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2011 Vol.31 Issue.10,Published 2011-10-20
1585 Study on air pollution meteorology over the Pearl River Delta during the autumn of 2008
LI Ying-Min, FAN Shao-Jia, ZHANG Ren-Wen
As part of the 3C-STAR (synthesized prevention techniques for air pollution complex and integrated demonstration in key city-cluster region) intensive observation, meteorological and air pollutant concentration measurements were performed in Conghua, Guangzhou and Kaiping in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) on Oct. 15 to Nov. 20, 2008. The features of air pollution meteorology over PRD during the intensive observation were analyzed. It was found that the typical types of weather condition associated with poor air quality over PRD during the intensive observation could be summarized into three types (pre-cold front, bottom of high pressure control, ridge of high pressure control). The pre-cold front type will lead the central and northeastern part of PRD polluted. The bottom of high pressure control type will lead the western part of PRD polluted. The ridge of high pressure control type will result in local air pollution of PRD. The air pollution of the city-cluster of PRD were closely related to the northeasterly prevailing wind with ground wind speed smaller than 2m/s, this situation will lead the southwestern part of PRD polluted for the accumulation of air pollutants transported by the prevailing wind.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1585-1591 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 608KB] ( 1062 )
1592 Source determination and characterization of extractable organic compounds in the total suspended particles (TSP) of Guangzhou, China
TANG Xiao-Ling
The total extracts of the total suspended particles (TSP), collected in Guangzhou from 2002 to 2003, were derivatized with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The aerosols contained alkanes, PAHs, esters, n-alkanols, phenols, acids, steroids, lignin products and saccharides. Acids constituted the highest organic component (24.65% to 40.38%) among the total identified organic compounds (TOCs) excluding the unresolved complex mixture (UCM). This was followed by saccharides (15.57% to 36.18%).The predominant fatty acids in all samples were C16:0 and C18:0, whereas the predominant long-chain fatty acid (>20) was C24:0.The highest dicarboxylic acid concentration was obtained in winter, with meteorological conditions, such as wind direction, rainwater, and inversion layers, strongly influencing the seasonal variability. The contribution of different emission sources based on the organic compound tracers were then modeled and apportioned. The contribution of emissions from fossil fuel utilization to the total compound mass (TCM: TOC + UCM) accounted for 64.28% on seasonal average. Plant wax lipids contributed 10.99 % of TCM on seasonal average, whereas emissions from the burning of biomass smoke accounted for 8.58% of TCM on seasonal average.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1592-1599 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 579KB] ( 1203 )
1600 Simulation study on dust aerosol and PM10 in East Asia during spring 2010
LI Jia-Wei, HAN Zhi-Wei, ZHANG Ren-Jian
A regional air quality model system (RAQMS) was used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of PM10 in East Asia during March 2010, and the dust storm broken out on 19 to 23 March. Simulation results were compared with surface PM10 observations in 16 Chinese cites. Comparison analysis showed that the model was able to reproduce the temporal and spatial distributions of PM10 as well as the evolution of the dust storm reasonably well. Correlation coefficient was 0.705 between all observational and simulated pairs. The observed and simulated monthly concentrations averaged over all sites were 124.8 and 165.5mg/m3, respectively. Model results also indicated that during March 2010 East Asia experienced high PM10 level with dust aerosol as the dominant component. Of the total dust emission (110.4Mt), about 68% was redeposited onto the underlying surface.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1600-1608 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1209KB] ( 770 )
1609 Observation study on mass concentration of dust aerosols in the Taklimakan Desert Hinterland
LIU Xin-Chun, ZHONG Yu-Ting, HE Qing, AI Li-·Mai-Mai-Ti-Ming
An over 6 years dust aerosol investigation had been carried out in Tazhong area of Taklimakan Desert hinterland, which is one of the most important dust sources in China. The fundamental characteristics of dust aerosol’s concentration were summarized as below: the floating and blowing dust appeared an increasing tendency in day time, meanwhile, the sandstorm appeared a decreasing tendency. The frequency and intensity dust weather were major factors which were significantly affected the concentration of dust aerosols in the desert region. The monthly peak values of PM10 concentration distributed in spring and summer: the largest peak value range was between March to May and the second peak value range occurred between July to August. Average concentration of PM10 varied around 1000mg/m3 in spring and changed between 400 to 900mg/m3 in summer. Lower concentrations appeared in autumn and winter with about 200~400mg/m3. The TSP concentration was higher between March and September. The largest peak value range of TSP concentration was between April to May and the second peak value range occurred between July to August. The lowest TSP concentration took place in 2005 with the annual average of 1105.0mg/m3. The TSP concentration value was slightly higher in 2009 than in 2008 with annual average of 1878.0mg/m3. And the monthly average concentration of TSP in May was the highest with the value of 7415.0mg/m3. The mass concentration increased with the following sequences in the sandstorm weather: sunshine, floating dust, blowing dust and sandstorm. Wind speed had the influential role to mass concentration, and the higher speed of wind was, the higher mass concentration was. The temperature and air humility were also the driving forces of sandstorm intensity, which were indirectly influence the mass concentration variation as well.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1609-1617 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 477KB] ( 876 )
1618 PM2.5 exposure assessment of school children at a primary school in Guangzhou, China
KE Zhao-Yue, WANG Jia, ZHENG Jun-Yu, LAI Sen-Chao, ZHANG Ying-Yi
To assess PM2.5 exposure level of school children during school time, we collected indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples at a primary school in Guangzhou City from 2010-03-25 to 2010-04-05 by atmospheric particle sampler (MiniVol) and portable particle detector (pDR-1500), and investigated the activity patterns of pupils during the sampling period. The indoor and outdoor daily averages of PM2.5 ranged from 25.1 to 145.9μg/m3. Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 was well correlated (R2=0.65). Real-time measurement of indoor PM2.5 was monitored and different diurnal variations were observed between weekdays and holidays. Anionic species were analyzed by ion chromatography. It was found that NO3- and SO42- accounted for the major part of anionic species (73%~95%). The results showed that vehicle source was one of the major sources of PM2.5 at the sampling site. The exposure of pupils to PM2.5 during school time was estimated using the indoor/outdoor PM2.5, the activity pattern and the inhalation rates of pupils. The results showed that the daily potential exposure level of PM2.5 was 246.8μg/d and the daily potential exposure level of PM2.5 per unit of body weight was 7.6μg/(kg×d) for school children.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1618-1624 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 615KB] ( 968 )
1625 Removal of elemental mercury using bamboo charcoal modified by oxidants
TAN Zeng-Qiang, QIU Jian-Rong, XIANG Jun, ZENG Han-Cai, LIU Zi-Hong, SUN Lu-Shi, ZHANG Sheng-Cheng, ZHONG Xiao-Jiao
The renewable bioresource of bamboo constitutes an important precursor for activated carbon, and the bamboo charcoal (BC) may act as low-cost sorbent used in the mercury-control. The simple impregnation method was used to modify the BC with KMnO4 and HNO3 separately, their adsorptive potential for elemental mercury was investigated for the first time conducted with a bench-scale bed. BET, XPS, elemental analysis and FT-IR were conducted to study the pore structure and surface chemistry. The results suggested the BET surface area and total pore volume of most modified BC were lower than the original BC but had excellent adsorption potential for elemental mercury even at a relative higher temperature.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1625-1631 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 590KB] ( 869 )
1632 Multiphase distribution characteristics of PCDDs/PCDFs from two typical municipal waste incinerators
LI Yan-Jing, ZHANG Su-Kun, FENG Gui-Xian, REN Ming-Zhong, ZHANG Man-Wen, XU Zhen-Cheng, ZHANG Ru-Yuan, WAN Yan-Hua
Samples of stack gas were collected from two typical municipal waste incinerators, i.e., mechanical stoker incinerator and fluidized-bed incinerator, and the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in these samples were determined with internal standard-calibrated isotope dilution method in combination with high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Average percentages of PCDDs/PCDFs and their toxicity equivalents were both above 85% in condensate water phase, which were much higher than that in filter thimble phase and in XAD-2 resin phase for the two incinerators; the ratio of ∑PCDFs to ∑PCDDs was as low as 0.77 in stack gas from mechanical stoker incinerator, but turned out to be as high as 5.28 in stack gas from fluidized bed incinerator. Among the three phases of stack gas from the mechanical stoker incinerator, the PCDDs/PCDFs were found to be dominated by OCDD, with the concentration of OCDD being up to 51.1% particularly in the filter thimble phase. However, among the three phases of stack gas from the fluidized-bed incinerator, the PCDDs/PCDFs were found to be not dominated by a single congener. In stack gas from both incinerator types, PCDFs showed the highest contribution to toxicity equivalent (I-TEQ), and particularly, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF made higher than 30% contribution to the total toxicity equivalent.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1632-1636 [Abstract] ( 316 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 306KB] ( 837 )
1637 Granular activated carbon adsorption technology for removal of MTBE
HU Juan, HUANG Liu-Ya, LIU Nuo, ZHANG Wei, LIU You-Liang, YING Wei-Qi
Methy tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a popular organic solvent and gasoline additive, has become a common groundwater pollutant. Numerous isotherm runs were conducted to evaluate the effects of contact time, initial MTBE concentration, raw material/activation, and solution composition on the adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon (GAC) for MTBE. The adsorption capacity of the carbons employed was in the order of JHBG1>JHBG2>GCN8303 F300>YK>Bamboo. JHBG1 and JHBG2 had the lower consumption amount of activated carbon (0.14 and 0.18g/L) among the six carbon samples during the treatment of low-concentration contaminated groundwater. The adsorption capacity utilization rate from micro column rapid breakthrough technique shows that the GAC adsorption was practical for removing a small quantity of MTBE from groundwater and could provide significant guidance for ectopic remediation for contaminated water.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1637-1643 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 484KB] ( 1031 )
1644 Operation performance of step feeding A/O biofilm process
HU Bo, ZHAO Jian-Qiang, CHEN Ying, HUA Li-Na, MAO He-Qun
In order to improve total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency, influent flow rate distribution and volume of each treatment zone of step feeding A/O biofilm process were optimized simultaneously. Optimization of influent flow rate distribution was based on the principle that the concentration ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrate nitrogen of the influent of each anoxic zone was same and equaled an optimum ratio, and the volume of each treatment zone was designed based on the idea of equal volume loading. A three-step feeding A/O biofilm process was utilized to test the differences of effluent quality between the equal flow rate distribution mode and the optimization mode. The experimental results indicated when step feeding A/O process was operated under the two modes with the same operation parameters, the TN removal efficiency under the optimization mode arrived at 88.8%, which was superior to that of 80.3% of under the equal flow rate distribution mode; The COD removals and total Kjeldahl nitrogen removals of the process under the two modes were higher than 97% and 98% respectively. The optimization method presented in this study can improve the TN removal of step feeding A/O process significantly.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1644-1650 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 832 )
1651 Power-generation performance of microbial fuel cells with different inoculations
LIU Jing-Jing, SUN Yong-Ming, KONG Xiao-Ying, LI Lian-Hua, LI Ying, TIAN Shen, YANG Xiu-Shan, YUAN Zhen-Hong
Power-generation performance of microbial fuel cells (MFC) with two chambers was studied under the condition that 11 inoculum from the different origins, and the effects of inoculum parameters such as sludge concentration and pH were also investigated. The power-generation performance of MFC was best comparing with other inoculums by using biogas digester sludge as inoculum from new fertilizer laboratory in Natural Resources and Environment College, South China Agricultural University. The voltage over external resistance was 0.53V and the maximum power density was 9.12W/m3 (external resistance 500 Ω). And the higher the total COD (TCOD) of sludge was, the more power output of MFC was. PH value had no obvious effects on MFC performance in the range of pH value 5.6~7.8. It could be observed according to bacterial growths on the surface of the anodes by scanning electron microscopy that there were huge differences of microbial communities’ enrichment on the surface of anode. That is maybe the one of the key effective parameters of the power-generation of MFC.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1651-1656 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1449KB] ( 814 )
1657 Water quality prediction based on probability-combination
SUN Zhao-Bing, WANG Bao-Liang, JI Hai-Feng, HUANG Zhi-Yao, LI Hai-Qing
The existing combination method for water quality prediction lacks of a framework approach and the probability prediction is always based on an assumption that water quality index follows certain probability distribution. A new method based on probability-combination for water quality prediction was proposed. The method combined the prediction results of different single methods through the use of Odds-Matrix method and it could improve the performances of prediction effectively. It was worth noting that the combination-forecast approach could be extended to new methods. The probability of prediction was established through statistical analysis of historical prediction data and hence the validation of the method was achieved along with interval estimation under certain confidence level. The Probability-Combination method based on gray model group and exponent smoothing was proposed for Jiukengkou, Zhejiang. Experimental results indicated that the combination-forecast approach performs better than single prediction method. The validity of probability establishment could be checked effectively. According to the results, the envelopes of water-quality curve under certain confidence level were derived. The prediction accuracy and stability could be improved effectively and probability results which could be the basis of the decision-making could also be given successfully by probability-combination. Furthermore, as a framework approach, it could add new prediction methods continuously.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1657-1662 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 480KB] ( 781 )
1663 Influence of nitration product on the preservation characteristics of mixed nitrifying culture
WANG Cai-Hua, ZHENG Ping, HU An-Hui
Influence of nitration product on the preservation characteristics of mixed nitrifying culture was studied. Nitrite could decrease the decay rate of nitrifying activity, and also improve the other characteristics during the starvation period. Under the anaerobic conditions of 4℃ with 5mmol/L nitrite, 4℃ with 5mmol/L nitrate and 4℃, the decay rate of nitrifying activity was 0.010/d, 0.020/d and 0.021/d, and the half-life was 72.3, 33.9 and 32.7d, respectively. After 5months’ preservation, the relative activity survival and relative biomass survival were 18.7%, 19.1%, 15.1%, and 62.0%, 47.3%, 58.7%, respectively. With storage time prolonging and the activity decayed, the heme c and ATP contents decreased, and the mixed nitrifying culture changed to black gradually.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1663-1668 [Abstract] ( 212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 963KB] ( 734 )
1669 Biodegradation characteristics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by photosynthetic bacteria
YAO Bin, JIN Zan-Fang, HU Zhong-Ce, JIN Qiong, PAN Zhi-Yan
Degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) by mixed cultures photosynthetic bacteria PSB-DR at different illumination, inoculum density and initial pH were investigated. The degradation conditions were optimized to be incubation with an inoculum density of 30% and initial pH 7.0 under light. About 82.3% of 2,4,6-TCP with initial concentration of 50mg/L was removed after 5d incubation under the condition. The addition of sodium acetate into the substrate greatly suppressed 2,4,6-TCP biodegradation. The degradation of 2,4,6-TCP could be well described by the enzymatic reaction of high concentration inhibition, with the maximum substrate utilization rate 1.746h-1, Michaelis-Menten constant 38.333mg/L and inhibitory constant 260.87mg/L, respectively.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1669-1675 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 566KB] ( 991 )
1676 Influence of nitrogen-phosphorus ratio on dominance of bloom-forming cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa).
XU Hai, ZHU Guang-Wei, QIN Bo-Qiang, GAO Guang
Effects of nitrogen to phosphorus molar ratios (N/P) on growth rates of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and chlorophyte Scendesmus obliquus under various initial phosphorus levels were investigated using bulk culture. The chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations and N/P ratios were monitored during a cyanobacterial boom in Meiliang Bay and central Lake Taihu, China. The results showed that the growth rates of M. aeruginosa and S. obliquus did not depend on a specific N/P ratio but on the absolute concentrations of inorganic N and Pin these water bodies. The growth rates of M. aeruginosa and S. obliquus were very low (0.067~0.074/d; 0.018~0.022/d) under N/P ratios ranging from 4:1~32:1 when initial inoganic P concentrations was 0.02mg/L, indicating nutrient limitation. However, when initial P concentration was 0.20 mg/L, M. aeruginosa and S. obliquus showed maximal growth rates at N/P ratios of 32:1 and 64:1 respectively, showing S. obliquus requires more N than M. aeruginosa did. Both phytoplanktons consistently showed maximal growth rates(0.24~0.25/d;0.378~0.381/d) when P concentration was 2.00mg/L at various N/P ratios, indicating N and P were enough for growths of both species. Therefore, N and P concentrations played a more significantl role in controlling growth of M. aeruginosa and S. obliquus than N/P ratios, and N/P ratio alone dcd not appear useful for predicting dominance of this cyanobacterial bloom former. Compared wich S. obliquus, M. aeruginosa required lower N concentration to achieve maxima growth rates. Furthermore, the maximal growth rate was lower than that of S. obliquus. M. aeruginosa was most likely a K-selected species, and tended to be dominate under lower N/P ratio. The cyanobacterial bloom in Meiliang Bay occurred during periods of low inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations and high soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations, with a N/P ratio of less than 20:1. Low N:P ratios in Taihu were therefore caused by Microcystis spp. blooms.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1676-1683 [Abstract] ( 998 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 458KB] ( 3323 )
1684 Bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen to toxic algae and its chemical nature in Xiamen Tingxi reservoir.
WANG Zhen-Hong, LUO Zhuan-Xi, WEI Qun-Shan
To explore the bioavailability of DON to toxic algae and its chemical nature in Xiamen Tingxi reservoir, an experiment on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa was conducted based on the solid phase extraction and membrane separation technique for water sample. Results showed that it is variable for the different seasonal concentrations of DON in Tingxi reservoir. DON concentration was higher in dry season, but lower in wet season. The primary components of DON were hydrophobic and >3kDa counterparts in both dry and wet season. The bioavailable DON reached 65.20% in the typical reservoir. Specifically, the hydrophilic and ￡3kDa counterparts of DON were relatively easy to be utilized by Microcystis aeruginosa. As the security of source water and the protection of water environment are concerned, it is of great importance to firstly remove the hydrophilic and low molecular weight counterparts of DON in freshwater.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1684-1689 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 720 )
1690 Analysis on the effect of the solar altitude angles on the euphotic depth in Lake Taihu
QIU Hui, ZHAO Qiao-Hua, SUN De-Yong, ZHU Wei-Jun, TAO Rong-Yin, QIAN Hao-Zhong, JIANG Yu-Wei, JI Chun-Hua
In the context of Kirk’s radiative transfer theory under the assumption that a mirror surface water column has no internal light source and elastic scattering, an investigation was conducted on the effect of the solar altitude angles on the depth of euphotic layer in Taihu Lake. Evidences showed that the ratio of scattering to absorption coefficients (b/a) was the key factor to determine the extent of the above effect, which would be smaller and even be neglected if the ratio (b/a) reached to 15 or larger. As for the autumn season, due to the fact that the ratio (b/a) was relatively smaller (larger) in the entire lake, the solar altitude angle effect should be taken into account (ignored) in the short-wave (long-wave) band of 400~540nm (540~700nm).
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1690-1696 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 971KB] ( 632 )
1697 Pollutants removal in subsurface constructed wetland based on the first-order kinetic model
CUI Li-Juan, ZHANG Yan, ZHAO Xin-Sheng, LI Wei, ZHANG Man-Yin, WANG Yi-Fei, LI Sheng-Nan
Correlation analysis between the influent mass loading and the area rate constants, the influent mass loading and the background concentrations of different pollutants was conducted based on the datasets about the operating parameters and water quality obtained by continue monitoring the horizontal subsurface constructed wetland which located in Beijing Wildlife Rescue Center. The background concentrations were estimated through Arrhenius equation based on the effluent mass loading. The changing characteristics of the background concentrations at different temperatures and the seasonal variation of the area rate constants at different background concentrations were analyzed. The results showed that the effluent mass loading was correlated with temperature in a certain extent. The relationships between total suspended solids (TSS) and temperature, chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) and temperature were fitted well, with a higher coefficient of 0.6293 and 0.6210 respectively. Comparison of the total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) implied that the area rate constants calculated from the estimated background concentration were higher than those calculated from zero background concentration (P0.05). The area rate constant of TSS increased exponentially with the increasing of influent mass loading when the mass loading was lower than 25 mg/L, but changed greatly at a higher mass loading. Linear relationships were found between the background concentrations and influent mass loading. The relationship between the background concentration and influent mass loading was fitted well for TSS, with a higher coefficient of 0.8388. Appreciable seasonal variation existed on the area rate constants of different pollutants. The area rate constants were higher at autumn compared with those at summer and winter.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1697-1704 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 547KB] ( 771 )
1705 Water pollution of Yellow River estuary coastal wetland
LIU Feng, LI Xiu-Qi, DONG Guan-Cang, QIN Yu-Guang, CHEN You-Guang, WANG Zhi-Zhong, WANG Fang
14 representative water-sample sites were selected around the coastal wetland of Yellow River Estuary and three times surveys were carried out on May (dry period), August (wet period) and November (level period), respectively. 22 pollution indexes such as nutritive salt, heavy metal, petroleum etc. were measured. The pollution status was assessed with Nemero Index and comprehensive nutritional status index (TLI). The results showed that the water quality of coastal wetland was light eutrophication and deteriorated with each passing year. The slight pollution sites were found at wetland lakes, Yellow River old course, the national nature reserve, culture ponds and other static state water area, whereas the tributaries like Guangli River, Tiao River, Shenxiangou River, Xiaodao River and Gudong oil fields drainage ditch were serious polluted which were more serious polluted than the Yellow River. TN, TP, NH4+-N, UIA, Chl-a and petroleum were main pollutants at coastal wetland. As for the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus, comparing with historical data, deteriorated significantly. The whole water quality was not optimistic in Yellow River estuary, although no significantly increase of petroleum pollutants and Hg pollution and no detection of other heavy metals.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1705-1710 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 372KB] ( 1555 )
1711 Effect of different reclamation patterns on soil organic carbon distribution of aggregates in the topsoil of the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in Sanjiang Plain, China
HUO Li-Li, 吕Xian-Guo
How reclamation of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland for soybean and rice farming impacts the SOC distribution of aggregates in the topsoil was investigated. A declining trend of macro-aggregates (>0.25mm) but increasing of micro-aggregates of 0.053~0.25mm in the soybean field and 1mm and 0.053~0.25mm aggregates were lost more in soybean field than in paddy field, but opposite conclusion for paddy field>soybean field while the SOC storage of micro-aggregates (soybean field>paddy field. Compared with soybean field, paddy field contained slightly higher SOC but both the SOC storage of micro-aggregates (<0.25mm) in paddy field and its share in total soil SOC were lower. Therefore, after reclamation, soybean farming was more friendly for sustainable SOC residence in the soils than rice farming.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1711-1717 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 397KB] ( 670 )
1718 Effects of organic matter decomposition on the growth and physiology of Myriophyllum spicatum
YI Wen-Li, WANG Sheng-Rui, YANG Su-Wen, JIN Xiang-Can, WANG Guo-Dong
With the sediment applied with 0, 0.5%, and 1% organic matter (plant residues) as the substrate, a simulating experiment was conducted to study the impacts on the growth and physiology of Myriophyllum spicatum during the decomposition of plant residues. The growth of submerged plants was inhibited by adding plant residues into sediment at early stage. Comparing with those in control, the growth of the Myriophyllum spicatum at 0.5% addition treatment was promoted in the whole process, and their plant and root biomass were increased about 12.99% and 125.31%, respectively. In contrast, the growth of Myriophyllum spicatum was inhibited under the condition of 1% addition treatment. Total chlorophyll (Chla) and soluble protein (Pro) content of the plant decreased with the organic matter addition before 16d, while the syntheses of chlorophyll and protein were promoted in 0.5% addition treatment ultimately. At the 0.5% addition treatment, SOD activities increased all the time. With 1% organic matter addition and longer treatment time, the activities of SOD was increased firstly and decreased then. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of plant in 1% addition treatment was increased about 20.13% in comparison with control at early stage, but had no significant changes with that of 0.5% addition treatment, these results indicate that a small amount of organic matter addition could promote the growth and physiology of Myriophyllum spicatum, but the physiology activities was negatively influenced by a large amount of organic matter addition.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1718-1724 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 486KB] ( 780 )
1725 Characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution and risk assessment of Pb in oysters along the coast of Guangdong Province from 1989 to 2010
CHEN Hai-Gang, JIA Xiao-Ping, CAI Wen-Gui, MA Sheng-Wei, WANG Zeng-Huan, WANG Xue-Feng
Spatial-temporal distributions of Pb in oysters in Guangdong coastal waters were monitored from 1989 to 2010. The methods of single factor index and the non-carcinogenic hazard index were applied to access the hazard risk of Pb in oysters from the coastal waters. The concentration of Pb in oysters ranged from no detectable to 3.65mg/kg with an overall average of 0.41mg/kg, and showed a logarithmic normal distribution on the whole. Annual variations in the concentration of Pb in oysters decreased gradually and then tended to be stable with a weak ascending trend. The concentration of Pb in oysters dropped obviously from the coastal waters of eastern Guangdong and western Guangdong every five years, but which showed an obvious decrease from the Pearl River estuary over the period of 2006~2010. Moreover, spatial distribution of concentration of Pb in oysters varied in the following order: the Pearl River estuary> the west Guangdong coastal waters3 the east Guangdong coastal waters. The single factor index and non-carcinogenic hazard index of Pb in oysters were well below 1.0 according to all the related standards issued by China, EU and Hongkong, respectively, which indicated no possible hazard risk in consuming the oysters collected from Guangdong coastal waters.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1725-1731 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 482KB] ( 554 )
1732 Measurement of magnetic susceptibility of soil adjacent a steel factory in Lanzhou and its environmental implications
YAN Qian, DAI Shuang, LIU Hai-Jiao, FU Chao-Feng, ZHANG Yong-Quan, ZHAO Jie, ZHANG Ming-Zhen, LIU Xue
Measurement and analysis of magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal concentrations of soil from a steel factory near Lanzhou City was developed. Results showed that the magnetic susceptibility in uppermost soil horizon (0~2cm) increased significantly relative to the deep soil. The value of susceptibility was 3.5 times of the background, but the frequency magnetic susceptibility was lower relative to the deep soil. The variation of magnetic susceptibility value in the different sampling positions showed that the soil around the steel factory was polluted by the anthropogenic dust input from steel factory. Pollution was mainly found in the downwind direction area, of which the strongest part was in a range of 2 km and a depth of 2 cm. Chemical element analysis showed a strong correlation between the magnetic susceptibility and metals, suggesting they have the same source. Magnetic susceptibility concentration factor (S) was adopted to determine the degree of soil pollution, and the results were basically the same with the Nemerow index. Therefore, S could be used as an indicator to determine the soil pollution.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1732-1737 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 711KB] ( 885 )
1738 Macroscopic indication of surface settlement to landfill stabilization-accelerated process
LIU Juan, LIU Jian-Guo, LI Rui, XUE Yu-Wei, YUE Dong-Bei, ZHANG Yuan-Yuan
Based on the indoor-simulation test of MSW landfill, the macroscopic indication of surface settlement to landfill stabilization-accelerated process were analyzed through analyzing settlement law under four different operation modes. The result displayed that surface settlement (S) showed linear, power function and hyperbolic-type subsection variation successively in waste stabilization process. Thus, surface settlement could indicate landfill stabilization process and reflect accelerating effect of bioreactor landfill technology on stabilization process macroscopically. On that basis, the whole landfill stabilization process was sectionalized to three segments. And when S was less than 15%, it’s in un-stable segment; S was between 15%~27%, it’s in semi-stable segment; S was greater than 27%, it’s in basic-stable segment.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1738-1742 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 399KB] ( 617 )
1743 Shanghai environmental accidents risk regionalization
XUE Peng-Li, ZENG Wei-Hua
Environmental risk regionalization is an important method for regional environmental risk management. Based on the theory of environmental risk system, the traditional regionalization method which combining the top-down with bottom-up was adopted to analyze the Shanghai environmental accidents risk. The zoning regions were formed through the space variation of Shanghai history environmental accidents. Furthermore, the indicator system of environmental risk regionalization was established to realize the risk on the basis of index quantification, and the K-means algorithm was used to conduct the similarity combination of smallest regionalization units. After adjusting the cluster fragments, the environmental risk sub-regions were obtained. Taking into account the top-down and bottom-up regionalization results, the integrated zoning of Shanghai environmental risk was achieved. Shanghai environmental accident risk regionalization comprised two big regions, five sub-regions and twenty one districts. The corresponding suggestion to different type of environmental risk regions were also put forward in the paper to guide Shanghai environmental risk management and accident emergency response.

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2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1743-1750 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2136KB] ( 1186 )
1751 Evaluation of a watershed ecosystem service for avoiding reservoir sedimentation and its economic value based on pattern and process—a case study from Ertan reservoir in Yalong river
WU Nan, SU De-Bi-Li-Ge, GAO Ji-Xi, ZHANG Chen, GE Jing, Ennaanay Driss, TIAN Mei-Rong
The pattern and processes of ecosystem is basis of ecosystem services’ supply. A model was established to simulate an ecosystem service of avoiding reservoir from sedimentation and its economic value based on the process of sediment delivery in a watershed. The model included fabricating the watershed of the study reservoir. The sediment retention coefficient of different land cover types were used to simulate the spatial patterns of the annual quantity of the sediment that were prevented from entering the reservoir by the vegetation in each cell followed the flow path in watershed. The economic value of the ecosystem service in this model was determined by the marginal cost of reservoir desilting. This study took the Ertan reservoir as an example. The results showed that the pattern of land cover change was mainly performanced in grassland transforming to forestland in the upper and forestland transforming to farmland and grassland in lower Yalong River from 2000 to 2005. The total actual soil erosion was little changed in the five years. However, the total sediment yield to Ertan reservoir had the large scale increase in 2005. Farmland was the most important source in sediment yield. Most eroded soil was intercepted by different types of ecosystems in the process of sediment delivery in a watershed. The region with a higher quantity of sediment retention was around the reservoir. The absolute quantity of average sediment retention in forestland was lower, so the sediment retention ability of forestland failed to be brought into fullest play in watershed. The total value of the avoided Ertan reservoir sedimentation service in the watershed was 44.2 and 78.6 billion Yuan in the 2000 and 2005.
2011 Vol. 31 (10): 1751-1760 [Abstract] ( 270 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1401KB] ( 720 )
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