijing:Chemical industry press, 2015.
[5]
史绪川,左剑恶,阎中,等.新型两相一体厌氧消化反应器处理餐厨垃圾中试研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(9):3447-3454. Shi X C, Zuo J E, Yan Z, et al. A pilot study on integrated two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste in an innovative dual-cylinder reactor.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(9):3447-3454.
[6]
Hao X, Li J, van Loosdrecht M C M, et al. Energy recovery from wastewater:Heat over organics[J]. Water Research, 2019,161:74-77.
[7]
Pant D, Van Bogaert G, Diels L, et al. A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010,101(6):1533-1543.
[8]
俞苗新,潘杨,钱亚芳,等.活性污泥法合成可生物降解塑料的工程化可行性探讨[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2012,34(9):96-101. Yu M, Pan Y, Qian Y F, et al. Study on engineering feasibility of biodegradable plastics synthesized by activated sludge process[J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2012,(9):96-101.
[9]
Moscoviz R, Trably E, Bernet N, et al. The environmental biorefinery:state-of-the-art on the production of hydrogen and value-added biomolecules in mixed-culture fermentation[J]. Green Chemistry, 2018,20(14):3159-3179.
[10]
Lunt J. The Development and Commercialization of PHBV Polymers[R]. In:Presentation at ISBP, USA, 2008.
[11]
Spirito C M, Richter H, Rabaey K, et al. Chain elongation in anaerobic reactor microbiomes to recover resources from waste[J]. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2014,27:115-122.
[12]
Woolford M K. Microbiological screening of the straight chain fatty acids (c1-c12) as potential silage additives[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1975,26(2):219-228.
[13]
Kuznetsov Y I, Ibatullin K A. On the inhibition of the carbon dioxide corrosion of steel by carboxylic acids[J]. Protection of Metals, 2002,38(5):439-444.
[14]
Renz M. Ketonization of carboxylic acids by decarboxylation:mechanism and scope[J]. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2005,(6):979-988.
[15]
Bernard W, Kessler Birgit. Perspectives of medium chain length poly(hydroxyalkanoates), a versatile set of bacterial bioplastics[J]. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 1999,10(3):279-285.
[16]
Barker H A. Clostridium Kluyveri[J]. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 1947, 12(1-4):167-176.
[17]
Barker H A, Taha, S M. Clostridium Kluyverii, an organism concerned in the formation of caproic acid from ethyl alcohol[J]. Journal of bacteriology, 1942,43(3):347-363.
[18]
Barker H A, Kamen M D, Bornstein B T. The synthesis of butyric and caproic acids from ethanol and acetic acid by Clostridium Kluyveri[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1945,31(12):373-381.
[19]
Schoberth S, Gottschalk G. Considerations on the energy metabolism of Clostridium kluyveri[J]. Archiv für Mikrobiologie, 1969,65(4):318-328.
[20]
Elsden S R, Volcani B E, Gilchrist F M C. Properties of a fatty acid forming organism isolated from the rumen of sheep[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 1956,72(5):681-689.
[21]
Genthner B R S, Davis C L, Bryant M P. Features of rumen and sewage sludge strains of Eubacterium limosum, a methanol-and H2-CO2-utilizing species[J]. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 1981,42(1):12-19.
[22]
Seedorf H, Fricke W F, Veith B, et al. The genome of Clostridium Kluyveri, a strict anaerobe with unique metabolic features[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008,105(6):2128-2133.
[23]
Kannengiesser J, Sakaguchi-Söder K, Mrukwia T, et al. Extraction of medium chain fatty acids from organic municipal waste and subsequent production of bio-based fuels[J]. Waste Management, 2016,47(Part A):78-83.
[24]
Reddy M V, Hayashi S, Choi D, et al. Short chain and medium chain fatty acids production using food waste under non-augmented and bio-augmented conditions[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 176:645-653.
[25]
Herrmann G, Jayamani E, Mai G, et al. Energy conservation via electron-transferring flavoprotein in anaerobic bacteria[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 2008,190(3):784-791.
[26]
Li F, Hinderberger J, Seedorf H, et al. Coupled ferredoxin and crotonyl coenzyme A (CoA) reduction with NADH catalyzed by the butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase/Etf complex from Clostridium Kluyveri[J]. Journal of bacteriology, 2008,190(3):843-850.
[27]
Angenent L T, Richter H, Buckel W, et al. Chain elongation with reactor microbiomes:open-culture biotechnology to produce biochemicals[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50(6):2796-2810.
[28]
Cavalcante W D A, Leitão R C, Gehring T A, et al. Anaerobic fermentation for n-caproic acid production:A review[J]. Process Biochemistry, 2017,54:106-119.
[29]
Steinbusch K J J, Hamelers H V M, Plugge C M, et al. Biological formation of caproate and caprylate from acetate:fuel and chemical production from low grade biomass[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2010,4(1):216-224.
[30]
Kleerebezem R, Joosse B, Rozendal R, et al. Anaerobic digestion without biogas?[J]. Reviews in Environmental Science & Biotechnology, 2015,14(4):787-801.
[31]
González-Cabaleiro R, Lema J M, Rodríguez J, et al. Linking thermodynamics and kinetics to assess pathway reversibility in anaerobic bioprocesses[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(12):3780-3789.
[32]
Hanselmann K W. Microbial energetics applied to waste repositories[J]. Experientia, 1991,47(7):645-687.
[33]
Ding H B, Tan G Y A, Wang J Y. Caproate formation in mixed-culture fermentative hydrogen production[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(24):9550-9559.
[34]
Agler M T, Wrenn B A, Zinder S H, et al. Waste to bioproduct conversion with undefined mixed cultures:the carboxylate platform[J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2011,29(2):70-78.
[35]
van Wyk J P. Biotechnology and the utilization of biowaste as a resource for bioproduct development[J]. Trends Biotechnology, 2001, 19(5):172-177.
[36]
Candry P, Van Daele T, Denis K, et al. A novel high-throughput method for kinetic characterisation of anaerobic bioproduction strains, applied to Clostridium Kluyveri[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018,8(1):9724.DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-27594-9.
[37]
Gonzalez-Cabaleiro R, Lema J M, Rodriguez J. Metabolic energy-based modelling explains product yielding in anaerobic mixed culture fermentations[J]. PLoS One, 2015,10(5):e0126739.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0126739.
[38]
Grootscholten T I M. Development of a mixed culture chain elongation process based on municipal solid waste and ethanol[M]. Wageningen University & Research, 2013.
[39]
Grootscholten T I M, Steinbusch K J J, Hamelers H V M, et al. High rate heptanoate production from propionate and ethanol using chain elongation[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013,136(Supplement C):715-718.
[40]
Grootscholten T I M, Kinsky dal Borgo F, Hamelers H V M, et al. Promoting chain elongation in mixed culture acidification reactors by addition of ethanol[J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013,48:10-16.
[41]
Grootscholten T I M, Strik D P B T B, Steinbusch K J J, et al. Two-stage medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) production from municipal solid waste and ethanol[J]. Applied Energy, 2014,116(3):223-229.
[42]
Chen H, Jin S. Effect of ethanol and yeast on cellulase activity and hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose[J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2006,39(7):1430-1432.
[43]
Lonkar S, Fu Z, Holtzapple M. Optimum alcohol concentration for chain elongation in mixed-culture fermentation of cellulosic substrate[J]. Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 2016,113(12):2597-2604.
[44]
Liu Y, Lü F, Shao L, et al. Alcohol-to-acid ratio and substrate concentration affect product structure in chain elongation reactions initiated by unacclimatized inoculum[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,218:1140-1150.
[45]
Spirito C M, Marzilli A M, Angenent L T. Higher substrate ratios of ethanol to acetate steered chain elongation toward n-caprylate in a bioreactor with product extraction[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018,52(22):13438-13447.
[46]
Bornstein B T, Barker H A. The energy metabolism of Clostridium Kluyveri and the synthesis of fatty acids[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1948,172(2):659-669.
[47]
Weimer P J, Nerdahl M, Brandl D J. Production of medium-chain volatile fatty acids by mixed ruminal microorganisms is enhanced by ethanol in co-culture with Clostridium Kluyveri[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015,175:97-101.
[48]
Kucek L A, Spirito C M, Angenent L T. High n-caprylate productivities and specificities from dilute ethanol and acetate:chain elongation with microbiomes to upgrade products from syngas fermentation[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016,9(11):3482-3494.
[49]
Weimer P J, Stevenson D M. Isolation, characterization, and quantification of Clostridium kluyveri from the bovine rumen[J]. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2012,94(2):461-466.
[50]
Chen W S, Ye Y, Steinbusch K J J, et al. Methanol as an alternative electron donor in chain elongation for butyrate and caproate formation[J]. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2016,93:201-208.
[51]
Chen W S, Huang S, Strik D P, et al. Isobutyrate biosynthesis via methanol chain elongation:converting organic wastes to platform chemicals[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2016,92:1370-1379.
[52]
Marounek M, fliegrova K. Metabolism and some characteristics of ruminal strains of Megasphaera elsdenii[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1989,55(6):1570-1573.
[53]
Ladd J N. The fermentation of lactic acid by a gram-negative coccus[J]. The Biochemical journal, 1959,71(1):16-22.
[54]
Kucek L A, Nguyen M, Angenent L T. Conversion of L-lactate into n-caproate by a continuously fed reactor microbiome[J]. Water Research, 2016,93:163-171.
[55]
Contreras-Davila C A, Carrion V J, Vonk V R, et al. Consecutive lactate formation and chain elongation to reduce exogenous chemicals input in repeated-batch food waste fermentation[J]. Water Research, 2019,169:115215. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2019.115215.
[56]
Andersen S J, Candry P, Basadre T, et al. Electrolytic extraction drives volatile fatty acid chain elongation through lactic acid and replaces chemical pH control in thin stillage fermentation[J]. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2015,8:221. DOI:10.1186/s13068-015-0396-7.
[57]
Agler M T, Spirito C M, Usack J G, et al. Chain elongation with reactor microbiomes:Upgrading dilute ethanol to medium-chain carboxylates[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2012,5(8):8189-8192.
[58]
Kenealy W R, Cao Y, Weimer P J. Production of caproic acid by cocultures of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria and Clostridium Kluyveri grown on cellulose and ethanol[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1995,44(3):507-513.
[59]
San-Valero P, Abubackar HN, Veiga MC, et al. Effect of pH, yeast extract and inorganic carbon on chain elongation for hexanoic acid production[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019,300;122659.DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122659.
[60]
Vasudevan D, Richter H, Angenent L T. Upgrading dilute ethanol from syngas fermentation to n-caproate with reactor microbiomes[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014,151:378-382.
[61]
Dworkin M, Falkow S. Defining taxonomic ranks:the prokaryotes[M]. New York:Springer, 2006.
[62]
Tomlinson N, Barker H A. Carbon dioxide and acetate utilization by Clostridium Kluyveri. I. Influence of nutritional conditions on utilization patterns[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1954,209(2):585-595.
[63]
Roghair M, Hoogstad T, Strik D P B T B, et al. Controlling ethanol use in chain elongation by CO2 loading rate[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018,52:1496-1505.
[64]
Roghair M, Liu Y, Adiatma J C, et al. Effect of n-caproate concentration on chain elongation and competing processes[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018,6:7499-7506.
[65]
Grootscholten T I, Steinbusch K J, Hamelers H V, et al. Improving medium chain fatty acid productivity using chain elongation by reducing the hydraulic retention time in an upflow anaerobic filter[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013,136(12):735-738.
[66]
Kim I S, Hwang M H, Jang N J. Effect of low pH on the activity of hydrogen utilizing methanogen in bio-hydrogen process[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004,29(11):1133-1140.
[67]
Steinbusch K J J, Arvaniti E, Hamelers H V M. Selective inhibition of methanogenesis to enhance ethanol and n-butyrate production through acetate reduction in mixed culture fermentation[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2009,100(13):3261-3267.
[68]
Hegner R, Koch C, Riechert V, et al. Microbiome-based carboxylic acids production:from serum bottles to bioreactors[J]. RSC Advances, 2017,7(25):15362-15371.
[69]
Grootscholten T I M, Steinbusch K J J, Hamelers H V M, et al. Chain elongation of acetate and ethanol in an upflow anaerobic filter for high rate MCFA production[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013,135(Supplement C):440-445.
[70]
Eerten-Jansen M C A A V, Heijne A T, Grootscholten T I M, et al. Bioelectrochemical production of caproate and caprylate from acetate by mixed cultures[J]. Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2013,1(5):513-518.
[71]
Jourdin L, Winkelhorst M, Rawls B, et al. Enhanced selectivity to butyrate and caproate above acetate in continuous bioelectrochemical chain elongation from CO2:Steering with CO2 loading rate and hydraulic retention time[J]. Bioresource Technology Reports, 2019,7:100284.DOI:10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100284.
[72]
Jiang Y, Chu N, Zhang W, et al. Electro-fermentation regulates mixed culture chain elongation with fresh and acclimated cathode[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, In Press, 2020.
[73]
Roghair M, Strik D P B T B, Steinbusch K J J, et al. Granular sludge formation and characterization in a chain elongation process[J]. Process Biochemistry, 2016,51(10):1594-1598.
[74]
Liu Y, He P, Shao L, et al. Significant enhancement by biochar of caproate production via chain elongation[J]. Water Research, 2017, 119:150-159.
[75]
Zhang C, Yang L, Tsapekos P, et al. Immobilization of Clostridium kluyveri on wheat straw to alleviate ammonia inhibition during chain elongation for n-caproate production[J]. Environmental International, 2019,127:134-141.
[76]
Chen W S, Strik D P B T B, Buisman C J N, et al. Production of caproic acid from mixed organic waste:an environmental life cycle perspective[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51(12):7159-7168.
[77]
Roghair M, Liu Y, Strik D P B T B, et al. Development of an effective chain elongation process from acidified food waste and ethanol into n-caproate[J]. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2018, 6:50.DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2018.00050.
