|
|
|
| Social cost assessment of municipal solid waste based on source classification: A case study of Beijing |
| JIANG Yi-jing1, SONG Guo-jun1, XI Jing-xin1, QU Si-yue2 |
School of Environment& Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
Department of Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
Abstract In order to achieve the goal of low-cost municipal solid waste (MSW) management and provide decision-making basis for MSW fees, subsidies and franchise management, this paper adopts the literature research method to calculate and evaluate the social cost of MSW in Beijing on the premise of source classification, and realize the monetization accounting of the full impact of the government (and residents) in all links of the life cycle of MSW. The results show that it is feasible to evaluate the social cost of MSW, and all costs are comparable in the whole life cycle. The social cost of MSW in Beijing is about 9.8 billion yuan, accounting for about 0.24% of GDP, and the social cost per unit of MSW is 1254 yuan/t; The unit social cost of other waste is the highest at 1487 yuan/t, followed by food waste at 710 yuan/t and recyclables at 389 yuan/t. The cost of human health loss caused by dangerous air pollutants emitted by other waste incineration is the main reason for the high cost of other waste. Beijing should continue to increase subsidies for the resource utilization of recyclables and food waste to reduce the amount of other waste disposal and reduce social costs through optimized management.
|
|
Received: 25 October 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] 李天威,严刚,王业耀,等.我国中小城市生活垃圾优化管理模型[J].中国环境科学, 2003,(1):105-109. Li T W, Yan G, Wang Y Y, et al. Optimization management model of municipal solid waste in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2003,(1):105-109.
[2] 李扬,李金惠,谭全银,等.我国城市生活垃圾处理行业发展与驱动力分析[J].中国环境科学, 2018,38(11):4173-4179. Li Y, Li J H, Tan Q Y, et al. Development and driving force analysis of China's municipal solid waste treatment industry[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(11):4173-4179.
[3] Miranda M L, Bauer S D. The urban performance of unit pricing:An analysis of variable rates for residential garbage collection in urban areas The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency[R]. America:Duke University, 1996.
[4] Nordone A J, White P R, McDougall F, et al. Intergrated waste management[R]. Encyclopedia of life support system, 1999.
[5] Croci E, Colelli F. The costs and benefits of extended producer responsibility:an evaluation of the Italian waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management system[J]. Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport, 2019,5:60-74.
[6] Di Foggia G, Beccarello M. Improving efficiency in the MSW collection and disposal service combining price cap and yardstick regulation:The Italian case[J]. Waste Management, 2018,79:223-231.
[7] Sarra A, Mazzocchitti M, Rapposelli A, Evaluating joint environmental and cost performance in municipal waste management systems through data envelopment analysis:Scale effects and policy implications[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2017,73:756-771.
[8] US EPA.Full cost accounting for municipal solid waste management:A handbook[EB/OL]. https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/fca/web/pdf/Fcahanb.Pdf, 1997-09-01/2017-02-23.
[9] Doggia G, Beccarello M. The impact of a gain-sharing cost-reflective tariff on waste management cost under incentive regulation:The Italian case[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020,265:110-526.
[10] Trikolaee E.B, Mahdayi I, Esfahani M M S, et al. A robust green location-allocation-inventory problem to design an urban waste management system under uncertainty[J]. Waste Management, 2020, 102:340-350.
[11] Magrini C, Pozzo A, Bonoli A. Assessing the externalities of a waste management system via life cycle costing:The case study of the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy)[J]. Waste Management, 2022,138:285-297.
[12] 丁猛,宋小龙,白建峰,等.强制分类背景下社区生活垃圾源头分类与综合处理系统减碳效率[J].资源科学, 2023,45(1):18-30. Ding M, Song X L, Bai J F, et al. Carbon reduction efficiency of community solid waste source classification and comprehensive treatment system under the background of compulsory classification[J]. Resources Science, 2019,45(1):18-30.
[13] Martinez-Sanchez V, Kromann M A, Astrup T F. Life cycle costing of waste management systems:Overview, calculation principles and case studies[J]. Waste Management. 2015,36:343-355.
[14] 谢明辉,李丽,乔琦,等.塑料牛奶包装及处置方式生命周期环境影响研究[J].中国环境科学, 2011,31(11):1924-1930. Xie M H, Li L, Qiao Q, et al. Study on life cycle environmental impact of plastic milk packaging and disposal methods[J]. China Environmental Science, 2011,31(11):1924-1930.
[15] 齐丽,任玥,李楠,等.垃圾焚烧厂周边大气二噁英含量及变化特征--以北京某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例[J].中国环境科学, 2016,36(4):1000-1008. Qi L, Ren Y, Li N, et al. Atmospheric dioxins content and change characteristics around a waste incineration plant:A case study of a municipal solid waste incineration power plant in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(4):1000-1008.
[16] 汤铃,郭静,郭朋恒,等.山东省垃圾焚烧电厂PCDD/Fs排放清单及其环境影响[J].中国环境科学, 2023,43(2):735-747. Tang L, Guo J, Guo P H, et al. PCDD/Fs emission inventory and environmental impact of waste incineration power plant in Shandong Province[J]. China environmental science, 2023,43(2):735-747.
[17] 方晶晶,章骅,吕凡,等.生活垃圾收运过程中恶臭暴露的健康风险评估[J].中国环境科学, 2015,35(3):906-916. Fang J J, Zhang H, Lv F, et al. Health risk assessment of odor exposure during domestic waste collection and transportation[J]. China Environmental Science, 2015,35(3):906-916.
[18] 李海青,刘欣艳,孙宇,等.垃圾焚烧厂恶臭污染物分布特征及健康风险评价[J].环境污染与防治, 2020,42(9):1158-1162. Li H Q, Liu X Y, Sun Yu, et al. Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of odor pollutants in waste incineration plants[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control, 2020,42(9):1158-1162.
[19] 石川,李坤,边潇,等.餐厨垃圾厌氧处理"碳中和"综合效益评价[J].中国环境科学, 2023,43(1):436-445. Shi C, Li K, Bi X, et al. Comprehensive benefit evaluation of "carbon neutrality" in anaerobic treatment of kitchen waste[J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(1):436-445.
[20] 何品晶,陈淼,杨娜,等.我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中温室气体排放及影响因素--以上海某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例[J].中国环境科学, 2011,31(3):402-407. He P J, Chen M, Yang N, et al. Greenhouse gas emission and its influencing factors in the process of domestic solid waste incineration power generation:A case study of a municipal solid waste incineration power plant in Shanghai[J]. China Environmental Science, 2011,31(3):402-407.
[21] 姜晓群,谭灵芝,孙月阳.日本食品废物不同资源化技术下的碳排放比较研究[J].中国环境科学, 2021,41(2):959-966. Jiang X Q, Tan L Z, Sun Y Y. Comparative study on carbon emission of food waste under different recycling technologies in Japan[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,41(2):959-966.
[22] 高煜昕,高明.城市生活垃圾碳排放效率空间关联网络及影响因素[J].中国环境科学, 2023,43(11):5900-5912. Gao Y X Gao G. Spatial correlation network and influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency of municipal solid waste[J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(11):5900-5912.
[23] Ma W C, Huang Z S, Cui J C, et al. Inhalation health risk assessment of incineration and landfill in the Bohai Rim[J]. China, Chemosphere, 2023,(314):137-588.
[24] 任越,杨俊杰.生活垃圾分类处理方式的生态效率评价[J].中国环境科学, 2020,40(3):1166-1175. Ren Y, Yang J J. Evaluation on eco-efficiency of household waste classification and treatment[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020, 40(3):1166-1175.
[25] 宋国君,高文程,王光辉,等.城市用水的社会成本核算[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2018,28(7):26-35. Song Guojun, Gao W C, Wang G H, et al. Social cost accounting of urban water use[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2018,28(7):26-35.
[26] Yu Q Q, Li H. Moderate separation of household kitchen waste towards global optimization of municipal solid waste management[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020,(277):123-330.
[27] Sun Y, Qin Z, Tang Y T, et al. Techno-environmental-economic evaluation on municipal solid waste (MSW) to power/fuel by gasification-based and incineration-based routes[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021,(5):106-108.
[28] 宋国君,孙月阳,赵畅,等.城市生活垃圾焚烧社会成本评估方法与应用--以北京市为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2017,27(8):17-27. Song G J, Sun Y Y, Zhao C, et al. Evaluation method and application of social cost of municipal solid waste incineration:A case study of Beijing[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2017, 27(8):17-27.
[29] 孙月阳,宋国君,张大为,等.生活垃圾管理社会成本评估方法与应用--以北京市为例[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2019,33(9):1-9. Sun Y Y, Song G J, Zhang D W et al. Evaluation method and application of social cost of household waste management:A case study of Beijing[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2019,33(9):1-9.
[30] Lei Q Y, Zhang S, Li Y C, et al. Design and optimization of poly-generation system for municipal solid waste disposal[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022,(370):133-611.
[31] 尉薛菲.中国生活垃圾分类产业的经济学分析[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院, 2020. Wei X F. Economic analysis of domestic waste classification industry in China[D]. Beijing:Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2020.
[32] 张烨,姜薇,韩莉,等.北京市厨余垃圾资源化标准现状[J].再生资源与循环经济, 2022,15(3):21-24. Zhang Y, Jiang W, Han L, et al. Current situation of recycling standard of kitchen waste in Beijing[J]. Renewable Resources and Circular Economy, 2022,15(3):21-24.
[33] 袁鸣,吴艺,庄绪宁,等.北京大兴典型社区家庭源生活垃圾产量与组分特征分析[J].上海第二工业大学学报, 2022,39(3):194-203. Yuan M, Wu Y, Zhuang X N, et al. Analysis on the production and composition characteristics of household domestic waste in typical communities in Daxing, Beijing[J]. Journal of Shanghai Second Polytechnic University, 2022,39(3):194-203.
[34] 龚磊,占松林,殷国良.含低值可回收物的资源回收体系构建研究[J].再生资源与循环经济, 2022,15(12):15-19. Gong L, Zhan S L, Yin G L. Research on the construction of resource recovery system with low value recyclables[J]. Renewable Resources and Circular Economy, 2022,15(12):15-19.
[35] 李航.城市生活垃圾分类全流程成本测算分析--以L市为例[J].环境卫生工程, 2023,31(1):97-103. Li H. Cost calculation and analysis of the whole process of municipal solid waste classification:A case study of L City[J]. Environmental Health Engineering, 2023,31(1):97-103.
[36] 于诗桐.城市生活垃圾焚烧生命周期环境绩效评价及成本收益分析[D].上海交通大学, 2020. Yu S T. Life cycle environmental performance evaluation and cost-benefit analysis of municipal solid waste incineration[D]. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2020.
[37] Sun Y, Qin Z, Tang Y T et al. Techno-environmental-economic evaluation on municipal solid waste (MSW) to power/fuel by gasification-based and incineration-based routes[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021,(5):106-108.
[38] 宋国君,杜倩倩,马本.城市生活垃圾填埋处置社会成本核算方法与应用--以北京市为例[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2015,29(8):57-63. Song G J, Du Q Q, Ma B. Social cost accounting method and application of municipal solid waste landfill disposal:A case study of Beijing[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2015, 29(8):57-63.
[39] 汪涛.餐厨垃圾厌氧消化处理全过程综合评价研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2021. Wang T. Comprehensive evaluation of the whole process of anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2021.
[40] 曹瑞杰,欧阳创,胡绿品.上海市餐厨垃圾收运补贴研究[J].环境与可持续发展, 2021,46(3):198-202. Cao R J, Ouyang C, Hu L P. Study on subsidies for food waste collection and transportation in Shanghai[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2021,46(3):198-202.
[41] 毕珠洁,邰俊.我国湿垃圾处理工艺类型及扶持政策浅析--以上海为例[J].环境与可持续发展, 2019,44(4):54-58. Bi Z J, Tai J. Analysis on the types of wet waste treatment processes and supporting policies in China:A case study of Shanghai[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2019,44(4):54-58.
[42] 黄元宸,刘帅,宁祉恺,等.苏州工业园区餐厨垃圾产生现状及收运方案研究[J].环境卫生工程, 2021,29(5):62-68. Huang Y C, Liu S, Ning Z K, et al. Study on the production status and collection and transportation plan of kitchen waste in Suzhou Industrial Park[J]. Environmental Sanitation Engineering, 2019,29(5):62-68.
[43] 李欢,周颖君,刘建国,等.我国厨余垃圾处理模式的综合比较和优化策略[J].环境工程学报, 2021,15(7):2398-2408. Li H, Zhou Y J, Liu J G, et al. Comprehensive comparison and optimization strategy of kitchen waste treatment models in China[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2021,15(7):2398-2408.
[44] 孔子逸.餐厨垃圾处理工艺的生命周期评价及成本分析[D].合肥:合肥工业大学, 2022. Kong Z Y. Life Cycle evaluation and cost analysis of kitchen waste treatment process[D]. Hefei:Hefei University of Technology, 2022.
[45] 邓鹏.厨余垃圾资源化处理工程实例分析[J].南方农机, 2020,51(2):18-19. Deng P. Case analysis of kitchen waste recycling treatment project[J]. Southern Agricultural Machinery, 2020,51(2):18-19.
[46] 王子源.国内厨余垃圾处理现状及主体工艺论证[J].广东化工, 2020,47(12):164-166,169. Wang Z Y. Current situation and main process demonstration of domestic kitchen waste treatment[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2019,47(12):164-166,169.
[47] 杜欢政,刘飞仁,王云飞.全过程成本下的城市低值废弃物补贴核算--以上海松江区为例[J].南通大学学报(社会科学版), 2019, 35(6):34-41. Du H Z, Liu F R, Wang Y F. Subsidy accounting of low-value municipal waste under whole process cost:A case study of Songjiang District, Shanghai[J]. Journal of Nantong University (Social Sciences Edition), 2019,35(6):34-41.
[48] 李智.生活固体废弃物物流成本效益分析[D].成都:成都理工大学, 2021. Li Z. Cost-benefit analysis of solid waste logistics[D]. Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology, 2021.
[49] 宗刚,魏素豪.基于回收意识的废旧衣物回收模式对比分析[J].系统工程理论与实践, 2016,36(10):2583-2589. Zong G, Wei S H. Comparative analysis of waste clothing recycling mode based on recycling awareness[J]. Systems Engineering Theory&Practice, 2016,36(10):2583-2589.
[50] 贺嘉妮,刘意立,李竺霖,等.生活垃圾分类运输能耗分析[J].环境工程, 2021,39(10):136-142. He J N, Liu Y L, Li Z L, et al. Analysis on energy consumption of domestic waste classification and transportation[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2021,39(10):136-142.
[51] 张炳康,李云玉,张欣,等.垃圾焚烧发电项目碳排放核算与减排效应研究[J].环境保护科学, 2023,49(1):75-81. Zhang B K, Li Y Y, Zhang X, et al. Research on carbon emission accounting and emission reduction effect of waste incineration power generation project[J]. Environmental Protection Science, 2023, 49(1):75-81.
[52] Boonnorat J, Honda R, Panichnumsin P, et al. Treatment efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of nonfloating and floating bed activated sludge system with acclimatized sludge treating landfill leachate[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2021,330(12):124-952.
[53] 冯蕊.关于制浆造纸工业碳排放统计核算方法及应用分析[J].造纸科学与技术, 2020,39(4):62-65. Feng R. Statistical calculation method and application analysis of carbon emission in pulp and paper industry[J]. Paper Science and Technology, 2020,39(4):62-65.
[54] Chen Y, Lo S. Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions for several municipal solid waste management strategies[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,(113):606-612.
[55] Liu Y L, Sun W X, Liu J G. Greenhouse gas emissions from different municipal solid waste management scenarios in China:Based on carbon and energy flow analysis[J]. Waste Management, 2017,(68):653-661.
[56] 赵磊,陈德珍,刘光宇,等.垃圾热化学转化利用过程中碳排放的两种计算方法[J].环境科学学报, 2010,30(8):1634-1641. Zhao L, Chen D Z, Liu G Y, et al. Two methods for calculating carbon emissions from waste thermochemical conversion and utilization[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2010,30(8):1634-1641.
[57] 龙吉生,杜海亮,邹昕,等.关于城市生活垃圾处理碳减排的系统研究[J].中国科学院院刊, 2022,37(8):1143-1153. Long J S, Du H Lg, Zou X, et al. Systematic study on carbon emission reduction in municipal solid waste treatment[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2022,37(8):1143-1153.
[58] 潘玲阳,吝涛,肖黎姗,等.不同城市化阶段生活垃圾处理技术选择研究:以厦门市为例[J].环境科学与技术, 2014,37(S1):290-299. Pan L Y, Lin T, Xiao L S, et al. Study on the choice of domestic waste treatment technology at different urbanization stages:A case study of Xiamen City[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2014, 37(8):290-299.
[59] 顾佰峰,周麒麟,李静.重庆市生活垃圾分类处理碳减排潜力研究[J].节能与环保, 2022,(6):69-70. Gu B F, Zhou Q L, Li J. Study on carbon emission reduction potential of domestic waste separation treatment in Chongqing[J]. Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection, 2022,(6):69-70.
[60] 边潇,宫徽,阎中,等.餐厨垃圾不同"收集-处理"模式的碳排放估算对比[J].环境工程学报, 2019,13(2):449-456. Bian X, Gong H, Yan Z, et al. Comparison of carbon emission estimation for different "collection-treatment" models of kitchen waste[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2019,13(2):449-456.
[61] 郝晓地,周鹏,曹达啓.餐厨垃圾处置方式及其碳排放分析[J].环境工程学报, 2017,11(2):673-682. Hao X D, Zhou P, Cao D Q. Analysis on disposal methods and carbon emission of kitchen waste[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2017,11(2):673-682.
[62] 李玉兰.低碳视角下厨余垃圾就地化资源利用设施空间布点研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学, 2022. Li Y L. Study on spatial distribution of kitchen waste utilization facilities in situ from the perspective of Low carbon[D]. Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2022.
[63] 韩文艳.餐厨垃圾资源化利用的资源环境影响及协同效应研究[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2018. Han W Y. Research on resource and Environment impact and synergistic effect of kitchen waste resource utilization[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University, 2018.
[64] 史东晓,汤晓艳,陆祥昕,等.餐厨垃圾有机残渣资源化利用方式比较研究--以常州市餐厨废弃物综合处置项目(一期)为例[J].环境卫生工程, 2022,30(5):55-59,66. Shi D X, Tang X Y, Lu X X, et al. Comparative study on resource utilization of organic residue of kitchen waste--A case study of comprehensive disposal Project of kitchen waste in Changzhou[J]. Environmental Health Engineering, 2022,30(5):55-59,66.
[65] 班福忱,刘鑫,孙晓昕,等.某生活垃圾处理中心厨余垃圾处理工程实例分析[J].环境工程, 2016,34(12):137-140. Ban F C, Liu X, Sun X X, et al. Analysis of kitchen waste treatment project in a domestic waste treatment center[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2016,34(12):137-140.
[66] 周杰文.基于多指标决策分析的餐厨垃圾能源化技术综合评价与政策建议[D].北京:清华大学, 2015. Zhou J W. Comprehensive evaluation and policy suggestions of food waste energy technology based on multi-index decision analysis[D]. Beijing:Tsinghua University, 2015.
[67] 陈冰,封静,黄文雄,等.应用生命周期模型评价餐厨垃圾处理技术[J].环境工程学报, 2011,5(8):1857-1862. Chen B, Feng J, Huang W X, et al. Evaluation of kitchen waste treatment technology by life cycle model[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2011,5(8):1857-1862.
[68] 侯瑜,李凯,周佳豪,等.基于厌氧发酵技术的新型厨余垃圾资源化处理器设计[J].环境保护与循环经济, 2022,42(6):17-20. Hou Y, Li Ka, Zhou J H, et al. Design of a new kitchen waste recycling processor based on anaerobic fermentation technology[J]. Environmental Protection and Circular Economy, 2022,42(6):17-20.
[69] Wen Z G, Chen C, Li N, et al. Environmental impact of carbon cross-media metabolism in waste management:A case study of municipal solid waste treatment systems in China[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2019,(674):512-523.
[70] 刘春红,郝学军,刘枫.北京市城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征及减排策略[J].环境工程技术学报, 2022,12(4):1041-1047. Liu C H, Hao X J, Liu F. Greenhouse gas emission characteristics and emission reduction strategies of municipal solid waste treatment in Beijing[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2022, 12(4):1041-1047.
[71] IPCC. Climate change 2021:The physical science basis[R]. Geneva, Switzerland, 2023.
[72] Working Group Ⅰ Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[R]. UK:Cambridge University Press, 2022.
[73] 王昭,李振山,冯亚斌,等.北京市生活垃圾转运站耗能和排污特征及其影响因素分析[J].环境科学, 2013,34(6):2456-2463. Wang Z, Li Z S, Feng Y B, et al. Analysis of energy consumption and emission characteristics and influencing factors of Municipal solid waste transfer station in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science, 2013,34(6):2456-2463.
[74] 靳晨曦,孙士强,盛维杰,等.中国厨余垃圾处理技术及资源化方案选择[J].中国环境科学, 2022,42(3):1240-1251. Jin C X, Sun S Q, Sheng W J, et al. Food waste treatment technology and recycling program selection in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(3):1240-1251.
[75] 陈蒙.生活垃圾分类模式国际比较及其对中国的启示[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版), 2021,41(3):113-122. Chen M. International comparison of domestic waste classification models and its implications for China[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Social Sciences Edition), 2021,41(3):113-122.
[76] 刘蔚玲,肖黎姗,林剑艺,等.基于DEA-Malmquist的我国城市生活垃圾管理效率评价[J].中国环境科学, 2020,40(7):3196-3203. Liu W L, Xiao L S, Lin J Y, et al. Evaluation of urban solid waste management efficiency based on DEA-Malmquist[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2019,40(7):3196-3203.
[77] 王晓楠.城市居民垃圾分类行为影响路径研究--差异化意愿与行动[J].中国环境科学, 2020,40(8):3495-3505. Wang X N. Research on the influence path of urban residents'garbage sorting behavior:Differentiated intention and action[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2020,40(8):3495-3505. |
|
|
|
