|
|
|
| Characterization of formation of disinfection by-products during chlor(am) ine disinfection of filamentous fungi |
| LI Xiang, WU Ge-hui, TIAN Shi-qi, WAN Qi-qi, HUANG Ting-lin, WEN Gang |
| Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi' an 710055, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract This study investigated the formation patterns of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the disinfection process using chlorine and chloramine as disinfectants. We focussed on three common filamentous fungi found in drinking water—Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium polonicum—along with Escherichia coli. The research revealed differences in DBP formation potential due to variations in cellular composition and reactivity with disinfectants. The order of microbial DBP formation potential was as follows: A. niger > A. flavus > P. polonicum > E. coli. The chlorine disinfection process yielded DBP concentrations of 73.4, 66.3, 47.7, and 27.0 μg/mgC for these microorganisms, while the chloramine process resulted in concentrations of 17.4, 14.5, 10.4, and 7.7μg/mgC, respectively. Notably, DBPs formed by Aspergillus species were primarily derived from cell walls during chlorine process, among the cell wall components of Aspergillus, melanin played a significant role in DBP formation, surpassing chitin and glucan, particularly in the case of haloacetic acids (HAAs). In contrast, DBPs formed by P. polonicum and bacteria predominantly originate from cellular contents, with their relative contributions less influenced by the disinfection method. Additionally, the type and concentration of DBPs formed by Aspergillus were influenced by disinfectant dosage, pH, temperature, and bromide ion concentration.
|
|
Received: 10 March 2024
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] Xiao R, Ou T, Ding S, et al. Disinfection by-products as environmental contaminants of emerging concern: a review on their occurrence, fate and removal in the urban water cycle [J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023,53(1):19- 46.
[2] 楚文海,肖融,丁顺克.饮用水中的消毒副产物及其控制策略[J]. 环境科学, 2021,42(11):5059-5074. Chu W H, Xiao R, Ding S K, et al. Disinfection by-products in drinking water and their control strategies: A review [J]. Environmental Science, 2021,42(11):5059-5074.
[3] Bellar T A, Lichtenberg J J, Kroner R C. The occurrence of organohalides in chlorinated drinking waters [J]. Journal AWWA, 1974,66(12):703-706.
[4] Ghanadi M, Kah M, Kookana R S, et al. Formation of disinfection by-products from microplastics, tire wear particles, and other polymer-based materials [J]. Water Research, 2023,230:119528.
[5] Plewa M J, Wagner E D, Richardson S D. TIC-Tox: A preliminary discussion on identifying the forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity of disinfected water [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2017,58: 208-216.
[6] Wang J J, Liu X, Ng T W, et al. Disinfection byproduct formation from chlorination of pure bacterial cells and pipeline biofilms [J]. Water Research, 2013,47(8):2701-2709.
[7] Wang Z, Choi O, Seo Y. Relative contribution of biomolecules in bacterial extracellular polymeric substances to disinfection byproduct formation [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013,47(17): 9764-9773.
[8] Zhao H X, Zhang T Y, Wang H, et al. Occurrence of fungal spores in drinking water: A review of pathogenicity, odor, chlorine resistance and control strategies [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 853:158626.
[9] Atnafu B, Desta A, Assefa F. Microbial community structure and diversity in drinking water supply, distribution systems as well as household point of use sites in addis ababa city, Ethiopia [J]. Microbial Ecology, 2022,84(1):73-89.
[10] Xu X, Cao R, Li K, et al. The protective role and mechanism of melanin for Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus against chlorine- based disinfectants [J]. Water Research, 2022,223:119039.
[11] Wan Q, Xia Y, Li Y, et al. Enhanced solar inactivation of fungal spores by addition of low-dose chlorine: Efficiency and mechanism [J]. Water Research, 2022,222:118964.
[12] Wen G, Deng X, Wan Q, et al. Photoreactivation of fungal spores in water following UV disinfection and their control using UV-based advanced oxidation processes [J]. Water Research, 2019,148:1-9.
[13] Zhang H, Xu X, Tan L, et al. The aggregation of Aspergillus spores and the impact on their inactivation by chlorine-based disinfectants [J]. Water Research, 2021,204:117629.
[14] 李林林,刘佳蒙,宋弼尧,等.饮用水中典型微生物消毒过程中消毒副产物的生成规律[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016,36(12):3631-3638. Li L L, Liu J M, Song B Y, et al. Formation of major disinfection by-products from representative microorganisms during drinking water chlorination [J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(12): 3631-3638.
[15] Han J, Cao R, Li K, et al. Change of algal organic matter under different dissolved oxygen and pressure conditions and its related disinfection by-products formation potential in metalimnetic oxygen minimum [J]. Water Research, 2022,226:119216.
[16] Liu C, Ersan M S, Plewa M J, et al. Formation of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts during chlorination of algal organic matter extracted from freshwater and marine algae [J]. Water Research, 2018,142:313-324.
[17] Yeatts S D, Gennings C, Wagner E D, et al. Detecting departure from additivity along a fixed-ratio mixture ray with a piecewise model for dose and interaction thresholds [J]. Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, 2010,15(4):510-522.
[18] 文刚,朱红,黄廷林,等.氯灭活地下水源中3种优势真菌的效能与机制[J]. 环境科学, 2016,37(11):4228-4234. Wen G, Zhu H, Huang T L, et al. Inactivation efficiency and mechanism of three dominant fungal spores in drinking groundwater by chlorine [J] Environmental Science, 2016,37(11):4228-4234.
[19] Wang Z, Kim J, Seo Y. Influence of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances on the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012,46(20):11361-11369.
[20] Fang J, Ma J, Yang X, et al. Formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products from the chlorination of Microcystis aeruginosa [J]. Water Research, 2010,44(6):1934-1940.
[21] Yoshimi A, Miyazawa K, Abe K. Cell wall structure and biogenesis in Aspergillus species [J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2016,80(9):1700-1711.
[22] Gow N A R, Latge J P, Munro C A. The fungal cell wall: structure, biosynthesis, and function [J]. Microbiology Spectrum, 2017,5(3): 5.3.01.
[23] Johnston I R. The composition of the cell wall of Aspergillus niger [J]. Biochemical Journal, 1965,96(3):651.
[24] Liang Z, Xu X, Cao R, et al. Synergistic effect of ozone and chlorine on inactivating fungal spores: Influencing factors and mechanisms [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021,420:126610.
[25] Yang X, Shang C, Westerhoff P. Factors affecting formation of haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloropicrin and cyanogen halides during chloramination [J]. Water Research, 2007,41(6):1193-1200.
[26] Kali S, Khan M, Ghaffar M S, et al. Occurrence, influencing factors, toxicity, regulations, and abatement approaches for disinfection by-products in chlorinated drinking water: A comprehensive review [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021,281:116950.
[27] Zhai H, Cheng S, Zhang L, et al. Formation characteristics of disinfection byproducts from four different algal organic matter during chlorination and chloramination [J]. Chemosphere, 2022,308:136171.
[28] Liu C, Ersan M S, Plewa M J, et al. Formation of iodinated trihalomethanes and noniodinated disinfection byproducts during chloramination of algal organic matter extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa [J]. Water Research, 2019,162:115-126. 作者简介：李响(2000-),女,陕西西安人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为饮用水水源水质安全保障.xiangli016@163.com. |
|
|
|
