Characterization of soil contaminations in brownfield sites in Northeast China
YANG Jin1,2, PENG Chang-sheng1, WU Bin1, MA Fu-jun3, GU Qing-bao3
1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; 2. Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China; 3. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Abstract：This paper studied the soil pollution characteristics of 483 brownfield sites in Northeast China from 2010 to 2020, analyzed the brownfield sites of enterprises in different industries in terms of soil pollution possibility, distribution characteristics, pollution types and concentrations, and further explored the relationship between the soil pollution characteristics, pollution risks and industry types of brownfield sites in Northeast China. Five industries, including chemical raw materials and chemical manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, textile and chemical fiber manufacturing, metal smelting and rolling processing industry, petroleum, coal and other fuel processing industry, are high-risk industries contributing to soil pollution in Northeast China based on analysis of the proportion of polluted plots of the same industry type, the total multiple of exceeding the standard of soil pollutants and the pollution area. Among these industries, the complex pollution caused by chemical raw materials and chemical manufacturing are most serious, where the main pollutants are arsenic, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons and BTEX. In addition, pharmaceutical manufacturing, textile and chemical fiber manufacturing industry, metal melting/pressing industries often lead to the combined inorganic and organic pollutions, where the main contaminants are arsenic, lead and PAHs. On the contrary, petroleum, coal, and other fuel processing industries frequently cause organic pollutant leaching such as BTEX, PAHs and petroleum hydrocarbons. The industries of mining, transportation equipment manufacturing, handling and warehousing, real estate, general equipment manufacturing, agriculture, fisheries and livestock are identified as low contamination risk industrial types. The pollution of brownfield sites in Northeast China are dominated by complex pollution, with the main contaminations of arsenic, lead, chromium, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Our research suggest that the soil pollution risk and pollution characteristics of the brownfield sites are closely related to their historical industry types and regional characteristics.
刘玮晶,刘烨,汪子意,等.典型工业遗留场地土壤污染特征分析及风险评估[J].环境监测管理与技术, 2021,33(4):40-44. Liu W J, Liu Y, Wang Z Y, et al. Characteristics and risk assessment of soil pollution in typical legacy industrial site[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring, 2021, 33(4):40-44.
[2]
许伟,施维林,沈桢,等.工业遗留场地复合型污染分层健康风险评估研究[J].土壤, 2016,48(2):322-330. Xu W, Shi W L, Shen Z, et al. Layered health risk assessment in a compound industrial contaminated site[J]. Soils, 2016,48(2):322-330.
[3]
葛锋,张转霞,骆永明,等.我国有机污染场地现状分析及展望[J].土壤, 2021,53(6):1132-1141. Ge F, Zhang Z X, Luo Y M, et al. Distribution of organic contaminated sites in China:Status quo and prospect[J]. Soils, 2021,53(6):1132-1141.
[4]
谭海剑,黄祖照,宋清梅,等.粤港澳大湾区典型城市遗留地块土壤污染特征研究[J].环境科学研究, 2021,34(4):976-986. Tan H J, Huang Z Z, Song Q M, et al. Characterization of soil contaminations in brownfield sites in a typical city in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2021,34(4):976-986.
[5]
Zhang Y C. Remediation of soil contamination on urban industrial sites-a case study on the old industrial base in Northeast China[C]. 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Urban Planning (CEUP), 2015:381-386.
[6]
郭书海,李刚,李凤梅,等.辽宁省土壤污染概况及污染防治技术需求[J].环境保护科学, 2016,42(4):11-13,18. Guo S H, Li G, Li F M, et al. Status and Technical requirements of soil pollution in Liaoning Province[J]. Environmental Protection Science, 2016,42(4):11-13,18.
[7]
Zhang Y L, Wang J L, Dong T Z, et al. Response characteristics between sulfate-reducing bacteria and environmental factors in petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated field of Northeast China[J]. Soil and Sediment Contamination:An International Journal, 2017, 26(1):59-69.
[8]
郑昭贤,苏小四,王威.东北某油田污染场地土壤总石油烃背景值的确定及污染特征[J].水文地质工程地质, 2011,38(6):118-124,138. Zheng Z X, Su X S, Wang W. Estimation of the background (threshold) total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration and analysis of the characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in a certain oilfield in Northeast China[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2011,38(6):118-124,138.
[9]
张玉,宋光卫,刘海红,等.某大型化工场地土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染现状与风险评价[J].生态学杂志, 2019,38(11):3408-3415. Zhang Y, Song G W, Liu H H, et al. Pollution status and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil of a large chemical engineering site[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2019, 38(11):3408-3415.
[10]
Wu Y, Wu J, Tan H, et al. Distributions of chlorinated paraffins and the effects on soil microbial community structure in a production plant brownfield site[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020,262:114328.
[11]
Wei Y F, Zhong Z, Gu Z Y, et al. Chemical oxidation treatment for semi volatile organic compounds contaminated Brownfield site:a case study[C]//Advanced Materials Research. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2012,414:317-322.
[12]
Qian H, Zhang Y, Wang J, et al. Characteristics of petroleum-contaminated groundwater during natural attenuation:a case study in northeast China[J]. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2018, 190(2):1-11.
[13]
Cui S, Zhou Q, Chao L. Potential hyperaccumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in endurant plants distributed in an old smeltery, Northeast China[J]. Environmental Geology, 2007,51(6):1043-1048.
[14]
Li F, Fan Z, Xiao P, et al. Contamination, chemical speciation and vertical distribution of heavy metals in soils of an old and large industrial zone in Northeast China[J]. Environmental geology, 2009,57(8):1815-1823.
[15]
耿治鹏,宋颉,陈征,等.污染场地土壤重金属污染空间特征分析--以某搬迁电镀厂为例[J].环境工程技术学报, 2023,13(1):295-302. Geng Z P, Song J, Chen Z, et al. Spatial characteristics of soil heavy metal pollution in polluted sites:taking a relocated electroplating factory as an example[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2023,13(1):295-302.
[16]
Qian Y, Gallagher F, Deng Y, et al. Risk assessment and interpretation of heavy metal contaminated soils on an urban brownfield site in New York metropolitan area[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017,24(30):23549-23558.
[17]
Ren W, Geng Y, Ma Z, et al. Reconsidering brownfield redevelopment strategy in China's old industrial zone:a health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015,22(4):2765-2775.
[18]
Alam M S, Han B, Pichtel J. Assessment of soil and groundwater contamination at a former Tannery district in Dhaka, Bangladesh[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2020,42(7):1905-1920.
[19]
Kim H, Hong S J, Kim S T. VOCs emission characteristics in assembly metal product manufacturing industry in Sihwa and Banwol industrial area[J]. Korean Journal of Odor Research and Engineering, 2010,9(1):38-45.
[20]
Dong W H, Zhang P, Linx Y, et al. Natural attenuation of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene in shallow aquifer at the Luhuagang's landfill site, Kaifeng, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,505:216-222.
[21]
Nedwed T, Clifford D A. A survey of lead battery recycling sites and soil remediation processes[J]. Waste Management, 1998,17(4):257-269.
[22]
Liu X, Jing M, Bai Z. Heavy metal concentrations of soil, rock, and coal gangue in the geological profile of a large open-pit coal mine in China[J]. Sustainability, 2022,14(2):1020.
[23]
韩煦,陈洁,施维林,等.染料厂遗留场地中氯仿和苯并(a)芘的污染特征与健康风险评价[J].环境工程, 2021,39(8):211-216. Han X, Chen J, Shi W L, et al. Pollution analysis and spatial distribution of health risk in the residual site of dye factory[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2021,39(8):211-216.
[24]
陈劲松,张颖,蒲生彦.某炼铁厂遗留场地重金属污染空间分布特征及风险评价[J].安全与环境工程, 2021,28(3):162-169. Chen J S, Zhang Y, Pu S Y. Spatial distribution characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in a legacy site of an iron-making plant[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 2021,28(3):162-169.
[25]
Jiang P, Ma Z M, Yu W W, et al. Carbon tetrachloride pollution pathway of groundwater a typical contaminated site in the east of the city[C]//IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, 2017,82(1):012058.
[26]
Li F, Zhang J, Jiang W, et al. Spatial health risk assessment and hierarchical risk management for mercury in soils from a typical contaminated site, China[J]. Environmental geochemistry and health, 2017,39(4):923-934.
[27]
李泗清,杨满芽.中山市不同类型企业周边土壤重金属污染特性及潜在生态风险评价[J].地球与环境, 2014,42(4):525-531. Li S Q, Yang M Y. The Features and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surrounding Soils of Different Types of Enterprises in Zhongshan Municipality[J]. Earth and Environment, 2014,42(4):525-531.
[28]
郭晓欣,范婧婧,周友亚,等.焦化场地典型多环芳烃类污染物精细化风险评估[J].生态毒理学报, 2021,16(1):155-164. Guo X X, Fan J J, Zhou Y Y, et al. Refined risk assessment of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coking site[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2021,16(1):155-164.
[29]
Sukri N S, Aspin S A, Kamatulzman N L, et al. Assessment of metal pollution using enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI) in sediments of selected Terengganu rivers, Malaysia[J]. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2018,14(2):235-240.
[30]
刘颖,周念清.复合污染场地污染特征分析及健康风险评估[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2018,46(7):934-943. Liu Y, Zhou N Q. Pollution characteristics and health risk of heavy metals and polycyclic hydrocarbons in a contaminated site[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2018,46(7):934-943.
[31]
赵丹,吴畏达,孙倩,等.场地复合污染的生态效应与风险评估研究进展和展望[J/OL].环境科学研究:1-18[2022-11-18] . Zhao D, Wu W D, Sun Q, et al. Research progress and prospect of the ecological effect and risk assessment of site combined pollution[J/OL]. Research of Environmental Sciences:1-18[2022-11-18] .
[32]
Shen N, Liao H, Deng R, et al. Different types of environmental regulations and the heterogeneous influence on the environmental total factor productivity:empirical analysis of China's industry[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019,211:171-184.
[33]
Li Y, Zang S, Zhang K, et al. Occurrence, sources and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a permafrost soil core, northeast China[J]. Ecotoxicology, 2021,30(7):1315-1324.
[34]
刘婷婷,赵彤,王健,等.金属表面处理工艺危险废物产生节点和处置现状[J].环境工程技术学报, 2021,11(5):1027-1033. Liu T T, Zhao T, Wang J, et al. Generation nodes and disposal status of hazardous wastes from metal surface treatment process[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2021,11(5):1027-1033.
[35]
张施阳.钢铁厂遗留场地土壤重金属和多环芳烃的污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境污染与防治, 2022,44(10):1336-1342. Zhang S Y. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of remaining site left by a steel plant[J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2022,44(10):1336-1342.
[36]
Zhang P, Chen Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in surface soil of China:a review[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,605:1011-1020.
[37]
张学平,王冰清,丁岳炼,等.佛山市陶瓷工业区土壤氟化物含量特征及污染评价[J].环境与发展, 2020,32(6):1-3. Zhang X P, Wang B Q, Ding Y L, et al. Content characteristics and pollution assessment of soil fluoride in Foshan ceramic industry area[J]. Environment and Development, 2020,32(6):1-3.
[38]
郭书海,高鹏,吴波,等.我国重点氟污染行业排放清单与土壤氟浓度估算[J].应用生态学报, 2019,30(1):1-9. Guo S H, Gao P, Wu B, et al. Fluorine emission list of China's key industries and soil fluorine concentration estimation[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019,30(1):1-9.
[39]
刘咏.我国砖瓦厂氟化物的排放及其污染治理研究进展[J].四川环境, 2003,(5):19-21. LIU Y. Research progress on fluoride emission and pollution control in brick and tile plants in China[J]. Sichuan Environment, 2003,(5):19-21.
[40]
Zhong X, Chen Z, Li Y, et al. Factors influencing heavy metal availability and risk assessment of soils at typical metal mines in Eastern China[J]. Journal of hazardous materials, 2020,400:123289.
