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2010 Vol.30 Issue.7,Published 2010-07-20
865 Improving receptor models for ambient air particulate matter source apportionment
ZHU Tan, WU Lin, BI Xiao-Hui, XUE Yong-Hua, FENG Yin-Chang
This paper discussed solutions for two of the major technical issues of source apportionment of ambient air particulate matter: the impact of secondary organic carbon (SOC) in the accuracy of CMB modelling; the impact of collinearity problem due to the extent of incompatibility between sources and receptor. For the first issue, the CMB model was modified by deducting SOC from the receptor. For the secondary issue, a PCA/MLR-CMB model was developed. The PCA/MLR-CMB model started with a PCA/MLR appointment, and thus, significantly improved the compatibility between the sources and receptor by reducing of the impact of unknown sources in receptor.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 865-870 [Abstract] ( 331 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 341KB] ( 1595 )
871 Establishment of look-up table for ozone and its application in regional air quality model
CAI Yan-Feng, WANG Ti-Jian, XIE Min, JIANG Fei
Key physical and chemical factors in formation of O3 were studied with photochemical mechanism RADM2 and CBM-Z. Using the box model with various combinations of these factors, the look-up table was produced to depict the concentration variation of O3 and its precursors(VOC, NOx). The look-up table was applied in regional air quality model CALGRID to simulate tropospheric ozone over Pearl River Delta in January, April, July and October, 2006. It is found that employing look-up table scheme could significantly increase the computational efficiency, saving 45%~48% operation time. Meanwhile, the results coincided well with those calculated directly by photochemical mechanism. O3 and NOx were well simulated using look-up table based on RADM2 and CBM-Z, respectively.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 871-878 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1074KB] ( 685 )
879 Numerical simulation research on the meteorological fields in a spring acid rain event over Hengshan region
FAN Qi, LUO Xu-Yu, FAN Shao-Jia, YI Jian-Ping, DING Zhi-Ming, ZHONG Liu-Ju, WANG An-Yu, FENG Rui-Quan
An investigation was carried out for the weather conditions facilitating acid rains based on the reasonable model outputs from the MM5 mesoscale model. The acid rain event of interest occurred in the Hengshan region of Hunan province on 24 March 2009. This investigation revealed that a stable planetary boundary layer (PBL) with poor diffusion conditions played an important role in the acid rain event. The topography in the Hengshan region maked the relatively low layer suffer from the cold air earlier than the relative high layer, leading to the formation of the stable PBL. The stable PBL in the Hengshan acid rain case was thinner than that in a Guangdong province acid rain case.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 879-887 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1127KB] ( 660 )
888 Risk assessment and forwarning of PM10 pollution in Shanghai based on self-organized criticality theory
SU Rong, SHI Kai, HUANG Zheng-Wen, LIU Chun-Qiong, AI 南Shan, WANG Hou
With rescaled range analysis, power spectral analysis and frequency-size analysis, the time scaling properties of PM10 pollution in Shanghai was studied. An analogy between PM10 pollution events and the sand pile was made, suggesting the existence of self-organized criticality (SOC) in PM10 pollution. It was the SOC of PM10 pollutants that resulted in the temporal variation of PM10 pollution indexes in Shanghai. The emission of minor air pollution sources, such as home kitchens, hotels and building construction, could trigger the occurrence of high PM10 pollution events by SOC behavior. The possibility of high pollution events risk would be great during 2010 in Shanghai. Moreover, the occurrence of high pollution events was spontaneous and unpredicted.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 888-892 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 406KB] ( 665 )
893 Characterization of actinic flux and irradiances over Guangzhou region
DENG Xue-Jiao, ZHOU Xiu-Ji, WU Dui, TIE Xue-Xi, LI Fei, TAN Hao-Bo, BI Xue-Yan, DENG Tao, JIANG De-Hai
The surface actinic flux peak, the magnitude and spectrum of irradiance and diurnal/seasonal variations over the Guangzhou region were studied by analyzing the surface measurements and by using NCAR TUV radiative model. The difference between the calculation and observation were used to assess the effect of aerosol particles on ultraviolet radiation (UV) flux. The diurnal features of actinic flux and irradiance had the same patterns as the Sine-curve, but the Sine shape of actinic flux was wider than that of irradiance, and the radiation intensity of actinic flux also dropped more slowly with the increasing of solar zenith angle than that of irradiance. The total energy of actinic flux took up about 86% in the visible spectrum while only about 14% in the ultraviolet spectrum. The theoretical calculation and observation showed that the differences were obvious by using different radiometers covering different spectra, although the radiometers were labeled as UVA or UVB radiometers. The aerosol particles significantly affected the UV flux over the Guangzhou region. Because UV flux was a key factor to influence tropospheric ozone production, the better understanding of the interactions between UV flux and aerosol particles was needed over the Guangzhou region.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 893-899 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 619KB] ( 2987 )
900 Emission inventory of air pollutants in China
CAO Guo-Liang, AN Xin-Qin, ZHOU Chun-Hong, REN Yan-Qing, TU Juan
Reactive gas is the important precursor for aerosol formation, acid rain, photochemical smog and other environmental issues. The detailed high-resolution emission inventories of reactive gas from China in the year 2007 were carried out, based on the latest fuel consumption data, mostly at the county level, including fossil and biomass fuels and socio-economic statistics that were obtained from government agencies. Some new emission factors from local characteristization also were used. National and regional summaries of emissions were presented using 0.5°×0.5° resolution. The calculated SO2 emissions were 31.584 million tons, mainly sourced from the burning of coal. while, NOx and CO emissions were 24.926 and 157.852 million tons respectively, predominantly generated from the burning of coal and biofuels. NH3 emissions were 16.017 million tons, mainly sourced from animal waste disposal and fertilizer application. VOCs emissions were 37.098 million tons, mainly from the organic solvent application, waste disposal and transport. The emissions of reactive gas estimated here were higher than those in previous studies, mainly because some emission sectors were previously underestimated. More emissions were emitted from eastern China than western China. A strong seasonal dependence was observed for emissions, mainly due to seasonal changing of residential heating and biomass burning behavior.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 900-906 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 788KB] ( 1084 )
907 Optimization of site locations of regional air quality monitoring network: methodology study
LIU Pan-Wei, ZHENG Jun-Yu, LI Zhi-Cheng, ZHONG Liu-Ju, WANG Xue-Song
On the basis of analyzing various constraints in designing a regional air quality monitoring network (RAQMN), using synthetic evaluation concentrations based on simulated data from air quality models, a methodological framework for site optimal locating was established. The framework took the maximum approximately degree as an optimization objective, and used the construction cost, terrain condition, administrative division, population distribution and spatial coverage as constrain conditions. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region was used as a case site to illustrate the framework with three representative scenarios: (1) conventional pollutants (SO2, NO2 and PM10); (2) pollutants with regional characteristics (O3 and PM2.5); (3) combination of (1) and (2) plus others. The proposed approach could be successfully used for optimal locating of RAQMN sites; and the Scenario 3 considering both conventional and regional pollutants could better represent the regional characteristics and more extensively reflect regional air quality.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 907-913 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1002KB] ( 1251 )
914 Impact of the transport of atmospheric pollutants from the Yangtze River Delta on the air quality in Shanghai
ZHANG Yan, YU Qi, FU Qing-Yan, MA Wei-Chun
Impacts of the transport of atmospheric pollutants from Yangtze River Delta on the air quality of Shanghai in 2004 were simulated using MM5/CMAQ. Contributions of concentration from regional and local sources were qualified. The impacts on air quality of Shanghai from the local and regional sources were dependent on the different seasons. The impacts from the primary and secondary pollutants were also different. The contributions of SO2 in Shanghai from outside the city were 7%~17%, while those of SO42- ranged from 60%~70%. The contribution of SO2 in Shanghai from outside the city increased significantly with heights nonlinearly in general, while those of SO42- had no significant variations with heights.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 914-923 [Abstract] ( 286 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1549KB] ( 1187 )
924 Relationship between different synoptic weather patterns and concentrations of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing during summer and autumn
WANG Li-Li, WANG Yue-Si, WANG Ying-Hong, SUN Yang, JI Dong-Sheng, REN Yu-Fen
Based on surface and 850,500hPa level synoptic maps and primary meteorological factors during summer and autumn from 2007 to 2008 in Beijing, two kinds of synoptic weather patterns were divided, one of which was helpful for accumulating pollutants with higher pollution including four basic types and the other was helpful for dispersing pollutants with lower pollution including two basic types. In 2007, concentrations of NOx, O3(hourly maximum), PM2.5 and PM10 averaged from four sites in Beijng were 38.1×10-9(V/V), 115.2×10-9(V/V), 90.6μg/m3, 212.5μg/m3 under accumulating synoptic pattern, respectively, while 36.3×10-9(V/V), 68.9×10-9(V/V), 39.3μg/m3, 125.4μg/m3 under dispersing synoptic pattern, respectively. The source control measures were carried out to ensure the air quality during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and concentrations of NOx、O3(hourly maximum)、PM2.5 and PM10 were 19.3×10-9 (V/V), 87.1×10-9(V/V), 66.3μg/m3, 99.6μg/m3 under accumulating synoptic pattern, respectively, while 19.0×10-9(V/V), 62.5×10-9(V/V), 41.0μg/m3, 65.2μg/m3 under dispersing synoptic pattern, respectively. Although the source control measures were carried out, higher pollutant concentrations were appeared under accumulating synoptic pattern; thus, researching pollutant changes under this synoptic pattern is very important for predicting severe pollutions and establishing effective source control measures.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 924-930 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1231KB] ( 1497 )
931 Observational study on particle nucleation process in the Yangtze River Delta, China: The growth property in different air masses
GAO Jian, WANG Tao, CHAI Fa-He, WANG Wen-Xing
The particle nucleation process was studied in summer of 2005, in a downwind site of the Yangtze River Delta.In the 29 observation days, particle formation and growth was mainly found to occur in the air masses with regional characteristic and well-developed photochemical process. Using the measured spectral evolution of aerosol particles as a function of time the formation and growth properties of nucleation mode aerosols were evaluated. The averaged growth rate of newly formed particles is 6.0nm/h. The needed concentration of condensable vapor is 8.2′107/cm3, and its source rate is 3.1′106/(cm3×s), which were higher than previous researches in similar latitude.The further calculation on the source rate of sulphuric acid vapor indicated the average participation of sulphuric acid to the particle growth rates has large variation among the events in different air masses. That is, the contribution of H2SO4 to particle growth is 59% in air masses originated in the YRD region, 53.8% in the air masses northward and 30% in southerly air masses.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 931-940 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1900KB] ( 816 )
941 Atmoshperic sulfur hexafluoride in Beijing and near cities during the summer of 2008
WANG Ying-Hong, WANG Yue-Si
As a potent greenhouse gas, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has been measured during the summer of 2008. Air samples from eight sites of North China were collected twice daily, the distributed sites including urban, suburban and rural locations. They are Beijing, Xinglong, Langfang, Cangzhou, Shijiazhuang, Zhuozhou, Baoding and Yucheng. During the observing period, the average mixing ratio of SF6 for these sites were (10.7±5.1)′10-12、(6.7±0.6)′10-12、(7.2±1.6)′10-12、(8.0±1.7)′10-12、(9.6±5.5)′10-12、(7.6±2.1)′10-12,(8.3±3.5)′10-12 and (8.5±2.0)′10-12 (V/V), respectively. The regional mixing ratio was 8.3′10-12 V/V for the North China. The magnitude and variation of SF6 was mainly affected by the anthropogenic emission source with an impulse pattern. As there was no sign of notable SF6 emission in the influence area of Xinglong, the station can be qualified as a background monitoring site for North China. The observed growth rate of SF6 in Xinglong was higher than that of the global. Anyway, the activities for energy saving and emission reduction did debase the concentration of SF6 in Beijing during the Olympic time.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 941-945 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 607KB] ( 757 )
946 Variation characteristics of surface O3 in Beijing and its surrounding area
LIU Xi-Wen, XU Xiao-Bin, LIN Wei-Li
Surface O3 and other pollutants were observed from June, 2008 to May, 2009 simultaneously at the compound of China Meteorological Administration (CMA) in Beijing urban area, Shangdianzi background station (SDZ) northeast of Beijing, and Gucheng station (GCH) southwest of Beijing. The observational data are used to study the variation characteristics of surface O3 and the relationships between O3 concentration and other pollutants concentrations as well as meteorological parameters. The results show that surface O3 at SDZ has clear seasonal and diurnal cycles, which are obviously different from those at other two stations, while the seasonal and diurnal cycles at GCH and CMA are similar. O3 is negatively correlated with NO、NO2、NOx、RH, and the correlations in winter are more significant than in summer. In addition, air temperature and wind speed are positively correlated with O3, and the correlation coefficient between wind speed and O3 at CMA changes very much from winter to summer. The O3 concentrations show some dependence on the local wind direction at the sites, with higher O3 concentration being observed under southerly winds and lower O3 concentration under northeasterly winds.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 946-953 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2346KB] ( 1084 )
954 Pollution characteristics of the atmospheric fine particles and related gaseous pollutants in the northeastern urban area of Beijing in winter season
DENG Li-Qun, LI Hong, CHAI Fa-He, LUN Xiao-Xiu, CHEN Yi-Zhen, ZHANG Xin-Min, WANG Feng-Wei
Simultaneous measurements of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 and related gaseous pollutants in November 2008 and in January 2009 were made by using an versatile air pollutants sampler (URG-3000K) and a DX-600 ion chromatography in the northeastern urban area of Beijing. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 showed the “3 peaks” changing style, and in the “3 peaks” period, the mass concentrations of PM2.5 became higher with the sampling time passed by. The pollution level of the major water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 decreased compared with the past monitoring results in Beijing and other big cities. PM2.5 had weak acidity, which would promote the acidification of the atmosphere environment and the forming of acidic precipitation. NH4+ in PM2.5 existed mainly in the form of sulfate, nitrate and chloride. The mass concentrations of SO42- and NO3- in PM2.5 had the similar variation trend with those of SO2 and NO2, respectively. SO42- and NO3- in PM2.5 were mainly transformed from SO2 and NO2, respectively, and the second conversion rate of NO2 was lower than that of SO2.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 954-961 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 590KB] ( 874 )
962 Characteristics and source apportionment of PM10 at urban traffic trunk roads and surrounding areas in Beijing
YANG Yi-Fang, QIAN Feng, ZHANG Hui-Feng, BIAN Sen, TANG Yu-Jia
The PM10 samples collected throughout 4 months at Hangtian Qiao in Beijing. Scanning electron microscopey (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate the individual particle morphology and the chemical composition. According to the morphology and composition, 9 classes particles were found. Meanwhile, the mass concentrations of metal elements in PM10 were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that the concentrations of Ca, Mg and Fe were decreased with the decrease of particles size, whereas the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni and Hg increased, especially for fine particles (PM smaller than 2.1mm). The result of factor analysis(FA) in sources apportionment of PM10 showed that soil dust/ building construction dust dominated the total mass of PM10, contributing 44.0%, vehicle exhaust/road dust was the next important contributor, accounting for 28.1% of PM10.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 962-966 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1087KB] ( 889 )
967 Correlation between the atmospheric visibility and aerosol fine particle concentrations in Guangzhou and Beijing
CHEN Yi-Zhen, ZHAO Dan, CHAI Fa-He, LIANG Gui-Xiong, XUE Zhi-Gang, WANG Bei-Bei, LIANG Yong-Jian, CHEN Yu, ZHANG Meng
In order to study the effects of relative humidity (RH) and aerosol fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10) on visibility, visibility, RH, PM2.5 and PM10 during 11th December, 2008~27th August, 2009 in Guangzhou, and 14th July~17th September, 2008 in Beijing were measured, respectively. PM2.5 and RH were the main factors on effecting visibility. When the RH was lower than 70% and between 80% and 90%, the effects of PM2.5 on visibility in Guangzhou and Beijing were different. However, a good correlation between visibility and PM2.5 was found both in Guangzhou and Beijing when RH was between 70% and 80%. A division was found in 0.05mg/m3 from the fitting curve. The visibility did not vary obviously with the PM2.5 concentration reduction when the concentration of PM2.5 was higher than 0.05mg/m3. However, a rapid improving in visibility was observed with decreasing of the PM2.5 concentration when the concentration of PM2.5 was lower than 0.05mg/m3. Therefore, the reduction on PM2.5 did not show obvious improving in visibility at the early time of controlling PM2.5, whereas the visibility could be remarkably improved when the concentration of PM2.5 reduced to a certain value.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 967-971 [Abstract] ( 298 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 966KB] ( 1235 )
972 Trace element concentrations and distribution of atmospheric fine particles in the summer-fall in Shenyang
HONG Ye, ZHOU De-Ping, MA Yan-Jun, LIU Ning-Wei
A study was carried out on trace element concentration and distribution of atmospheric aerosols (PM1) from 21, August to 6, September, 2007 in Shenyang. Concentrations of 50 trace elements determined by collected samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Thermo-Elemental Corp). Based on an analysis of enrichment factors and empirical orthogonal function, the elemental compositions and sources of fine particles were discussed in this work. PM1 concentration in late summer and early autumn was much lower than that in winter. Influenced by different pollution sources in each sampling area, the pollution level of PM1 in different regions reduced progressively from Tiexi industrial region, commercial and residential region in meteorological bureau, main traffic region in institute of atmospheric environment and to Qipan Mountain scenic spots. Analysis of Enrichment factors and empirical orthogonal function suggests that anthropogenic sources including automobile emissions, smelting restaurant, suspension of street dusts and chemical industry all played important roles besides natural emission sources during this period.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 972-979 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 383KB] ( 842 )
980 Photochemical age of atmospheric nonmethane hydrocarbons based on stable carbon isotopic composition
PENG Lin, REN Zhao-Fang, ZHANG Hui-Min, MOU Ling, SHI Rui-Liang
The diurnal stable carbon isotopic composition of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in winter and summer in Lanzhou was detected by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass chromatography (TD-GC-IR-MS) system. δ13C values of NMHCs were -30.5‰~-24.3‰ in winter, which was influenced by coal-combustion exhaust and higher than that in summer (-31.3‰~-24.2%). The δ13C values were generally higher at night than that in the daytime in winter, while the δ13C values of C4 and C5 NMHC compounds were similar in the different sampling time except higher δ13C values of n-hexane and n-heptane in the daytime in summer. Based on the hydrocarbon isotopic clock, the average photochemical ages of n-hexane and 1-butene in summer were 6d and 25min, respectively.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 980-984 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 751 )
985 Scavenging of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by rainfall in urban area
YE You-Bin, ZHANG Wei, HU Dan, 欧Lang-Bo , WANG Xue-Jun
The removal of airborne PAHs, determined from atmospheric and precipitation samples, was observed during ten rain events from July to August in 2009. Concentrations of PAHs in rainwater were dominated in particle phase, with highest concentration in the 4-ring components. ∑16PAHs scavenging ratios for gaseous, particles and total air averaged at 3.9′102, 3.7′104 and 5.9′103, respectively. The PAHs removal from the atmosphere by precipitation occurred primarily in particle phase. The gaseous phase dominated the scavenging of low molecular weight components, while the particle phase dominated the scavenging of high molecular weight components. The total scavenging ratios of high molecular weight components were higher than those of low molecular weight components. Wet depositing efficiencies of PAHs for gaseous and particles were correlated with rain index.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 985-991 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 384KB] ( 549 )
992 Characterization of VOCs in hospital waiting areas, Beijing
LUO Na, LIU Xiao-Yun, XIE Peng, LUO Chao-Wen, LIU Zhao-Rong
Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected from 9 waiting areas of 3 hospitals in Beijing. Sixty-five kinds of VOCs were identified and quantified by the preconcentrator-GC/MS system. The mean concentration of VOCs ranged from 123.64 to 713.22μg/m3. The major components were alkanes, alkenes and aromatics, and they accounted for 61%~98% of the total content. Ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane and isopentane were the main alkanes (above 50%).The dominating components of alkenes included ethene, propene, isoprene (about 53%~83%).79%~98% aromatics were made up of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and styrene. The distribution characteristics of aromatics among waiting areas was quite different. Xylenes (58%±24%) were the most important contributor for F waiting area, while toluene was very high in G and H waiting areas. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of VOCs concentration were above 1.0 in most sampling sites. I/O ratios of aromatics, halohydrocarbons and cyclanes were much higher than 1.0 in some sampling sites, indicating prominent indoor sources.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 992-996 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 345KB] ( 584 )
997 Impact of exposure to air pollutants on human health effects in Pearl River Delta
XIE Peng, LIU Xiao-Yun, LIU Zhao-Rong, LI Tian-Tian, ZHONG Liu-Ju, XIANG Yun-Rong
The concentrations of air pollutants were measured at 16 typical sites in Pearl River Delta, in 2006. The annual mean concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and O3 were found to reach 75, 56, 57, 53 and 44μg/m3. Epidemiological studies were collected and the Meta-analysis method was used to get the exposure-response functions for health effects on mortality of residents of air pollution in China. Poisson regression model was used to calculate the health effects attributable to air pollution in Pearl River Delta.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 997-1003 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 550KB] ( 2139 )
1004 Affects of indoor PM10 in Xuanwei on lung cell apoptosis
ZHOU Lin, SHAO Long-Yi, LIU Jun-Xia, SONG Xiao-Yan
Indoor PM10 was collected from Hutou village (high incidence area of lung cancer) and Ningjiawan village (low incidence area of lung cancer) respectively in Xuanwei Town; the model of cell apoptosis was set up by exposing the lung epithelial cells A549 to PM10, then detect the cell apoptosis by Annexin-V FITC/PI flow cytometry (FCM). Comparison of the two groups suggested that the total apoptosis rates and the mortality rates of Hutou Group increased significantly. The impact on lung cell apoptosis of indoor PM10 collected form Hutou village was larger than that from Ninjiawang village.
2010 Vol. 30 (7): 1004-1008 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 369KB] ( 710 )
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