尿液中药物与耐药污染及削减技术研究进展

Abstract
Figure/Table
References
Related Citation (14)

Download: PDF (447 KB) HTML (0 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract The source-separation aims to separate and utilize urine from domestic wastewater, and therefore to promote a sustainable circle between "human-soil-plant-human". However, pharmaceuticals, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in urine will be acculumated along with the circulation, and finally retrun back to human body, leading to potential health risks. This paper summarized pharmaceuticals and antimicrobial resistance contamination in source-separated urine, and it was found that 34 drugs have been detected in urine, with an average concentration ranging from 0.07 to 2.7×10³μg/L and the detection frequencies ranging from 0.7% to 100%. Meanwhile, 12 antibiotic-resistant genes were also detected in urine. Natural storage, adsorption, membrane separation, electrochemical, and biological methods were the main techniques for such pollutant emlimation. Among them, the electrochemical process was the most effective approach for reducing antibiotic-resistant genes in urine, enabling the removal of up to 4.18 log, taking blaKPC as an example. However, it is indeed to enhance the service life of electrodes and reduce energy consumption when they are used for field application, and creating reasonable electrode materials may be a challenge. Furthermore, most of the treatment processes were at a laboratory scale, and future research should be focused on optimization of exiting technologirs or developing integrated technologies for antimicrobial resistance control.

Key words： source-separated urine antimicrobial resistance antibiotic resistance genes reduction techniques

Received: 30 June 2023

PACS:

X52

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	XU Guo-tao
	ZHOU Xiao-qin
	LI Zi-fu
	ZHAO Mei-juan

Cite this article:

XU Guo-tao,ZHOU Xiao-qin,LI Zi-fu等. Progresses on characteristics and reduction technologies of drugs and related drug-resistant contamination in urine[J]. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2024, 44(2): 1122-1133.

URL:

http://www.zghjkx.com.cn/EN/ OR http://www.zghjkx.com.cn/EN/Y2024/V44/I2/1122

[1]	Larsen T A, Gujer W. Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solutions (human urine) [J]. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(3/4):87-94.
[2]	Kabdasli I, Kuscuoglu S, Tunay O, et al. Assessment of K-struvite precipitation as a means of nutrient recovery from source separated human urine [J]. Sustainability, 2022,14(3):1082-1093.
[3]	Basakcilardan-Kabakci S, Ipekoglu A N, Talini I. Recovery of ammonia from human urine by stripping and absorption [J]. Environmental Engineering Science, 2007,24(5):615-624.
[4]	Pillai M G, Simha P, Gugalia A. Recovering urea from human urine by bio-sorption onto microwave activated carbonized coconut shells:equilibrium, kinetics, optimization and field studies [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2014,2(1):46-55.
[5]	Mazlan M A F, Uemura Y, Yusup S, et al. Activated carbon from rubber wood sawdust by carbon dioxide activation [Z]. Proceeding of 4th International Conference on Process Engineering and Advanced Materials (ICPEAM):2016:148:530-537.
[6]	Wilsenach J A, Schuurbiers C A H, van Loosdrecht M C M. Phosphate and potassium recovery from source separated urine through struvite precipitation [J]. Water Research, 2007,41(2):458-466.
[7]	Etter B, Tilley E, Khadka R, et al. Low-cost struvite production using source-separated urine in Nepal [J]. Water Research, 2011,45(2):852-862.
[8]	Antonini S, Paris S, Eichert T, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from human urine by struvite precipitation and air stripping in Vietnam [J]. Clean-Soir Air Water, 2011,39(12):1099-1104.
[9]	Hug A, Udert K M. Struvite precipitation from urine with electrochemical magnesium dosage [J]. Water Research, 2013,47(1):289-299.
[10]	Barbosa S G, Peixoto L, Meulman B, et al. A design of experiments to assess phosphorous removal and crystal properties in struvite precipitation of source separated urine using different Mg sources [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016,298:146-153.
[11]	Bischel H N, Özel Duygan B D, Strande L, et al. Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South Africa [J]. Water Research, 2015,85:57-65.
[12]	Almuntashiri A, Hosseinzadeh A, Badeti U, et al. Removal of pharmaceutical compounds from synthetic hydrolysed urine using granular activated carbon:Column study and predictive modeling [J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2022,45:102480.
[13]	Jermakka J, Brewster E T, Freguia S, et al. Electro-concentration of urine designed for separation of sodium from nitrogen [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021,276:119275.
[14]	Simha P, Lalander C, Ramanathan A, et al. What do consumers think about recycling human urine as fertiliser? Perceptions and attitudes of a university community in South India [J]. Water Research, 2018, 143:527-538.
[15]	马丽媛,王增武,樊静,等.《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2021》概要[J]. 中国介入心脏病学杂志, 2022(7):30. Ma L Y, Wang Z W, Fan J, et al. Summary of the China cardiovascular health and disease report 2021[J]. Chinese Journal of Interventional Cardiology, 2022(7):30.
[16]	Viskari E, Grobler G, Karimaki K, et al. Nitrogen recovery with source separation of human urine-preliminary results of its fertiliser potential and use in agriculture [J]. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2018,2:00032.
[17]	Ngumba E, Gachanja A, Nyirenda J, et al. Occurrence of antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs in source-separated urine, groundwater, surface water and wastewater in the peri-urban area of Chunga in Lusaka, Zambia [J]. Water SA, 2020,46(2):278-284.
[18]	Liu Y, Wang S, Pan J, et al. Antibiotics in urine of the general population:Exposure, health risk assessment, and food factors [J]. Journal of Eenvironmental Science and Health, 2022,57(1):1-12.
[19]	Wang H, Wang N, Qian J, et al. Urinary antibiotics of pregnant women in eastern china and cumulative health risk assessment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51(6):3518-3525.
[20]	Zhu Y, Liu K, Zhang J, et al. Antibiotic body burden of elderly Chinese population and health risk assessment:A human biomonitoring-based study [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020,256:113311.
[21]	Wang H, Wang N, Wang B, et al. Antibiotics detected in urines and adipogenesis in school children [J]. Environment International, 2016,89-90:204-211.
[22]	Geng M, Liu K, Huang K, et al. Urinary antibiotic exposure across pregnancy from Chinese pregnant women and health risk assessment:Repeated measures analysis [J]. Environment International, 2020,145:106164.
[23]	Ji K, Kho Y, Park C, et al. Influence of water and food consumption on inadvertent antibiotics intake among general population [J]. Environmental Research, 2010,110(7):641-649.
[24]	Hu Y, Zhu Q, Wang Y, et al. A short review of human exposure to antibiotics based on urinary biomonitoring [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,830:154775.
[25]	Wang H, Wang B, Zhao Q, et al. Antibiotic body burden of Chinese school children:A multisite biomonitoring-based study [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015,49(8):5070-5079.
[26]	Li N, Ho K W K, Ying G, et al. Veterinary antibiotics in food, drinking water, and the urine of preschool children in Hong Kong [J]. Environment International, 2017,108:246-252.
[27]	Zhou Y, Zhu F, Zheng D, et al. Detection of antibiotics in the urine of children and pregnant women in Jiangsu, China [J]. Environmental Research, 2021,196:110945.
[28]	Wang H, Wang N, Wang B, et al. Antibiotics in drinking water in Shanghai and their contribution to antibiotic exposure of school children [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50(5):2692-2699.
[29]	de la Huebra M, Bordin G, Rodriguez A R. A multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of ten macrolide antibiotics in human urine based on gradient elution liquid chromatography coupled to coulometric detection (HPLC-ECD) [J]. Analytica Chimica ACTA, 2004,517(1/2):53-63.
[30]	Jaatinen S, Kivisto A, Palmroth M R T, et al. Effect of source-separated urine storage on estrogenic activity detected using bioluminescent yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. Environmental Technology, 2016,37(17):2172-2182.
[31]	Zhou X, Cuasquer G J P, Li Z, et al. Occurrence of typical antibiotics, representative antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and genes in fresh and stored source-separated human urine [J]. Environment International, 2021,146:106280.
[32]	Chen S, Wang J, Feng H, et al. Quantitative study on the fate of antibiotic emissions in China [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2020,42(10):3471-3479.
[33]	Zhang Q, Ying G, Pan C, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China:Source analysis, multimedia modeling, and linkage to bacterial resistance [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015,49(11):6772-6782.
[34]	Cheng Z, Ren D, Yang S, et al. Simultaneous elimination of antibiotics and antibiotics resistance genes in nitritation of source-separated urine [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022,437:129369.
[35]	Hirsch R, Ternes T, Haberer K, et al. Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 1999, 225(1):109-118.
[36]	Lienert J, Buerki T, Escher B I. Reducing micropollutants with source control:substance flow analysis of 212 pharmaceuticals in faeces and urine [J]. Water Science and Technology, 2007,56(5):87-96.
[37]	Zhang J, Liu Z, Song S, et al. The exposure levels and health risk assessment of antibiotics in urine and its association with platelet mitochondrial DNA methylation in adults from Tianjin, China:A preliminary study [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2022, 231:113204.
[38]	Zhong S, Wu X, Zhang D, et al. Antibiotics in urine from general adults in Shenzhen, China:Demographic-related difference in exposure levels [J]. Science of the total Environment, 2022,843:157070.
[39]	Monetti J, Nieradzik L, Freguia S, et al. Urea hydrolysis and long-term storage of source-separated urine for reuse as fertiliser is insufficient for the removal of anthropogenic micropollutants [J]. Water Research, 2022,222:118891.
[40]	Kairigo P, Ngumba E, Sundberg L, et al. Occurrence of antibiotics and risk of antibiotic resistance evolution in selected Kenyan wastewaters, surface waters and sediments [J]. Science of the total Environment, 2020,720:137580.
[41]	An X, Wang J, Pu Q, et al. High-throughput diagnosis of human pathogens and fecal contamination in marine recreational water [J]. Environmental Research, 2020,190:109982.
[42]	A C S, B R L, A T A S. Faecal contamination of source-separated human urine based on the content of faecal sterols [J]. Water Research, 2002,36(8):1965-1972.
[43]	Chen J, Xu Y, Yan H, et al. Sensitive and rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria from urine samples using multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification [J]. Lab on a Chip, 2018,18(16):2441-2452.
[44]	Chen Z, Duan Y, Yin L, et al. Unraveling the influence of human fecal pollution on antibiotic resistance gene levels in different receiving water bodies using crAssphage indicator gene [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023,442:130005.
[45]	Herraiz-Carbone M, Cotillas S, Lacasa E, et al. Disinfection of polymicrobial urines by electrochemical oxidation:Removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022,426:128028.
[46]	Herraiz-Carboné M, Cotillas S, Lacasa E, et al. Enhancement of UV disinfection of urine matrixes by electrochemical oxidation [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021,410:124548.
[47]	Herraiz-Carboné M, Cotillas S, Lacasa E, et al. Are we correctly targeting the research on disinfection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB)? [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021,320:128865.
[48]	Herraiz-Carbone M, Cotillas S, Lacasa E, et al. Depletion of ARGs in antibiotic-resistance Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus in hospital urines by electro and photo-electro disinfection br [J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2022,49:103035.
[49]	Barancheshme F, Munir M. Strategies to combat antibiotic resistance in the wastewater treatment plants [J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018,8:02603-02615.
[50]	Mazel D, Davies J. Antibiotic resistance in microbes [J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 1999,56(9/10):742-754.
[51]	Sun Z, Liu W, Zhang J, et al. The direct semi-quantitative detection of 18 pathogens and simultaneous screening for nine resistance genes in clinical urine samples by a high-throughput multiplex genetic detection system [J]. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021,11:660461.
[52]	Schmidt K, Mwaigwisya S, Crossman L C, et al. Identification of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance directly from clinical urines by nanopore-based metagenomic sequencing [J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2017,72(1):104-114.
[53]	Bischel H N, Duygan B D O, Strande L, et al. Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South Africa [J]. Water Research, 2015,85:57-65.
[54]	Ojo K K, Ulep C, Van Kirk N, et al. The mef(A) gene predominates among seven macrolide resistance genes identified in gram-negative strains representing 13genera, isolated from healthy Portuguese children [J]. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2004,48(9):3451-3456.
[55]	Agerso Y, Peirano G, Aarestrup F M. dfrA25, a novel trimethoprim resistance gene from Salmonella Agona isolated from a human urine sample in Brazil [J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2006, 58(5):1044-1047.
[56]	Yu H S, Lee J C, Kang H Y, et al. Changes in gene cassettes of class 1integrons among Escherichia coli isolates from urine specimens collected in Korea during the last two decades [J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2003,41(12):5429-5433.
[57]	Özel Duygan B D, Udert K M, Remmele A, et al. Removal of pharmaceuticals from human urine during storage, aerobic biological treatment, and activated carbon adsorption to produce a safe fertilizer [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2021,166:105341.
[58]	Jaatinen S T, Palmroth M R T, Rintala J A, et al. The effect of urine storage on antiviral and antibiotic compounds in the liquid phase of source-separated urine [J]. Environmental Technology, 2016,37(17):2189-2198.
[59]	Almuntashiri A, Hosseinzadeh A, Volpin F, et al. Removal of pharmaceuticals from nitrified urine [J]. Chemosphere, 2021,280:130870.
[60]	Köpping I, McArdell C S, Borowska E, et al. Removal of pharmaceuticals from nitrified urine by adsorption on granular activated carbon [J]. Water Research X, 2020,9:100057.
[61]	Solanki A, Boyer T H. Pharmaceutical removal in synthetic human urine using biochar [J]. Environmental Science:Water Research & Technology, 2017,3(3):553-565.
[62]	Li Z, Zhang R, Sun P. Simultaneous removal of phosphate and antibiotic from hydrolyzed urine by novel spherical particles [J]. Chemosphere, 2022,300:134637.
[63]	Sun P, Li Y, Meng T, et al. Removal of sulfonamide antibiotics and human metabolite by biochar and biochar/H2O2 in synthetic urine [J]. Water Research, 2018,147:91-100.
[64]	Shao B, Liu Z, Tang L, et al. The effects of biochar on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) removal during different environmental governance processes:A review [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022,435:129067.
[65]	Sun W, Gu J, Wang X, et al. Impacts of biochar on the environmental risk of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements during anaerobic digestion of cattle farm wastewater [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018,256:342-349.
[66]	Pronk W, Palmquist H, Biebow M, et al. Nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceuticals from nutrients in source-separated urine [J]. Water Research, 2006,40(7):1405-1412.
[67]	Kemacheevakul P, Chuangchote S, Otani S, et al. Phosphorus recovery:minimization of amount of pharmaceuticals and improvement of purity in struvite recovered from hydrolysed urine [J]. Environ Technol, 2014,35(21-24):3011-3019.
[68]	Pronk W, Biebow M, Boller M. Electrodialysis for recovering salts from a urine solution containing micropollutants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006,40(7):2414-2420.
[69]	Yang Y, Ramos N C, Clark J A, et al. Electrochemical oxidation of pharmaceuticals in synthetic fresh human urine:Using selective radical quenchers to reveal the dominant degradation pathways and the scavenging effects of individual urine constituents [J]. Water Research, 2022,221:118722.
[70]	Herraiz-Carbone M, Cotillas S, Lacasa E, et al. Disinfection of urines using an electro-ozonizer [J]. Electrochimica ACTA, 2021,382:138343.
[71]	Ieropoulos I, Obata O, Pasternak G, et al. Fate of three bioluminescent pathogenic bacteria fed through a cascade of urine microbial fuel cells [J]. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2019,46(5):587-599.
[72]	De Paepe J, Clauwaert P, Gritti M C, et al. Electrochemical in situ pH control enables chemical-free full urine nitrification with concomitant nitrate extraction [J]. Environmental science & technology, 55(12):8287-8298.
[73]	Ramirez-Morales D, Masis-Mora M, Montiel-Mora J R, et al. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hazard assessment and ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewater treatment plants in Costa Rica [J]. Science of the total Environment, 2020,746:141200.
[74]	Wei T, Yao H, Sun P, et al. Mitigation of antibiotic resistance in a pilot-scale system treating wastewater from high-speed railway trains [J]. Chemosphere, 2020,245:125484.
[75]	Escher B I, Pronk W, Suter M J F, et al. Monitoring the removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals and hormones in different treatment processes of source-separated urine with bioassays [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006,40(16):5095-5101.
[76]	Landry K A, Boyer T H. Diclofenac removal in urine using strong-base anion exchange polymer resins [J]. Water Research, 2013,47(17):6432-6444.
[77]	Serna-Galvis E A, Porras J, Torres-Palma R A. A critical review on the sonochemical degradation of organic pollutants in urine, seawater, and mineral water [J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2022,82:105861.
[78]	Li M M, Ray P, Knowlton K F, et al. Fate of pirlimycin and antibiotic resistance genes in dairy manure slurries in response to temperature and pH adjustment [J]. Science of the total Environment, 2020,710:136310.
[79]	Pronk W, Zuleeg S, Lienert J, et al. Pilot experiments with electrodialysis and ozonation for the production of a fertiliser from urine [J]. Water Science and Technology, 2007,56(5):219-227.
[80]	Quesada H B, Alves Baptista A T, Cusioli L F, et al. Surface water pollution by pharmaceuticals and an alternative of removal by low-cost adsorbents [J]. Chemosphere, 2019,222:766-780.
[81]	Bouki C, Venieri D, Diamadopoulos E. Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants:A review [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2013,91:1-9.
[82]	Subedi B, Kannan K. Occurrence and fate of select psychoactive pharmaceuticals and antihypertensives in two wastewater treatment plants in New York State, USA [J]. Science of the total Environment, 2015,514:273-280.
[83]	Kuemmerer K. Antibiotics in the aquatic environment-A review-Part II [J]. Chemosphere, 2009,75(4):435-441.
[84]	Wang Y, Han Y, Li L, et al. Distribution, sources, and potential risks of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment plant:A review [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2022,310:119870.
[85]	Pauter K, Szultka-Młyńska M, Szumski M, et al. CE-DAD-MS/MS in the simultaneous determination and identification of selected antibiotic drugs and their metabolites in human urine samples [J]. Electrophoresis, 2022,43(9/10):978-989.
[86]	Raysyan A, Galvidis I A, Schneider R J, et al. Development of a latex particles-based lateral flow immunoassay for group determination of macrolide antibiotics in breast milk [J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2020,189:113450.
[87]	Wei Z, Feng K, Wang Z, et al. High-throughput single-cell technology reveals the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to typical antibiotic resistance gene dissemination in wastewater treatment plants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021, 55(17):11824-11834.
[88]	Karkman A, Thi T D, Walsh F, et al. Antibiotic-resistance genes in waste water [J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2018,26(3):220-228.
[89]	Burch T R, Sadowsky M J, LaPara T M. Effect of different treatment technologies on the fate of antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 integrons when residual municipal wastewater solids are applied to soil [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51(24):14225-14232.
[90]	Liu S, Qu H, Yang D, et al. Chlorine disinfection increases both intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant [J]. Water Research, 2018,136:131-136.
[91]	Wang G, Deng D, Hu C, et al. More effective removal of antibiotic resistance genes from excess sludge by microwave integrated fenton treatment [J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2020, 149:114920.
[92]	Ahmed Y, Zhong J, Yuan Z, et al. Simultaneous removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, and micropollutants by a modified photo-fenton process [J]. Water Research, 2021,197:117075.
[93]	Ren S, Boo C, Guo N, et al. Photocatalytic reactive ultrafiltration membrane for removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes from wastewater effluent [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018,52(15):8666-8673.
[94]	Guo C, Wang K, Hou S, et al. H2O2and/or TiO2photocatalysis under UV irradiation for the removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017, 323:710-718.
[95]	Gao J, Duan W, Zhang W, et al. Effects of persulfate treatment on antibiotic resistance genes abundance and the bacterial community in secondary effluent [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020,382:221-232.
[96]	Maurer M, Pronk W, Larsen T A. Treatment processes for source-separated urine [J]. Water Research, 2006,40(17):3151-3166.
[97]	Udert K M, Larsen T A, Gujer W. Fate of major compounds in source-separated urine [J]. Water Science and Technology, 2006, 54(11/12):413-420.
[98]	Clark J A, Yang Y, Ramos N C, et al. Selective oxidation of pharmaceuticals and suppression of perchlorate formation during electrolysis of fresh human urine [J]. Water Research, 2021,198:117106.
[99]	Dodd M C, Zuleeg S, Gunten U V, et al. Ozonation of source-separated urine for resource recovery and waste minimization:Process modeling, reaction chemistry, and operational considerations [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008,42(24):9329-9337.
[100]	Zhang R, Sun P, Boyer T H, et al. Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015,49(5):3056-3066.
[101]	Luo C, Feng M, Sharma V K, et al. Oxidation of pharmaceuticals by ferrate (VI) in hydrolyzed urine:effects of major inorganic constituents [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019,53(9):5272-5281.
[102]	Zhang R, Yang Y, Huang C, et al. Kinetics and modeling of sulfonamide antibiotic degradation in wastewater and human urine by UV/H2O2and UV/PDS [J]. Water Research, 2016,103:283-292.
[103]	Carbajo J, Jimenez M, Miralles S, et al. Study of application of titania catalysts on solar photocatalysis:Influence of type of pollutants and water matrices [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016,291:64-73.
[104]	Zhang G, Ruan J, Du T. Recent advances on photocatalytic and electrochemical oxidation for ammonia treatment from water/wastewater [J]. ACS ES&T Engineering, 2021,1(3):310-325.
[105]	Landry K A, Boyer T H. Fixed bed modeling of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug removal by ion-exchange in synthetic urine:Mass removal or toxicity reduction? [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51(17):10072-10080.
[106]	Oishi W, Kato I, Hijikata N, et al. Inactivation kinetics modeling of Escherichia coli in concentrated urine for implementing predictive environmental microbiology in sanitation safety planning [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020,268:110672.
[107]	Antonin V S, Santos M C, Garcia-Segura S, et al. Electrochemical incineration of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in sulfate medium and synthetic urine matrix [J]. Water Research, 2015,83:31-41.
[108]	Cotillas S, Lacasa E, Saez C, et al. Disinfection of urine by conductive-diamond electrochemical oxidation [J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental, 2018,229:63-70.
[109]	Pronk W, Palmquist H, Biebow M, et al. Nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceuticals from nutrients in source-separated urine [J]. Water Research, 2006,40(7):1405-1412.
[110]	He K, Borthwick A G, Lin Y, et al. Sale-based estimation of pharmaceutical concentrations and associated environmental risk in the Japanese wastewater system [J]. Environment International, 2020,139:105690.