In order to investigate the effect of the temperature on microbial community of uranium removal consortium, the microbial composition and abundance of the anaerobic bacteria in the samples under 15, 25 and 35℃ were detected using high-throughput sequencing technique. After exposed in initial 7.2mg/L uranium for 48h, a removal efficiency of 99.1%±0.3% was obtained for the sample under 35℃, which is much higher than that in 15 and 25℃. A majority of common bacterial genera were found in three samples under different temperatures (43 genera). At the phylum level, Firmicutes predominated in the 15℃ and 25℃ samples, with the proportions of 61.7% and 63.3%, respectively. While Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the 35℃ sample whose proportion was as high as 68.0%. At the genus level, the first major genus in samples of both 15℃ and 25℃ was Trichococcus. However, for 35℃ sample, it contained Klebsiella with the highest relative abundance as 52%, and other dominant microorganisms including Proteiniclasticum (11%), Clostridium (8%), Acinetobacter (6%), Enterobacteriaceae (5%), Citrobacter (4%), Sedimentibacter (4%), Desulfovibrio (3%). Therefore, the composition and abundance of anaerobic consortium for uranium removal significantly varied with temperature. A positive correlation between temperature and the microbial community of 35℃ sample was observed by RDA analysis. The increase of temperature significantly promoted the abundance of Klebsiella (positive correlation), but dramatically reduced that of Trichococcus (negative correlation).