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2009 Vol.29 Issue.2,Published 2009-02-20
113 Comparision between two confidence intervals of dose-response relationships.
ZHU Xiang-Wei, LIU Shu-Shen, GE Hui-Lin, LIU Yan
Random error exists not only in toxicity experiments but also in the fitting of dose-response curves (DRC). It is, therefore, very important to rationally characterize the dose-response relationship and its confidence interval (CI). In the present research, the basic principles of the function-based confidence interval (FCI) and the observation-based confidence interval (OCI) were explained on the basis of the nonlinear least square fitting of DRC. p-Chlorophenol and an equipotent concentration ratio mixture were taken as example to illustrate why the FCI used in most literatures can not describe the uncertainty of experimental data efficiently. Therefore, to really reflect the uncertainty in toxicity test, the OCI should be selected as an alternative to characterize DRC. Thus, patterns of mixture toxic action (PMTA) might be induced from the comparison of the experimental OCI with the toxicity values predicted by dose addition (DA) and independent action (IA). It is suggested that the OCI should be sufficiently taken into account in the analysis of PMTA such as synergism, antagonism, IA and DA.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 113-117 [Abstract] ( 351 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 482KB] ( 2311 )
118 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyl in surface sediments of Taihu Lake: the distribution, sources and risk assessment.
CHEN Yan-Yan, YIN Ying, WANG Xiao-Rong, GUO Hong-Yan, CHEN She-Jun, MAI Bi-Xian
Eighteen surface sediment samples were collected from Taihu Lake and analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) with GC-EI-MS. The concentrations of 28 PAH compounds detected ranged from 90.6 to 1.04′103 ng/g, with the highest concentration observed in sediments of Zhushanhu Lake. Concentrations of 16 PAHs identified as priority pollutants was in the range of 63.1~885ng/g. The PCBs concentrations ranged from 1.35 to 13.8 ng/g, and the highest concentration was found in Xintanggang area. The PAHs in the study area were mainly originated from pyrogenic source as indicated by the ratios of PAH homologues, factor analysis and multiple line regression. Furthermore, the combustion of coal or wood and the combustion of oil accounted for 45% and 50% of the total PAHs in the surface sediments, respectively. The PCB homologue profiles indicated that the source of PCBs in sediments was a mixture of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254. The total dioxin equivalents of PAHs and PCBs in the sediments from Taihu Lake ranged from 0.64 to 3.35 pg/g. The risk evaluation suggestsed that the PAHs and PCBs in the sediments of the study area might pose little harm to the environment.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 118-124 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 449KB] ( 1831 )
125 Phosphorus species and distribution characteristics in sediment of Nansi Lake.
WANG Yan-Wen, YUE Qin-Yan, LIU Qing, LI Zhi-Jian, GAO Bao-Yu
By the method of sequential extraction, various species of phosphorus were extracted and determined on each sediment samples in the downstream Nansi Lake and its inflows. Distribution characteristics of phosphorus species in surface sediments and sediment cores were analysed. There was no significant regularity in the horizontal distribution of phosphorus species, but there existed obvious variances in contents. Bio-available phosphorus (BA-P), sum of exchangeable phosphorus (Ex-P), Al bound phosphorus (Al-P) and iron bound phosphorus (Fe-P), accounted for 41%~65% of the total extracted phosphorus in the sediments, suggesting a high bio-availability in the surface sedimentary phosphorus. There was large content of bio-available phosphorus in sediment cores, which was mainly consisted of Ex-P and Fe-P but less Al-P. The contents of occlude phosphorus (Oc-P), auto-calcium-bound phosphorus (Aca-P), debris phosphorus (De-P) and organic phosphorus (Or-P) were quite stable in sediment cores comparatively. Inorganic phosphorus was the overwhelmingly dominant species in both surface sediments and sediment cores, indicated that sediments in Nansi Lake was mainly deposited by inorganic phase.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 125-129 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 850 )
130 Heavy metal pollution characteristics and assessment of rice grain from a typical high risk area of Changshu City, Jiangsu Province.
HANG Xiao-Shuai, ZHOU Jian-Min, WANG Huo-Yan
In order to concern about safety of food from Yangtze River Delta, one of rapidly developing regions in China, 155 rice grain samples were collected from high risk area in 10 towns of Changshu City in South Jiangsu in 2005. Analysis methods of ICP-AES and HG-AFS were used to determine content of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg and As in rice flesh and hull samples. According to relative national standards of China and human health risk assessment, pollution and safety of rice flesh and hull in study area were evaluated. There was an identity between the sequence of heavy metals in rice flesh and hull of 10 study towns, and the distribution characteristics of some metals in rice flesh and hull of these towns were different. Some heavy metals in rice flesh were correlated with them in hull, especially Cu, Zn and Ni. Pb, Hg, As and Cd in some rice flesh were above the national standards when evaluated with single factor index method. Pb exceeded the standard seriously by 29.7%, followed with Hg (20.6%). As and Pb in some hull were above the national standards, they exceeded their standards by 3.2% and 1.3%, respectively. The composite pollution indexes of rice flesh ranged from 0.30 to 3.50, and 28.4% of them were contaminated with metals. The highest arithmetical mean composite pollution index (1.42) was found in Xingang town, which could be categorized as light pollution. However, other towns could be regarded as no pollution from the means of them. The composite pollution indexes of hull ranged from 0.15 to 2.46, and 3.2% of them were polluted. From the means all towns were in security. Results of exposure risk assessment for the rice flesh suggesting that rice grown in Changshu posed Cu and Zn potential risk to food safety and rice from some towns possessed Pb potential risk.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 130-135 [Abstract] ( 313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 347KB] ( 1130 )
136 Effects of lead polluted water on activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ultrastructure in leaves of Trapa bicornis seedlings.
LI Da-Hui
To investigate the lead toxicity on water caltrop (Trapa bicornis Osbeck), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), ultrastructure in leaves of seedlings, treated with different concentration of lead solution, were analyzed. The SOD activity was initially stimulated and then inhibited with increasing lead concentration. Under high lead concentration (15 mg/L and 20 mg/L), POD activity presented the same tendency as that in SOD analysis, but it increased continually in lower series of lead concentration (5mg/L and 10 mg/L). Ultrastructural damage in the leaf cells, treated with 20 mg/L lead, was observed under transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the total DNA extracted from these lead-treated leaves showed a remarkable smear by agarose gel electrophoresis, indicating that the cell death was distinct from the so-called programmed cell death (PCD) characterized by a DNA ladder. Based on these results, lead stress exert its toxicity on the seedlings through multiple cross pathways, including inhibition of physiological and biochemical function, damage of celluar structures at molecule and organelle levels.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 136-141 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1612KB] ( 957 )
142 Cadmium tolerance and proline accumulation in Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell.
SUN Rui-Lian, WANG Wen-Xing, ZHOU Qi-Xing
Changes in the biomass, contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), chlorophyll and free proline in the Cd-hyperaccumulator Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell., in particular, the relationships of free proline with Cd accumulation were investigated using pot-culture experiments and compared with a closely related species Rorippa islandica. Application of Cd significantly increased the content of free proline in both R. globosa and R. islandica. There was a significant increase in the level of free proline in leaves of R. globosa treated with 10 and 25μg/g Cd. Moreover, there were no change in biomass of R. globosa leaves, the level of MDA and the content of chlorophyll compared with the control. It could be thus suggested that free proline might play an important role against oxidative stress caused by Cd. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that free proline in roots of R. globosa and in whole tissues of R. islandica might act as the indication of Cd hyperaccumulation.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 142-146 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 1091 )
147 The mutual allelopathy of Vallisneria spiralis Linn. and Microcystis aeruginosa.
CHEN Wei-Min, ZHANG Qing-Min, DAI Shu-Gui
Mutual allelopathy between Vallisneria spiralis Linn. and Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated through co-culture and separate culture, excluding the effects of bacteria and nutrient. Vallisneria spiralis Linn. could inhibit growth of M. aeruginosa, and M. aeruginosa could inhibit the growth of Vallisneria spiralis Lin only under shading conditions. In present study, accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease of chlorophyll a contents of M. aeruginosa were observed, indicating the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of photosynthesis might be the cause of the growth inhibition of alga. However, inhibition of Vallisneria spiralis Linn growth might due to decrease of chlorophyll a contents and M. aeruginosa shading.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 147-151 [Abstract] ( 374 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 392KB] ( 1615 )
152 Determination of environmental estrogenic activity of four pyrethroid pesticides.
BING Xin, RU Shao-Guo
The induction of vitellogenin (VTG) of male goldfish (Carassius auratus) by four pyrethroid pesticides was investigated, attempting to determine whether these pesticides have environmental estrogenic activity. Goldfish were exposed to fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin (0.1 mg/L) and cypermethrin (0.5 mg/L) for 21d, respectively. The blood of each goldfish collected from caudal vessel and the VTG production in male fish was detected through Western-blotting analysis. The gonadosomatic index and the activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed. All the four pesticides significantly induced the synthesis of VTG in male goldfish. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin decreased gonadosomatic index, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin and cypermethrin inhibited the activity of γ-GTP and LDH markedly, suggesting that fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin and cypermethrin have the potential of environmental estrogenic activity and reproductive toxicity.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 152-156 [Abstract] ( 310 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 462KB] ( 978 )
157 Chemical components and transport mechanics of wind-erodible playa sediments, Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang.
LIU Dong-Wei, JI Li-Li-×A-Bu-Du-Wai-Li, MU Gui-Jin, XU Jun-Rong
Severe salt dust storms in north-western Xinjiang became frequent with the desiccation of the Ebinur Lake, and caused severe ecological consequences. With the intention of reducing the dust, the chemical composition of some main soils/sediment surfaces in the primary dust production zone were examined and the transport of aqueous-soluble solutes in dust were investigated. Sulfate and chloride were main evaporite minerals in the 0~5cm layer of surface crusts on the lake bottom. The content of aqueous-soluble solutes in aeolian dust showed a significant interaction with dust trap location and time of collection. Wind erosion of the lake bed and salt dust storm occurred frequently in the spring and autumn; dust collectors on the near-dust sources area, such as Jinghe, generally contained significantly more aqueous-soluble solutes and had greater total flux of solutes, then decreased with distance downwind and time. Chloride was found to deposit earlier than sulfate.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 157-162 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 556KB] ( 1513 )
163 Ecological environment condition evaluation of estuarine area based on quantitative remote sensing—a case study in Kenli County.
MENG Yan, ZHAO Geng-Xing
Ecological environment of Kenli County was quantitatively evaluated by using CBERS multi-spectral image and applying quantitative remote sensing techniques. Indices of land degradation, vegetation, water density and human activity, which reflect conditions of ecological environment were extracted. Overall ecological environment of Kenli was relatively poor. Areas included in excellent and good lands only accounted for 24.64% of the whole county, which mainly distributed in the northeastern forest land and the southwestern and central agricultural land. 44.08% of the whole county belonged to moderate grade, which distributed in the eastern coastal beach and sparsely in the western,central and northeastern agricultural land. The poor and inferior lands accounted for 30.12% of the whole county, which mainly distributed in the central and the northern salt wasteland.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 163-167 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1107KB] ( 1174 )
168 Analysis of four sides signaling game for EIA in China.
PU Xiao, CHENG Hong-Guang, GONG Li, QI Ye, HAO Fang-Hua
According to present situation in the executing process of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) that the environmental quality experienced sustainable deterioration with the increasing executing rate of EIA, the relationships among EIA participants were determined by their economic relations based on environmental economic theories, concretely the transaction costs and economic income. Signaling game of classical game theory was selcected to describe EIA process in China. Activities of the participants including government, Enterprises, EIA organizations and the public was annlyzed, and game equilibrium solutions was concluded. Finally, the methods to transform present equilibrium to the optimal one was gained. There existed two equilibrium solutions: pursuing economical benefits unilaterally which present situation lies in, and sustainable development which accorded with social development. After the public participated in the model, results of changes at total benefits and total costs showed that a perfect public participating system might realize equilibrium transforming.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 168-174 [Abstract] ( 304 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 716KB] ( 1014 )
175 Release characteristics of heavy metals in cement product from co-processing waste in cement kiln.
YANG Yu-Fei, YANG Yu, HUANG Qi-Fei, WANG Qi
Clinker used in this experiment was produced by simulating cement calcination test, and concrete samples were prepared from the clinker. The release characteristics of heavy metals in concrete was studied by using two leaching methods, EA NEN 7371 and EA NEN7375. Availabilities of the heavy metals were lower than the total amounts in concrete. Ratios of availability to total amount were of great difference among each heavy metal and the ratio of Ni(64.6%) was the biggest among five heavy metals(Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb). The major release mechanism of the Cr, Ni, and Cd was diffusion control and the release curves fitted the standard line well with a slope of 0.5 and that of different increments were all between 0.35 and 0.65. Leaching of As appeared delayed-stagnant phenomena initially, but diffusion control was still the major mechanism in middle and later leaching period. Release of Pb was controlled by solution and influenced significantly by eluates pH. The negative logarithm of diffusion coefficient of each heavy metals changed as the following order: Pb
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 175-180 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 542KB] ( 1798 )
181 Digestibility improvement of aspen leaf with alkaline hydrothermal pretreatment.
WANG Hao, WANG Hong-Tao
Effect of alkaline hydrothermal pretreatment on liquefaction, hydrolysis and digestibility of fallen aspen leaves was investigated by biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays. The solubilization and hydrolysis were significantly enhanced, especially for hemi-cellulose and protein. The SCOD and acetic acid concentration were 31.7g/L and 1533mg/L after pretreatment at 170℃, and formation pathways of acetic acid were proposed with mechanism analysis. The specific biogas production increase was highest in BMP assays. The semi-dry digestion system functioned steadily with the feed of hydrolysate, and methane conversion ratio on carbon basis was enhanced to 25.3% at loading rate of 2.65g/(L×d).
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 181-185 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 346KB] ( 912 )
186 Effect of phosphorus release from iron pipe wall on biostability in water distribution system.
BAI Xiao-Hui, XU Wen-Jun
In order to study the phosphorus release from the cement-lined pipe and its implication for biostability of drinking water, a new and an old cement lined iron pipe were applied to study the content of phosphorus in cement liner and iron pipe, phosphorus release to the water and variation of assimilable organic carbon(AOC), heterotrophic plate counts(HPC) and microbial available phosphorus(MAP) in pipe water. Existence of phosphorus and many other trace elements for microbial regrowth was observed. Both kinds of iron pipes could release microbial available phosphorus into the water while the old pipe could release more phosphorus than the new one. AOC and HPC in the old pipe were higher than those in the new pipe. The new pipe obviously influenced pH value in the water, but the influence was gradually weakened.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 186-190 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 338KB] ( 1192 )
191 Isolation, identification and characteristics of quinone compounds enhancing dye-decolorizing bacterium.
JIAO Ling, 吕Hong , ZHOU Ji-Ti, CUI De-Tao, WANG Jing
In the presence of quinone compounds, a strain (designated as JL) with the capacity to decolorize azo dyes was isolated. The strain was identified as Bacillus cereus JL based on morphological, 16S rDNA and 16S-23S spacer region sequence analysis. The optimal conditions for the decolorization of Acid Red 3R by strain JL were: 1g/L glucose, pH 5~7, 30℃, inoculation amount 0.25g/L. Anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS), anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (Lawsone) could improve the decolorization rate of Acid Red 3R,and AQS was most effective. Addition of 0.1 mmol/L AQS significantly increased the decolorization rate of 2.0mmol/L Acid Red 3R by strain JL,and the strain could decolorize other six azo dyes. According to the decolorization product of Acid Red 3R identified using HPLC-MS, strain JL could make cleavage for azo bond and AQS only acted as redox mediator in whole process.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 191-195 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 476KB] ( 682 )
196 Compound bioflocculant produced by using rice straw as substrate.
MA Fang, ZHANG Hui-Wen, LI Da-Peng, WEI Li, HOU Ning
Compound bioflocculant was produced from rice straws as carbon sources through two-step fermentation: rice straws were degraded by cellulose degradation bacterium HIT-3; flocculating bacterium F2-F6 produced bioflocculant from straws saccharifying liquid.The output was quantitatively analyzed. After NaOH-pretreated,the reduced suger yield of rice straws achieved to 10.6%, cellulase activity reached to maximum 0.13U/mL, TOC in fermentation liquid gradually increased while TN gradually decreased, rice straws were well degraded. Flocculation rate of bioflocculants by using rice straws as carbon sources was 90%. Feeding nitrogen source could improve efficiency of flocculation and reduce the fermentation time. Flocculation rate of bioflocculants reached to 95%. The production of compound bioflocculant was 44kg.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 196-200 [Abstract] ( 264 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 352KB] ( 1192 )
201 Flocculation mechanism and oil removal performance of dithiocarbamate.
JIA Yu-Yan, GAO Bao-Yu-*Lu-Lei, WANG Xiao-Ning, XU Xiu-Ming
Two dithiocarbamate-type flocculants, DTC-1 and DTC-2, were synthesized with two amine-terminated polyether compounds, Jeffamine-T403 and Jeffamine-D230. The molecular structures of the products were characterized by infrared spectra. The effects of DTCs￠ molecular structures, dosage and ferrous ion concentration on both turbidity removal in the kaolite suspensions and zeta potential were investigated to elucidate the flocculation mechanism. The net capturing of coordination supramolecular polymer, which was formed by DTC and Fe2+ chelating, was identified to be the main flocculation mechanism. Flocculation performance was found to be worse when Fe3+ was used as the chelating ion instead of Fe2+. In addition, 20mg/L DTC-1 with 10mg/L Fe2+ was able to decrease the oil concentrations from 93.9, 404.3, 878.6mg/L to 1.1, 3.2, 6.4mg/L, respectively.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 201-206 [Abstract] ( 329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 386KB] ( 1801 )
207 Biological advanced nitrogen removal from landfill leachate of high concentration nitrogen by anoxic/anaerobic UASB-sequencing batch reactor (SBR) at low temperature.
SUN Hong-Wei, PENG Yong-Zhen, SHI Xiao-Ning, ZHANG Shu-Jun, YANG Qing, CHEN Ying
The treatment of real leachate from municipal landfill with high chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N) content was investigated by using lab-scale anoxic/anaerobic up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB)-sequencing batch reactor (SBR) combined process. COD and nitrogen effectively was removed simultaneously and effectively by the biological system, average COD and NH4+-N of influent could be reduced from 11950.2mg/L and 982.7mg/L to 390.1mg/L and 2.9mg/L, respectively. The maximum organic loading rate of anoxic UASB reactor reached 13 kg/(m3·d), and the maximum organic removal rate was 12.39 kg/(m3·d). Denitrification efficiency in the anoxic phase of SBR and in the anoxic UASB was above 99%. Under the lower water temperature conditions at 14.9, 14.1, 13.5 and 11.05 ℃ in winter, complete nitrification and denitrification was achieved in SBR reactor, the effluent TN was below 16.5mg/L. In addition, it was also indicated the influence of temperature was greater for denitrification rate (rDN) than for nitrification rate(rN), however, the rN/rDN ratio was relatively constant in a certain temperature range.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 207-212 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 472KB] ( 1067 )
213 MWNTs/TiO2 composite functional membranes and their adsorption properties.
LIU Li-Fen, ZHENG Guo-Hua, YANG Feng-Lin
Series of composite functional membranes, containing adsorptive multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs), and photocatalytic TiO2, based on polyethylene (PET) filter cloth, were prepared by using a sol-gel and dip-coating method. The membrane could remove low concentration (10mg/L) BPA (bisphenol A) efficiently from simulate polluted water sample. With the proportional increase of MWNTs to MWNTs+TiO2 (17.6%, 29.9%, 46.0%), removal rate of BPA increased accordingly. The adsorbed BPA on the saturated membrane could be removed by 2h (20W 254nm) UV-Fenton oxidation reaction. Repeated adsorption and HPLC analysis proved that the adsorption capacity of the studied membrane could be regenerated successfully, despite the detachment of MWNTs/TiO2 occurred when ultrasonically treated.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 213-218 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 726KB] ( 834 )
219 Coupling process of partial nitrification and ANAMMOX for treatment of sludge liquor
MA Fu-Guo, ZHANG Shu-Jun, CAO Xiang-Sheng, GAN Yi-Ping, MENG Xue-Zheng, WANG Hong-Chen, PENG Yong-Zhen
An experimental system consists of an anoxic biological filter, an aerobic suspended carrier biofilm reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor. Autotrophic nitrogen removal from sludge liquor with high concentrations of ammonia and low C/N ratio was investigated in the system. Under normal temperature (15~29℃) and high DO (6~9mg/L), the effluent ratio of nitrite to ammonium of the nitritation reactor could be adjusted to meet influent substrate demand of the ANAMMOX reactor by controlling influent ammonia loading rate (ALR), alkalinity/ammonium ratio, and hydraulic retention time (HRT). When influent ALR and alkalinity/ammonium ratio were 1.16kg/(m3·d) and 5.1, effluent ratio of nitrite to ammonium of the nitritation reactor was about 1.2 with more than 90% of nitrite accumulation efficiency and total nitrogen removal efficiency of the ANAMMOX reactor was about 83.8%.
2009 Vol. 29 (2): 219-224 [Abstract] ( 335 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 1377 )
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