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2009 Vol.29 Issue.1,Published 2009-01-20
1 Effect of an electric field on the fouling of the hollow fiber microfiltration membrane.
SHANG Ran, DENG Hui-Ping, ZHAO Chun, FANG Huo-Ming
A new type of electric hollow fiber membrane module was developed for laboratory scale research. The effect of an electric field on the fouling process of the hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was investigated in a new type of module. The transmembrane pressure(TMP) was increased from 0.0200 to 0.0300MPa during constant flow filtration of raw water containing 20mg/L humic acid. The test took 10 hours using a votage of 60V applied across the module and 2 hours when no voltage was applied. Under the condition of electrophoretic migration, the membrane fouling was minimized, because the motion of humic acid was directed away from membrane surface. Humic acid aggregated in an electric field and formed a loose cake layer on the membrane surface, which also relieved membrane fouling.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 1-5 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1527KB] ( 760 )
6 Pilot studies on treating Dong River water by submerged ultrafiltration membrane.
ZHANG Yan, LI Gui-Bai, CHEN Jie
With the pretreatment by coagulation-sedimentation, the best running condition for the treatment of Dong River water was investigated by submerged ultrafiltration membrane process in pilot equipment. When the air cleaning period was 24h, the membrane flux and the quality of enriched liquid were investigated. After 48h filtration, variations of membrane flux was smooth, and air cleaning was gradually losing effect. Except the 4 hours after air cleaning, the concentrations of main water quality parameters of enriched liquid were almost the same or lower than those of the inlet water of membrane equipment. On the basis of these, the variations of membrane flux were compared under three different running conditions. The running condition with 48h water cleaning period and 24h air cleaning period was the best. After running for 30 days, the average membrane flux reduced from 39.8L/(m2·h) to 30.3L/(m2·h).
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 6-10 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 397KB] ( 982 )
11 Comparison of different oxidants reducing membrane fouling.
SONG Ya-Li, DONG Bing-Zhi, GAO Nai-Yun
In order to investigate the effect of different preoxidation processes on organic matter and microfiltration (MF) membrane filtration, oxidized surface water from Huangpu River was filtrated by MF membrane. There was a significant difference among organic matter degradation by ozone, chlorine and potassium permanganate. Highest removal of DOC and UV254 of 10% and 71% were observed in ozone oxidation process with dosage in range of 0.5~3.0mg/L. Compared with ozone, removal of organic matter by chlorine and potassium permanganate were poor. Ozone could degrade high molecular matters to low molecules, and transfered hydrophobic organic to hydrophilic ones. Chemical structure alternation of organic matters greatly affected membrane filtration with membrane fouling reduced obviously, and highest value of membrane fouling reduction reached 22.7%. Chlorine and potassium permanganate only removed hydrophobic fraction slightly due to their low oxidation, thereby subdued little membrane fouling, highest value of membrane fouling reduction were 9% and 8.5%, respectively.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 11-16 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 528KB] ( 685 )
17 Research on technology and batch formula of sintering municipal sewage sludge for manufacturing haydite.
JIN Yi-Ying, DU Xin, WANG Zhi-Yu, WANG Xing-Run, NIE Yong-Feng
Sintering technology and batch formula of “anhydration-sintering” for manufacturing haydite in municipal sewage sludge were studied. The impacts of process conditions on product compression strength, hygroscopic coefficient and density were analyzed. Sintering temperature had important influence on haydite. The fitting sintering temperature was decided by the sludge percentage in batch formula, because of sludge’s low melting point, low intensity and fluxing action. The best technical scheme was as followed: the sludge percentage could reach 80% at most and the sintering process was warm-up at 350℃ for 20 minutes and sintering at 1060℃ for 15 minutes.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 17-21 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 1089 )
22 Thin layer drying characteristics and kinetics model of dewatered sludge.
JIANG Rui-Xun, LI Ai-Min, WANG Wei-Yun
The drying of sludge presently became an important procedure for sewage disposal. The thin layer drying behavior of sewage sludge was investigated in an indirect drying process and the mathematical modeling was performed by using thin layer drying models. The logarithmic model was found to show better predictions. At the same time, moisture transfer from sewage sludge was described by applying the Fick’s diffusion model. The effective diffusivity coefficient of moisture transfer varied from 8.486′10-10m2/s to 4.386′10-9m2/s over the temperature 80℃ to 150℃. In addition, the temperature dependence of the effective diffusivity coefficient was expressed by Arrhenius type relationship. The activation energy for the moisture diffusion of sludge drying was found to be 29.56 kJ/mol.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 22-25 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 353KB] ( 889 )
26 Investigation on vehicular pollution level in various transport micro-environments in Beijing.
DU Xuan, FU Li-Xin, QIU Yue-Ming, JIN Tao-Sheng
The air pollution concentration features of vehicular pollution in Beijing were investigated. CO, NO, NO2 and PM2.5 were monitored in typical transport microenvironments, including bus stop, in-bus and in-car. The distribution of NO, PM2.5 and CO concentration in microenvironments was similar. The concentrations in bus were highest, at bus stop were lowest. In bus, the CO was higher in the morning peak hours than in the afternoon peak hours. Meanwhile, CO, NO and NO2 were lower in conventional buses than in air-conditioned ones, this revealed that ventilation could improve in-bus air quality significantly. The analysis on influence factors to concentrations in cars showed that traveling in level hours, good maintenance, and using inner-circulation mode in traffic jam areas could reduce in-vehicle pollution level effectively.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 26-30 [Abstract] ( 253 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 333KB] ( 1118 )
31 Ground-based measurements of aerosol optical properties in Zhengzhou, China.
CAI Zi-Ying, ZHENG You-Fei, HU Peng, LIU Jian-Jun, SHI Guang-Yu, 吕Yan
A CE-318 automatic sun tracking spectrophotometer was used to measure direct solar radiation at Zhengzhou, China from February to September 2007. The aerosol optical depth (AOD), wavelength exponent (a) were retrieved using Bouguer-Lamber law and their seasonal and diurnal variations were studied. During the study period, the value of AOD at Zhengzhou was 0.49±0.09, 0.60±0.13, 0.76±0.20 and 1.08±0.34 at 1020, 870, 670 and 440nm, respectively. The AOD varied seasonally, with a summer maximum, a winter and autumn second place and a spring minimum. The value of a ranged between 0.37~0.69 in spring and 1.18~1.26 in summer, which indicated that the dust was principal aerosol in half of time in spring and the industry-urban aerosol dominated in summer. The diurnal variability of AOD was consistent with the diurnal variability of surface air pollution, with a maximum at 8:30 and 17:00 and a minimum at 11:30. Another smaller peak value of AOD occurred at 12:30 with the raise of temperature, but which was also lower than the values of other time.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 31-35 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 482KB] ( 1089 )
36 Adsorption kinetics of heavy metal ions on NaA zeolite synthesized from fly ash.
WANG Chun-Feng, LI Jian-Sheng, WANG Lian-Jun, SUN Xiu-Yun, HAN Wei-Qing
Single-phase zeolite NaA was synthesized from fly ash using two-stage method. The structure and performance of the products were characterized. With the static method, the adsorption properties of NaA zeolite to Cu(ΙΙ), Cr(Ⅵ) and Zn(ΙΙ) in aqueous solution was studied and adsorption mechanism was discussed from kinetic point of view. Under the experinental concentration and pH value, the equilibrium adsorption data fitted to Langmuir isotherms and the greatest adsorption capacity of Cu(ΙΙ), Cr(Ⅵ) and Zn(ΙΙ) was 82.30, 65.96 and 47.78 mg/g, respectively. The existing way and size of three heavy metal ions in aqueous solution were important influential factors on adsorption behavior. Moving Boundary Model analysis showed that the adsorption rate of Cu(ΙΙ) and Zn(ΙΙ) was mainly governed by liquid film diffusion, and intra-particle diffusion was important controlling factor for the adsorption rate of Cr(Ⅵ). The adsorption processes of three heavy metal ions followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 36-41 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 544KB] ( 1269 )
42 Isolation, identification and characteristics of a difenoconazole-degrading bacterial strain B2.
ZHENG Jin-Wei, HE Jian, WANG Zhe, NI Ying-Ying, LI Shun-Peng
A bacteria strain B2 capable of utilizing difenoconazole as sole carbon source was isolated from sludge collected from a pesticide manufacturer which has been producing difenoconazole for many years. It was identified as Ensifer sp. according to its physiological-biochemical properties and the analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU303300). Above 85% of 100mg/L difenoconazole was degraded by strain B2 within 24h. The optimal pH and temperature for degradation were 7.0 and 30~35℃ respectively. The degrading rate showed a positive correlation with the amount of initial inoculum size while a negative correlation with the initial concentration of difenoconazole. No degradation occurred if the initial concentration of difenoconazole excessed 400mg/L in mineral salt medium.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 42-46 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 437KB] ( 703 )
47 Ammonia removal by two strains of heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria.
WANG Hong-Yu, MA Fang, YANG Kai, WEI Li, SU Jun-Feng, ZHANG Xian-Xu
Two strains of heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria, ZW2 and ZW5, isolated from a bio-ceramic media reactor were studied for their characteristics of nitrification and nitrogen removal. Based on analysis of physiological and biochemical characters and sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA, strain ZW2 and ZW5 were identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Alcaligenes faecalis, respectively. The nitrification and denitrification could occur by the strains when they utilized organics. After 60h culture, the nitrogen removal rates by the strains were 43.90% and 48.52%, respectively. And COD removal rates by the strains were 67.48% and 78.21%, respectively. During the incubation process, there was almost no nitrite and low nitrate accumulation. Therefore, the two heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria had aerobic denitrification ability.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 47-52 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 356KB] ( 1183 )
53 Effects of several nanooxides on the hatching rate of zebrafish embryos.
LIU Hong-Yun, BAI Wei, ZHANG Zhi-Yong, HU You-Biao, ZHAO Yu-Liang, LIU Nian-Qing
The ecotoxicological impacts of nanooxides (nano-ZnO, nano-TiO2, nano-Fe2O3, nano-Fe3O4 and nano-SiO2) were studied by observing the hatching rate of zebrafish embryos at 96h. Different nanooxides had different effects on hatching rate of zebrafish embryos, suggesting that the toxicity was much related to their own components. Nano-ZnO decreased the hatching rate of embryos in a concentration-dependent way and had a higher toxicity. At low concentration, the inhibition of nano-ZnO on embryo hatching was more severe than Zn2+ of the same concentration, probably due to its own special properties. The hatching rate of zebrafish embryos did not affected by nano-Fe2O3 at low conentration, but was inhibited at high concentration. Other nanooxides, including nano-TiO2, nano-Fe3O4 and nano-SiO2, had little effect on embryo hatching.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 53-57 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 614KB] ( 1378 )
58 Toxic effects of galaxolide and cadmium on Daphnia magna under polluting flow conditions containing soil-water interfaces from urban areas.
CHEN Fang, ZHOU Qi-Xing
The polluting flow containing soil-water interfaces from urban areas was simulated under laboratory conditions in order to better evaluate the toxicity of contaminants in natural water. Single and joint toxicity of galaxolide and cadmium were evaluated to Daphnia magna in waters containing suspended solids and suspended solids-free water. EC50 of Daphnia magna in waters containing suspended solids exposed to galaxolide at 24h and 48h was 2.455 and 1.187 mg/L, and that exposed to Cd was 0.384 and 0.304 mg/L, respectively. In suspended solids -free water EC50 of Daphnia magna exposed to galaxolide at 24h and 48h was 0.533 and 0.189mg/L, and that exposed to Cd was 0.359 and 0.244 mg/L, respectively. Using the 1:1 toxicity method, while the exposure time was 24h and 48h, the joint toxicity of galaxolide and Cd was antagonistic in waters containing suspended solids, respectively. However, in suspended solids-free water it was synergistic, respectively.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 58-62 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 335KB] ( 790 )
63 Variety difference of lead accumulation and translocation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica peckinensis L.).
LIU Wei-Tao, ZHOU Qi-Xing, SUN Yue-Bing, LIU Rui
Pot-culture experiments were carried out to study variety difference of lead accumulation and translocation in 15 Chinese cabbage cultivars, which aimed to screen out Chinese cabbage cultivars with low Pb accumulation. There was significant variety difference (P0.05) under different Pb treatments, which indicated that Chinese cabbage cultivars showed tolerance to Pb toxicity to a certain extent. Based on Pb concentration in aboveground parts, the TF and tolerance to Pb, Diyichunbao was considered as the potential cabbage cultivar with low accumulation of Pb.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 63-67 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 359KB] ( 865 )
68 A simulation on spectral characteristics variations of dissolved organic matter during the blooms of brackish-water algae
ZHU Xiao-Min, HUANG Qing-Hui, LI Jian-Hua
The blooming process of Skeletonema Costatum in Chongming North Lake, a brackish lake in the Yangtze Estuary was simulated. Spectral characteristics variations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during the blooms were studied by analysis on the UV-visible absorption spectra (a355) and three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM). Absorption coefficients increased during the blooms and seven fluorophores representing for protein-like and humic-like components of DOM were found. The fluorescence increases of various fluorophores continued even though the algae began to die. Significant linear relationships were found between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and humic-like fluorescence intensities, and between absorption coefficients (a355) and humic-like fluorescence intensities. The protein-like fluorophores of high and low excitation appeared homogeneous. The increase of fluorescence index and protein-like fluorescence signal suggested that bacteria could play an important role in the production of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Compared with the results from experiment under germfree treatment, it was implied that microbe might turn the non-fluorescence matter produced by algae into CDOM.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 68-72 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 340KB] ( 973 )
73 Distribution of biogenic silica in Scirpus mariqueter of Chongming eastern tidal flat and its seasonal changes.
CHEN Hui, LIU Min, HOU Li-Jun, XU Shi-Yuan, YAN Hui-Min, LIN Xiao
The content and distribution of biogenic silica (BSi) in salt marsh plants (Scirpus mariqueter) from Chongming east tidal flat were studied by using Na2CO3 sequential extraction method. The significant seasonal variations of BSi were observed in Scirpus mariqueter, and BSi in salt marsh plants was characterized by its progressive accumulation in biomass. The contents of BSi ranged from 0.26%~0.93%, 0.31%~0.92% and 0.24%~0.43% in the over-ground biomass, under-ground biomass and fruits, respectively. BSi was mainly deposited in the leaves and significantly affected by the plant (or leaf ) age. Significant correlation was found between BSi in rhzioshperic sediments and in salt marsh plants, which indicated that salt marsh plant initiatively absorbed silicon from the sediments. Additionally, there were obvious relationships of BSi in over-ground and under-ground biomass with ON, C/N, sediment temperature, plant height.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 73-77 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 358KB] ( 676 )
78 Application of SVM on Chl-a concentration retrievals in Taihu Lake.
ZHANG Yu-Chao, QIAN Xin, QIAN Yu, LIU Jian-Ping, KONG Fan-Xiang
Considering limited monitoring points in lakes, support vector machines (SVM) was chosen to retrieve chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration with MODIS data. In this research, 29 monitoring points of Taihu Lake in August, 2005 were divided into training and testing group and validating group. 4 SVM models, a linear regression model, a principle component analysis (PCA) model and an artificial neural net (ANN) model were constructed using traning and testing group. Validation data was used to compare with other 3 models and SVM model. The retrieving precision of ANN model and SVM model were both better than the other two models, especially the average relative error of SVM model was only 15.91%, and 10% lower than ANN model. Chl-a distribution of Taihu Lake on Aug 15, 2005 was retrieved synchronously using SVM model and ANN model. At last, the main factors affecting the distribution of chl-a were discussed.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 78-83 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 898KB] ( 786 )
84 Effects of land-use type on soil organic matter and carbon management index in Ziwuling area.
QIU Li-Ping, ZHANG Xing-Chang, CHENG Ji-Min
The soil organic matter, soil labile organic matter and soil carbon management index(CMI) at different land use conditions in Ziwuling area were studied. The objective was to reveal changes of soil organic matter fraction and their corresponding carbon management indexes as affected by land use patterns. The contents of soil organic matter and three labile organic matter contents decreased with the increase of soil depth, and presented the order of forest land, unploughed abandon land > ploughed abandon land > farmland in soil profile. Within the same depth, three labile organic matter contents and their efficiency ratios followed the order of low labile organic matter > middle labile organic matter > high labile organic matter. With the increase of organic matter activity, the efficiency ratios of three labile organic matters presented the order of unploughed abandon land > forest land > ploughed abandon land > farmland trend in profile soil. In the 0~30cm soil depth, the CMIs of low labile organic matters were markedly higher in forestry land than that in ploughed abandon land and farmland, but showed little difference in soils below 30 cm. However, the CMIs of middle and high labile organic matters were always present the order of forest > ploughed abandon land > farmland in the whole soil profile. The statistical analysis showed that the three labile organic matters were related with major soil properties at significant or very significant level, indicating that labile organic matter could be used to reveal the influence of land use on soil organic matter and carbon management index in Ziwuling area.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 84-89 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 328KB] ( 1007 )
90 Economic cost of soil erosion from grassland degradation in Qinghai Province.
YU Fang, ZHU Wen-Quan, CAO Dong, WANG Jin-南
The concept of economic cost of grassland degradation in response to the need of calculating the economic cost due to ecological damage by the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting was proposed and the comprehensive estimation method for the economic cost of grassland soil erosion was established. This method took grassland coverage rate as an important ecological parameter, which was computed based on remote sensing data. A case study on Qinghai Province showed that the economic cost of grassland soil erosion in 2006 in Qinghai Province was 18.52 billion Yuan and average value was 45900Yuan/km2.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 90-94 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 632KB] ( 754 )
95 Impact assessment of land use change in center district of Shanghai based on ecosystem services value.
CHENG Jiang, YANG Kai, ZHAO Jun, WU Jian-Ping
Based on Costanza’s unit ecosystem services value (ESV) and specific situation of China, the variation of ecosystem services (ES) caused by land use change was assessed in center district of Shanghai from 1947 to 2006. The total ESV decreased 87.96% from 1947 to 2006. The changing process of ESV could be divided into gradual decreased period, rapid decreased period, slowing decreased period and gradual increased period. In the four periods, the variations of ESV were -278.90×104,-2451.60×104, -88.89×104 and 36.66×104 yuan/a, respectively. Except 4 categories: erosion control and sediment retention, refugia, cultural, and disturbance regulation, the ESV of the other 13 categories were all decreased. In the recent 20 years, the rapid increases of green open space area and cover rate were the major reasons which induced the ESV of refugia, erosion control and sediment retention increased greatly. Because of the water area disappeared continuously, the ESV of water regulation and water supply decreased mostly among the 13 decreased categories of ecosystem services, and the contribution rates of the 2 categories to the total ESV variation were 63.74% and 24.33%, respectively. The ESV of green open space, residential district and public building were increased besides of water. The ESV of green open space increased most quickly with a 19.45% annual growth rate among all land use types. The contribution rates of water, cultivated land, green open space, residential district and public building to the variation of total ESV in center district were 99.57%, 5.09%, -4.09%, -0.34% and -0.22%, respectively.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 95-100 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 432KB] ( 1013 )
101 The study on China's carbon tax policy to mitigate climate change.
WANG Jin-南, YAN Gang, JIANG Ke-Juan, LIU Lan-Cui, YANG Jin-Tian, GE Cha-Zhong
Carbon tax was an effective policy tool to cope with the climate change and promote energy saving and emission reduction. A Computable General Equilibrium Model was set up to simulate the influence of levy carbon tax on China's macro-economy, energy saving and CO2 emission reduction. Low rate carbon tax was a feasible option in China's near future. Lower carbon tax rate have smaller influence on the economic development of China, but can lead to obvious CO2 emission reduction. In order to build China’s carbon tax system, implement the targets of energy-saving and emission reduction, a carbon tax implementation scheme was designed.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 101-105 [Abstract] ( 395 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 335KB] ( 3584 )
106 Pollution footprint contrastive analysis on industrial import and export in China.
GAO Ji-Xi, FAN Xiao-杉
The pollution footprint model was built on the basis of the input-output analysis to measure the discharge coefficient and amount of 6 pollutants in 20 Chinese industrial sectors. The domestic worsening environmental problem was closed linked with industrial exports, the industrial sectors with trade surplus COD and SO2 discharge coefficient was obviously higher than those with trade deficit. The inflow of pollution footprints came mainly from the net export of paper and non-metallic mineral industry, and the outflow of pollution footprints came mainly from the net import of the chemical industry. The net inflow of COD was 310000 tons and the net outflow of SO2 was 488700 tons, the pollution footprints of other pollutants were approximately balanced in 2002.
2009 Vol. 29 (1): 106-112 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 564KB] ( 978 )
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