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2011 Vol.31 Issue.9,Published 2011-09-20
1409 Pollutant characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shenzhen atmosphere
LI Zhi-Gang, ZHOU Zhi-Hua, LI Shao-Ai, LIU De-Quan
Air samples of thirteen sampling sites in Shenzhen were collected by the active high volume air sampler during December 2009 to January 2010 and June 2010. The PAHs in both air phase and particulates phase were analyzed, and the results showed that the concentrations of ∑PAHs in winter ranged from 17.9 to 92.3ng/m3, with average concentration of 45.3ng/m3, whereas in summer, the ∑PAHs concentrations scanned from 8.64 to 96.3ng/m3, with average concentration of 32.2ng/m3. The three to four rings PAHs occupied large proportion in all samples, which accounted for at least 75%. The concentration correlation analysis of monomers and ∑PAHs in two sampling periods demonstrated that the correlation in summer was better than that in winter. And the PAHs pollutants resources in winter were more complex than that in summer. The conclusion were also proved by the diagnostic ratio method, the oil and coal combustion, moter vehicles emission were the main resources in winter, but the main source in summer was only the motor vehicles emission. The toxic equivalence factor (TEF) and canceraganic risk assessment showed that the pollution of PAHs in Shenzhen city was still under a low level in comparison with other cities in China.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1409-1415 [Abstract] ( 325 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 392KB] ( 1133 )
1416 Comparative observations on summer aerosol number concentration measured by APS-SMPS-WPS in Nanjing area
WANG , FEI , ZHU , BIN , KANG Han-Qing, GAO Jin-Hui-
To compare and evaluate the performance of three major instruments for aerosol measurement, aerodynamic particle sizer(APS), scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) and wide-range particle spectrometer(WPS), a field study was conducted on campus of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology during the summer of 2010. The number concentrations, size distributions of aerosol particles measured by the three instruments were analyzed and compared, with a focus on the particles between 0.01~10μm in diameter. The variation trends of the particle concentration measured by the three instruments were in good agreement. But differences in absolute values of number concentration measured by the three instruments were also evident with SMPS providing the highest values, followed by WPS. APS showed the lowest concentration in the three instruments. There was a very good correlation between the values measured by SMPS and WPS in the size range between 0.02~0.2μm. In comparison with WPS, APS provided more available size spectra measurements. Bimodal distributions in diurnal variation were captured by all the three instruments, but the peak concentration and the size range measured by SMPS were higher than that by WPS. The differences among the three instruments were not sensitive to meteorological conditions and precipitation.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1416-1423 [Abstract] ( 412 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1212KB] ( 1379 )
1424 Turbulence and mass exchange characteristics of typical clean and pollution process over Guangzhou region
DENG Xue-Jiao, LI Fei, WU Dui, TAN Hao-Bo, DENG Tao
The turbulent exchange characteristics of pollution and clean process over Guangzhou region were analyzed by combining pollutants data with land-air interaction data observed in the period from May 2004 to August 2005. The analysis focused on the relationship between the surface stability, wind, turbulent energy, and mass flux with the pollutants. The correlation coefficient between mean wind and mean turbulent energy reached up to 0.9; And the stronger the wind speed was, the larger the turbulent energy was. The correlation coefficients between pollutants and mean wind, mean turbulent energy were higher, followed by the correlation coefficient between pollutants and vapor flux; the above relationships were in obvious anti-correlations. The mean wind speed, turbulent energy and vapor flux in the polluting process were just 0.48,0.59,0.51 times as high as those with clean process, indicating that the reduction of unfavourable meteorological condition for the advection and diffusion of pollutants by half could result in the pollutants being accumulated by up to 3~6 times. The relationships among the pollutants are better in the pollution processes, especially the relativity between PM10 and NO2 is higher compared with that in the clean processes, in which the relationships among the pollutants were obvious weaker and the relativity between PM10 and NO2 was very low.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1424-1430 [Abstract] ( 260 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 609KB] ( 790 )
1431 A preliminary study of the growth characteristics of ambient fine particles in Shijiazhuang
TAN Wen, YIN Yan, CHEN Kui, XIAO Hui, ZHU Shi-Chao, WU Zhi-Hui, SHI Li-Xin
To better understand the microphysical characteristics of the ambient fine particles in Shijiazhuang, the atmospheric particles, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were measured at an observation station in Shijiazhuang meteorological bureau during May, 2010. The results showed that the ambient fine particle pollution was serious, especially the particle size in the range of 0.01~0.1μm, which accounting for about 89.3% of the total fine particles. The results of the diurnal variations of aerosol number concentrations suggested that the fine particles with the range of 0.01~0.02 μm and 0.02~0.1 μm had a similar diurnal cycle, however, the diurnal variation pattern of the particles ranged from 0.1 μm to 1.0 μm was quite different from them. According to the case study of the particle growth, the number concentrations of the particles with the range of 0.01~0.02μm increased rapidly at 08:00 in the morning, and then quickly reached its maximum value. Because of the continued growth of their diameter, the number concentrations of them decreased quickly. The size growth of these fine particles resulted in the fast increase of larger particles (0.02~0.04μm) before 12:00. In addition, the meteorological parameters and pollution gases was analyzed. The results indicated that the gaseous phase nucleation of SO2 was the most possible mechanism of the particle growth under the conditions of low relative humidity, small changes of wind speed/direction and the rising solar radiation.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1431-1437 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 673KB] ( 772 )
1438 A study on the source of the emitted N2O during the biological wastewater treatment by the use of inhibitors
LI Yi-Ran, ZHANG Jian, HU Zhen, XIE Hui-Jun, ZHANG Ting-Ting, ZHAO Cong-Cong
Inhibitors were used to investigate the sources of the N2O emission from anoxic-aerobic biological wastewater treatment process. Results showed that during the anoxic phase, nitrate ammonification was the major source of N2O while denitrification turned out to be the sink of N2O. During the aerobic phase, nitrifier denitrification was the major source of N2O emission at medium aeration rate (65L/h), while both coupled nitrification-denitrification and nitrifier denitrification were responsible for N2O emission at lower or higher aeration rates, with the former performed as the major source.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1438-1443 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 569KB] ( 894 )
1444 Application of biosurfactant on the construction of reversed micelle and the optimization of its microenvironment
CUI Kai-Long, YUAN Xing-Zhong, ZENG Guang-Ming, LIANG Yun-Shan, HAN Zeng-Hui, ZHANG Sheng, PENG Xin
Construction of reversed micelle (RM) by biosurfactant and the optimization of its microenvironment have been investigated. Compared with three kinds of chemical surfactants (cation surfactant: CTAB、anion surfactant: AOT、nonion surfactant:Tween-80), rhamnolipid (RL), a typical biosurfactant, has the advantages of higher solubilization ability for water, lower dosage in the construction of RM, milder microenvironment for construction and so on. The Critical Micelle Concentration(CMC) of RL solubilized in isooctane detected through the method of fluorescence was 0.055mmol/L, therefore RM could be constructed by it with relatively lower dosage. It was found that the optimum hydration degree W was 32.1 through conductivity measurement, higher than the optimum hydration degree of other RMs, indicating that RL could highly increase the water solubility. Therefore, the RM constructed by RL had larger particle diameter than other ones, which also supplied sufficient space for enzymolysis reaction. UV spectrum was analysed to find out how pH and ionic strength affected enzyme activity of laccase in RM. And it has been found that while the pH was 5.2, the concentration of KCl was 0.05mol/L, the optimal condition of RL system could be reached. pH and ionic strength impacted the enzyme activity through the interaction between polar end of surfactant and pH value as well as charge of the microenvironment.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1444-1450 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 475KB] ( 853 )
1451 Characteristics and performances of biofilm carrier prepared from agro-based biochar
DING Wen-Chuan, ZENG Xiao-Lan, WANG Yong-Fang, DU Yong, ZHU Qing-Xiang
Novel biofilm carriers were developed by carbonization of agricultural waste peanut shell under different temperatures (300~700℃) and their physicochemical properties analysis together with biofilm colonization experiment were performed. Increasing reaction temperature facilitated biochar for its surface porous structure development, Zeta potential ascending and hydrophilcity promoting, which could benefit the attached waterborne microbe growth and accumulation on the carriers. The amounts of biofilm colonization per unit mass of biochar carrier were 44%~84% higher than that of commercial ceramsite. The NH4+-N removal rate in reactor packed with biochar carrier produced from high pyrolytic temperature (700℃)was higher than in the ceramsite packed reactor by 1%~3%, while as the rate in reactor packed with biochar carrier produced from middle and low pyrolytic temperatures (300,500℃) were 5%~10% lower than that of ceramsite packed reactor. The results implied that physicochemical properties of biochar carrier surface might strongly impact biofilm microbes on their species and activities.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1451-1455 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1529KB] ( 2055 )
1456 Studies on intensified nitrogen removal in subsurface wastewater infiltration system
PAN Jing, SUN Tie-Hang, LI Hai-Bo
The reason of low removal efficiency of total nitrogen in vertical infiltration of subsurface wastewater infiltration system (SWIS) is deficiency of carbon. Three pilot SWISs filled with the same mixed matrix of 5% slag and 95% brown soil were constructed in the laboratory. The experiment results showed that shunt distributing wastewater could significantly improve total nitrogen removal and the average removal rates of total nitrogen increased from 59.37% (without taking distributary measures) to 68.41%, and it had no great influence on the removal of COD and total phosphorus, when distributary ratio was 1:1 and shunt position at the depth of 110 cm. The results suggested that shunt distributing wastewater was simple and effective for nitrogen removal.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1456-1460 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 404KB] ( 657 )
1461 Simultaneous degradation of phenol and Cr(Ⅵ) in the micro-polluted water by potassium ferrate
The simultaneous degradation effect of phenol and Cr(Ⅵ) in the micro-polluted water by static method was studied. And the influential elements on the removal effects and probed into the degradation mechanism was analyzed. The results indicated that the removal rates of Cr(Ⅵ), phenol, CODMn by synergetic effect of potassium ferrate oxidation and coagulation were 84.41%、28.33%、23.34%, respectively ,when the optimizing conditions were as follows: oxidation pH was 4,oxidation time was 20min, flocculation pH was 7, flocculation time was 30min and quality ratio of potassium ferrate to phenol was 10:1. It showed that potassium ferrate was a water treatment agent which could degrade Cr (VI) effectively in the micro-polluted water.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1461-1465 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 371KB] ( 856 )
1466 Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study of the adsorption of uranium (VI) onto modified CMC
ZHOU Shu-Kui, ZENG Guang-Ming, LIU Ying-Jiu, YANG Jin-Hui, JIANG Hai-Yan
The acrylic acid(AA)-modified carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) resin was prepared and was explored to adsorb uranium(VI) ions from aqueous solution in a batch system. The experimental results showed that on the condition of reaction temperature 70~80℃, CMC 30%~35% (w/w), CMC to AA (w/w) of 10:2.5 and reaction time 3.5~4h, the modification effect was the best. High removal efficient of U(VI) was obtained 97.1% at temperature of 25℃, pH value of 5.0, dosage of modified CMC resin 0.1 g/L and contact time of 60 min. It was found that the adsorption process was best described by Freundlich model and pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2=0.9618), indicating that the adsorption was mainly on the surface of the resin. Thermodynamics parameters of negative value of ΔG0 and positive value of ΔH0 revealed the spontaneity and endothermic nature of the adsorption. The adsorption was primarily due to physical adsorption.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1466-1471 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 529KB] ( 949 )
1472 Degradation of nitrobenzene by bacterial dissimilatory reduction of iron oxides
XU Chao, DONG Jun, MA Xiao-Lan, NIU Bo, LOU Quan-Zheng
Experiments were conducted to investigate the biological dissimilatory reduction process of iron oxides and characteristics and efficiency of nitrobenzene degradation in subsurface environment. The results indicated that iron reducing microbial could degrade nitrobenzene; and the nitrobenzene removal efficiency was over 68.5% in 100h. Nitrobenzene showed higher removal efficiency in the bacterial dissimilatory reduction process of iron oxides; the maximum removal efficiency was observed at the goethite concentration of 0.3mg/L, and it was up to 78.5%. There was an apparently correlation between iron oxides reduction and nitrobenzene degradation.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1472-1476 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 389KB] ( 766 )
1477 Features of the water column stratification and the response of water quality of Hongfeng reservoir in Guizhou, China
XIA Pin-Hua, LIN Tao, LI Cun-Xiong, XUE Fei, ZHANG Bang-Xi, JIANG Yao
To reveal the features of the water stratification and the response of water quality of Hongfeng reservoir, in Guizhou Province of China, main limnological variables including hydrological and environmental factors were observed 45 times, from August 2008 to October 2009, at five sampling stations. An event of water quality abruptly degeneration was discussed. The the thermal stratification was monomictic, which formed from April to September, but not strongly, which caused chemical stratification and affected water quality. The mean concentrations of chlorophyll-a, TP, TN, NH4+-N and SD were 13.6mg/m3, 0.063mg/L,1.22mg/L,0.347mg/L and 1.9m, respectively, indicating that the reservoir was meso-eutrophic. Dissolved oxygen was between 0.3 to 6.9mg/L during the stratification period, the rational of N/P was between 8 to 104,and mean that the reservoir was limited by phosphorus, but nitrogen, and hypolimnion seasonal anoxia.Seasonal deterioration of water quality was associated with the unsteady structure of water stratification, which was a result of vertical mixing when air temperature drawdown in eutrophyical Reservoir, and also was another manifestation of eutrophycation of deep water reservior in Guizhou Altiplano.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1477-1485 [Abstract] ( 296 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 646KB] ( 940 )
1486 Assessment the influence of P availability of sediments in Lake Taihu to Microcystis aeruginosa using different methods
XU Wang-Long, WANG Xiao-Rong, XIAN Qi-Ming, LUO Jun, LIU Zhi-Min, GENG Jin-Ju
Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique, four traditional extraction methods for bioavailable phosphorus (water soluble P, readily desorbable P, algal-available P and NaHCO3extractable P) and algal assay were compared to investigate availability of phosphorus (P) in sediments from 9 sampling sites in Lake Taihu to Microcystis aeruginosa. DGT-measured P (DGT-P) showed higher correlation (R2 =0.941, P<0.01) with algal growth than other traditional extraction methods for bioavailable phosphorus (R2 =0.780, 0.806, 0.849 and 0.910 for WSP, RDP, AAP and Olsen-P, respectively, P<0.01). Therefore, DGT technology could be considered as a good tool to assess bioavailability of phosphorus in sediments to algae.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1486-1491 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 406KB] ( 1036 )
1492 Effect of intermittent treatment with hot-NaOH solution on anaerobic digestion of spartina alterniflora
LUO Yan, LUO Xing-Zhang, CHEN Guang-Yin, ZHENG Zheng
The effect of intermittent NaOH solution treatment on anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora was studied by batch experiments at (35±1)℃. The rate of gas production during the first anaerobic digestion process was 263mL/g, and acidification was observed. To improve the gas yield of anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora, hot-NaOH solution was applied to the fermented Spartina alterniflora, which was then subjected to secondary anaerobic digestion. The results showed that the rates of gas production in the second anaerobic digestion were found to be 120mL/g .In comparison with the first anaerobic digestion process, the gas production further improved by 46% upon intermittent NaOH solution treatment. Acetic acid accounts for a large proportion in the fermented liquid while propionic and butyric acid were equivalent. The present study demonstrates that enhanced gas production could be achieved using the intermittent NaOH solution treatment.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1492-1496 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 439KB] ( 556 )
1497 The thermal desorption behavior of low-ring PAHs (naphthalene and acenaphthene) adsorbed by the activated carbon
ZHOU Hong-Cang, XUE Hong-Bin, ZHANG Cui-Cui, XIE Wen-Jie, XIAO Xu
The thermal desorption behaviors of low-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene (Nap) and acenaphthene (Acp), adsorbed by activated carbon (AC) were studied by the SETSYS Evolution 16 TGA in nitrogen atmosphere. The single and multiple scan methods were combined to obtain the thermal desorption reaction kinetics equations and kinetic parameters of Nap and Acp adsorbed by AC. The experimental results showed that the desorption kinetic model of Nap-AC was the Avrami-Erofeev equation, the reaction order was 1.5, the average desorption activation energy E was 63.38 kJ/mol, and the average lnA was 11.75. The desorption kinetic model of Acp-AC was also the Avrami-Erofeev equation, the reaction order was 2, the average desorption activation energy E was 95.49kJ/mol, and the average lnA was 16.80.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1497-1502 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 541KB] ( 977 )
1503 Comparative study on adsorption behaviour of copper and zinc from aqueous solution by solidifying landfilled sludge
ZHU Wei-Qin, DAN Jian-Li, ZHANG Zhi, GUO Dan, ZHAO You-Cai
Sanitary landfill was considered to be a predominant disposal of sewage sludge, due to its mass consummation and feasibility as well as low cost. Commonly, sewage sludge was landfilled directly or solidified before landfill. However, it was very important that how to recycle the landfilled sludge to save more spaces for sludge disposal. Removal of heavy metals from water was an important environmental problem and the search for economically feasible technologies continues. As adsorbents, mainly activated carbons, clays, iron oxides, and other natural adsorbents have been investigated. Recently, sewage sludge based adsorbents were indicated as promising media for removal of such metals as copper and zinc. The behaviour of Cu2+, Zn2+ adsorption onto solidifying landfilled sludge were comparatively studied. The results showed that both Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption capacity reached optimum when initial pH was 3.0. When initial Cu2+ or Zn2+ concentration being 150mg/L, the removal efficiency could reach more than 90% for both C u2+ and Zn2+ with dosage of solidifying landfilled sludge being 6g/L. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm for Cu2+ or Zn2+ could significantly conform to Henry, Freundlich and langmiur equations, and the solidifying landfilled sludge had much higher adsorption capacities for Zn2+ but much higher adsorption strength for Cu2+ respectively. The desorption ratio for adsorbed Cu2+ or Zn2+ only reached above 90% by HCl with pH value being 1.0, however, with increasing concentration of EDTA, the desorption ratio for Cu2+ adsorbed reached above 100% with 0.5mmol/L EDTA, but it was only about 10% for Zn2+ to release from solidifying landfilled sludge despite of EDTA concentration.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1503-1508 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 452KB] ( 820 )
1509 Methane production characteristics of water hyacinth from different water areas
QIAN Yu-Ting, YE Xiao-Mei, CHANG Zhi-Zhou, DU Jing, PAN Jun-Cai
To investigate the influences of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in water on the biogas production digested by water hyacinth, plants from Baishan Bay and Caohai Lake in Dianchi Lake, Wujin Region in Taihu Lake, and Pond Two in Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences were collected to conduct a mesophilic batch anaerobic digestion experiment. Results showed that the methane productivity from water hyacinth had significant correlation to the concentrations of N and P in waters. The highest biogas production was from water hyacinth in Caohai Lake, with production of 390mL/gTS (499mL/gVS); while the lowest was from the ones in Baishan Bay, with production of 289mL/gTS(334mL/gVS). Cellulose, hemicellulose and crude protein were the major contributors to the biogas production. Their degradation rates were the lowest in water hyacinth from Baishan Bay. Acetate and propionate were the main volatile fatty acids (VFA) during the anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth. Digestion of water hyacinth from Caohai Lake produced the highest VFA (2466mg/L), while VFA produced by the water hyacinth from Baishan Bay was only 915mg/L. It suggested that the concentrations of N and P in waters would contribute to the differences of structure (such as the ratio of root to shoot) and chemical composition of water hyacinth, and consequently influence its biodegradability and biogas productivity during the anaerobic digestion.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1509-1515 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 471KB] ( 570 )
1516 Optimization of culture condition for pyrene co-metabolism by Pseudotrametes gibbosa
WEN Ji-Wei, GAO Da-Wen
To enhance the degradation efficiency of pyrene co-metabolism by indigenous white-rot fungus Pseudotrametes gibbosa from northeast forest area in China, orthogonal experiments were designed to get the optimum conditions for pyrene co-metabolism, and the effects of different pyrene concentrations on the degradation efficiency of pyrene co-metabolism were also investigated. The optimum conditions were as following: wheat bran with the concentration of 20g/L, three agar plugs (10mm diameter) and 50mL culture in 150mL flask without ABTS. The maximum laccase (Lac) production and the degradation efficiency of pyrene reached 53.41U/mL and 88.8% respectively under the optimum conditions. Lac secretion was enhanced when pyrene concentration was lower than 10 mg/L, but it was inhibited at pyrene concentration above 10 mg/L. At the same time, the degradation efficiency of pyrene was ranged from 22.24%~93.54% if the initial concentration of pyrene was lower than 90 mg/L.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1516-1522 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 508KB] ( 584 )
1523 Detection and discrimination of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
吕Pu , GONG Ji-Lai, WANG Xi-Yang, ZENG Guang-Ming, CUI Hui, HU Jia-Wen
E. coli and Shigella spp. were detected and differentiated using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by preparing bacteria samples with silver colloids on a silicon surface. Results show that Raman signals of E. coli and Shigella spp. were negligible in the absence of silver nanoparticles, but observable and distinguishable spectra were collected while in the presence of silver nanoparticles. Thus, E. coli and Shigella spp. could easily be discriminated based on their different Raman spectra. The method in this work exhibited high reproducibility and showed great promise for the detection of E. coli and Shigella spp. in environmental samples.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1523-1527 [Abstract] ( 258 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 722KB] ( 1385 )
1528 Effect of climate conditions in arid area on accumulation of Pd , Rh in dust and soil from road environment
LIU Yu-Yan, WANG Yu-Jie
Seasonal variation characteristics of Pd and Rh (PGEs) in dust/soil collected from 5 typical urban roads including Hetan Road, South Youhao Road, West Wenquan Road, Wukui Expressway, and Qidaowan Road in Urumchi were analyzed. There was a significant seasonal variation in the average concentrations of PGEs. In Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, the concentrations of Pd in dust were 74.61(31.59~126.3)ng/g,134.26(54.59~332.51)ng/g, 100.49 (20.935~244.9)ng/g and 83.43(47.97~125.40)ng/g respectively (presented as means with minimum ~ maximum values in parenthesizes); values of Rh in dust were 8.41 (4.56~14.63)ng/g, 18.48(11.62~31.56)ng/g, 10.27(3.83~19.1)ng/g and 9.20(5.34~16.68)ng/g, respectively; Pd concentrations in soil were 44.42(13.59~109.40)ng/g, 30.47(13.24~70.87)ng/g, 30.01(21.55~49.19)ng/g, and 26.28(14.85~44.83)ng/g; Rh values in soil were 8.47 (5.93~13.40)ng/g, 8.11(4.65~ 13.45)ng/g, 3.81(1.67~8.02)ng/g and 3.22(2.56~4.26)ng/g seasonally. The concentrations of PGEs in dust were higher in summer and autumn, lower in spring and winter, which were disagreed with those in soil. These differences could be caused by snowfall, snow sweeping, and snow accumulation in Urumchi. Seasonal variations of PGEs in arid area were different from humid area which were mainly caused by differences of climate conditions.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1528-1532 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 325KB] ( 818 )
1533 Organochlorine pesticides in road dust from Suzhou, Wuxi and Nantong
SHI Shuang-Xin, REN Li-Jun, QI Li, ZHOU Li, ZHANG Li-Fei, ZHANG Ting, DONG Liang, HUANG Ye-Ru
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in 58 road dust samples collected from Suzhou, Wuxi and Nantong in southern Jiangsu Province. The samples were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 19 OCPs were detected with an average total concentration of 76.6mg/kg. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and chlordane were identified to be the predominant components of OCPs, and the average concentration were 26.8mg/kg (0.432~348mg/kg), 39.6mg/kg (1.95~559mg/kg) and 6.17mg/kg (ND~144mg/kg), respectively, with detection rates of 100%, 100% and 82.7%. The OCPs types detected in road dust samples were consistent with those in ambient air samples collected from cities of China, while the compositional fraction of the major components were different. More species and much higher levels of OCPs were found in road dust samples than those in soil samples collected from rural farmland. The ratio of (DDE+DDD)/ DDT suggested that most DDT in road dust had been degraded. Relatively high concentration of HCB in samples was observed, which was likely due to the emissions and transport of pollutants from the industrial sources. The mean ratio of trans-chlordane (TC) and cis-chlordane (CC) was determined to be 1.94, indicating a newly consumption of chlordane in some areas.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1533-1540 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 502KB] ( 904 )
1541 Effects of simulated acid rain on soil respiration in a northern subtropical secondary forest
ZHANG Yong, WANG Lian-Xi, CHEN Shu-Tao, HU Zheng-Hua, SHEN Xiao-Shuai, SHI Yan-Shu
In order to investigate the effects of acid rain on forest soil respiration, a simulated acid rain experiment was conducted in a northern subtropical secondary forest from March 2009 to January 2010. Acid rain treatments included CK(pH 6.4,deionized water), T1(pH 4.5), T2(pH 3.5) and T3(pH 2.5). A portable soil CO2 fluxes system was used to measure soil respiration rates. Results showed that soil respiration among all treatments had significant seasonal variation patterns. Mean soil respiration rates for CK, T1, T2 and T3 treatments were (3.20±0.21), (3.34±0.30), (3.51±0.06), (2.99±0.23)μmol/(m2·s), respectively. The experimental period was divided into three parts, which were non-growth period 1 (from February, 2009 to April, 2009), growth period (from Mary, 2009 to October, 2009), non-growth period 2 (from November, 2009 to January, 2010), respectively. A paired t-test analysis showed that simulated acid rain did not inhibit soil respiration, T1 and T2 tended to promote soil respiration in the non-growth period 1; T3 significantly inhibited soil respiration during growth period; simulated acid rain also promoted soil respiration during the non-growth period 2.Only T3 significantly inhibited soil respiration during the whole experimental period. During the whole experimental period, soil respiration showed an exponential relationship with soil temperature for each of the treatment. The Q10 (the respiratory flux at one temperature over the flux at a temperature 10 oC lower) values were 3.04, 2.73, 2.83 and 2.51 for CK, T1, T2, T3 treatments, respectively. Simulated acid rain significantly reduced the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the northern subtropical secondary forest.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1541-1547 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 659KB] ( 857 )
1548 Tissue distribution and bioconcentration of long-term exposure to perfluorotridecanoate acid (PFTriDA) in the medaka (Oryzias Latipes)
YU Yan-Yan, HU Jian-Ying, PENG Hui, WAN Yi, ZHAO Yan-Bin
While perfluorotridecanoate acid (PFTriDA), a long-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acid, has been widely detected in environment and wildlife in recent years, there is still lack of mechanism information on the tissue distribution and bioconcentration in fish. The tissue distribution and bioconcentration in the medaka (Oryzias Latipes) exposed to different concentrations of PFTriDA was assessed. The highest concentration of PFTriDA was detected in gonad, followed by egg, liver and carcass, which was similar to the tissue distribution in wild Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) except for gonad. For all tissues, male accumulated higher concentrations than female, which was demonstrated to be mainly due to high maternal transfer efficiency in adult female. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was found to be decreased with increasing the exposure concentration of PFTriDA.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1548-1554 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 532KB] ( 858 )
1555 Assessing acute ecological risks of heavy metals to freshwater organisms by species sensitivity distributions
KONG Xiang-Zhen, HE Wei, QIN Ning, HE Qi-Shuang, WANG Yan, 欧Yang-Hui-Ling , XU Fu-Liu
Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) method was used to assess the ecological risk of six heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn and Mn) to freshwater organisms. The acute toxicity data (LC50 or EC50) were collected from ECOTOX database and SSD curves were fitted based on BurrIII function. The acute ecological risks of the heavy metals and the sensitivity of different freshwater species (vertebrate and invertebrate) to these heavy metals were compared by the hazardous concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5) and the potential affected fractions (PAF). The the HC5 values of the six heavy metals were in the order: Cu
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1555-1562 [Abstract] ( 330 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 707KB] ( 1277 )
1563 Environmental valuation in aging dam decision making: a case study of reservoir recreation
YANG Meng, QIAN Xin
In order to investigate environmental valuation in aging dam decision making, a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method was used to estimate recreational value of the Heiwa Dam. Using different Logit models taking account of income restriction on willingness-to-pay (WTP), sensitivity of WTP estimates to the right tail of its distribution was examined. The WTP distribution in this study did not have an unrealistically fat right tail. The simple method which truncates WTP distribution at the highest bid was most statistically efficient. Results indicated that households would pay an average of 305 Yuan with 95% confidence interval from 265 to 351 Yuan to improve the recreational function of the Heiwa Dam, and the estimated total recreational value was 3782×104 Yuan (95% confidence interval: 3296×104 to 4355×104 Yuan). The case study showed that even small aging dam has high environmental value, and environmental valuation is critical in aging dam decision making.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1563-1570 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 709KB] ( 701 )
1571 Analysis of environmental and economic situation based on the method of prosperity analysis
WANG Yan, ZENG Wei-Hua, WU Shun-Ze
In order to analyse the impacts of socio-economic development on environment, a framework of environment-economic situation analysis based on the method of macroeconomic prosperity analysis was set up. An index system for environmental and economic prosperity analysis was established. There were two categories of indicators, as leading and coincidence indicators, mainly from the factors influencing environmental development trend. Also prosperity index was calculated, and it could be used to predict the environmental development trend. This method was applied to investigate the trend of SO2 emission in China. In 2008, the diffusion index of coincidence indicators was 71.43, presenting a prosperous situation; the composite index was 99.53, slightly lower than that of 2002. Socio-economic development had a prosperous effect on environment, while the diffusion index of leading indicators dropping into the depression region presented some adverse effects on SO2 emissions mitigation. Further steps should be taken to ensure the harmony of socio-economic development and environmental protection, such as adjusting the partitioning among key industries and fixed asset investment growth rate, improving energy efficiency, optimizing energy consumption structure.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1571-1577 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 485KB] ( 922 )
1578 Design for a municipal wastewater treatment charge standard system based on cost accounting
YU Fang, NIU Kun-Yu, CAO Dong, WANG Jin-南
A treatment charge based on the pollution level of wastewater flowing into the municipal wastewater plants has been the mainstream of the present pricing policy reform for municipal wastewater treatment. However, insufficient data on pollution level in wastewater led to difficulties in establishing proper treatment charges. An investment and operation cost function model was developed for municipal wastewater treatment using the national pollution census data. It calculated the average unit cost for wastewater treatment of different pollution loads and different discharge standards in eastern, central and western regions given the current municipal wastewater treatment cost accounting system. Taking into account the cost for pipe work depreciation, testing and monitoring, and sludge treatment, a wastewater treatment charge standard system was developed for the three regions. The results may lay the basis for reforming the wastewater treatment charge standard system.
2011 Vol. 31 (9): 1578-1584 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 382KB] ( 1171 )
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