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2009 Vol.29 Issue.4,Published 2009-04-20
337 Total and synergistic impacts of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions on ozone–examples in East Asia in spring and summer.
QU Yu, AN Jun-Ling
The factor separation technique was used as a tool to quantify the pure and synergistic contributions from emissions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx), anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs, BVOCs) to the surface ozone concentrations of 2000 based on the regional air quality model (RAQM). photochemistry played an important role in the formation of daily maximum ozone. The emission impacts show significantly seasonal and regional difference. In most areas of Northern China, the largest contribution occurred in summer, while in the south of China (below 30°N) it was influenced by the Asian monsoon system and was smallest in summer. The interaction between AVOCs and NOx, BVOCs and NOx enhanced ozone concentrations. The synergistic contribution between AVOCs and NOx displayed a distinct seasonal cycle and had a summer minimum in most areas of Southern China. The interaction between BVOCs and NOx showed much difference in north and south China. In spring the higher value appeared in the south, while the interaction had a summer maximum in the north. This suggests that difference in locations and seasons should be considered besides emissions of NOx and VOCs in O3 reductions.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 337-344 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1413KB] ( 791 )
345 Biogenic VOCs emission inventory and its temporal and spatial characteristics in the Pearl River Delta area.
ZHENG Jun-Yu, ZHENG Zhuo-Yun, WANG Zhao-Li, ZHONG Liu-Ju, WU Dui
The GloBEIS model was utilized to analyse regional biogenic VOCs(BVOC) emission inventory of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in 2006, based on the use of observed meteorological data and the remote-sensing image interpretation of land use and vegetation. The annual total emission amount of biogenic VOCs in the PRD was about 296kt in which isoprene accouned for 73.0kt (24.7%), and monoterpenes for 102 kt (34.4%). The biogenic VOCs emission had strong seasonal characteristics with maximum emissions in summer which accounted for 40.5% of whole year emission, while the minimum occurred in winter which accounted for 11.1%. The spatial distribution of BVOC emission mainly depends on land use and vegetation types, mostly located in less urbanized region and dense forest area. The uncertainty sources of estimating PRD regional BVOCs emissions were discussed.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 345-350 [Abstract] ( 321 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1173KB] ( 1871 )
351 Characterization and relationship of long-term visibility and air pollutant changes in the Hongkong region.
LIN Sheng-Qun, LIN Mang, WAN Jun-Ming, CHEN Zun-Yu, SANG Xue-Fang
40 years (1968~2007) visibility and 24 years (1984~2007) air quality monitoring data from Hongkong were analyzed to examine the relationship between atmospheric environmental degradation in terms of reduced visibility (RV) and air pollutant concentration change by multiple regression analysis method. The time with RV in Hongkong increased 3.1% during 1968~2007. The increase trend was mild during 1968~1989 (0.7% per decade), but being sharp from the 1990s (1990~2007, 7.3% per decade), simultaneously with increase in surface ozone concentration. Time with RV correlated well with NO2 and NOx before 1993, but with O3, SO2 and NO2 after 1993. The visibility degradation in Hongkong related to photochemical smog before 1993, but afterwards, it was also affected by aerosol smog associated with sulfate besides photochemical smog.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 351-356 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 1059 )
357 Study on removing NOx by plasma combined with modified attapulgite clay catalyst.
CHEN Ming-Gong, YAN Ling-Yan, WANG Xiao-Yan, LIU Tao, ZHANG Hong-Liu, GAO Dao-He-Ze, SHUI Ye-Zhang
The way of plasma combined with modified attapulgite clay catalyst was adopted to remove NOx and investigations for effect of input voltage of plasma reactor and calcining temperature of attapulgite clay on NO and NOx removal ratio were presented. When the input voltage was smaller then 30 kV it had a little infection on NO and NOx removal ratio, but as the input voltage was bigger than 30 kV, with the input voltage increasing the NO and NOx removal ratio enhance. when calcining temperature was smaller than 400℃, the attapulgite clay activated insufficient. when the temperature bigger than 600℃, some parts of the clay would be fused and agglomerated, so the NO and NOx removal ratio was lower. When the temperature was 400~600℃, the activation of attapulgite clay could reach the best form. The maximum value of NOx removal ratio was 89.6% under the condition of input voltage bigger than 30 kV and the temperature at 400~600℃.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 357-361 [Abstract] ( 186 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 813KB] ( 516 )
362 Study on photocatalytic removal of formaldehyde from air using PANi/TiO2-SiO2 composite catalyst.
LIU Li-Fen, ZHAO Shi-Bo, YANG Feng-Lin
To improve the photocatalytic efficiency in removing formaldehyde from indoor air, coated composite PANi (polyaniline)/TiO2-SiO2 on stainless steel was studied for its formaldehyde adsorption capacity and synergetic photocatalytic effect. Composite PANi/TiO2-SiO2was formed by adsorption of organic acid or hydrochloric acid doped PANi in solution,and characterized by FTIR and UV-Vis spectra, the later showed extended absorbency well into the visible wavelength range; Cyclic voltammetry curves proved that PANi was stable and the adsorption of formaldehyde on PAni resulted in the occurrence of formaldehyde related electrochemical peak. The effect of catalyst coating times, concentrations of PANi solution during adsorption and PANi doping acid(organic acid, hydrochloric acid) on photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde were investigated under UV irradiation. Loading three layers TiO2-SiO2 and immersing in 0.26g/L HCl doped PANi/THF solution produced the best photocatalyst with the highest activity under UV, which was 3 times the formaldehyde removal rate of a TiO2-SiO2 film without PANi. The PANi/TiO2-SiO2 doped with organic acid had faster initial formaldehyde oxidation rate than that doped with inorganic acid, but the final removal rate was same. The photocatalytic oxidation activity of formaldehyde under visible light was proved for PANi/TiO2-SiO2 in removing formaldehyde from air, though lower than the activity under UV. Formaldehyde removal rate was faster at lower concentration.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 362-367 [Abstract] ( 347 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 563KB] ( 814 )
368 Analysis of the filterability of mixed sludge under low nutrition in MBR.
ZHANG Hai-Feng, SUN Bao-Sheng, WANG Liang, SUN Mo-Jie
During a 16d period, membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated without nutrient addition to the mixed liquid. Soluble microbial products (SMP), particle size distributions (PSD) of flocs, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and molecular weight (MW) distributions of SMP were periodically monitored. The modified fouling index (MFI) was used to investigate the filterability of mixed sludge closely related with the SMP and EPS. The results showed that the MFI increased rapidly from 1.8×104 to 7.3×104s/L2, which indicated the long time endogenous metabolism process had a negative influence on the filterability of mixed sludge in MBR. It was also found that the increase of SMP with MW >10kDa in supernatant and small particles in the range of 1~10μm in sludge remarkably affected the filterability of mixed sludge under long time low nutrition.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 368-373 [Abstract] ( 199 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 471KB] ( 818 )
374 The effect of shock loads on performance of anaerobic reactor for simultaneous sulfide and nitrate removal.
CAI Jing, ZHENG Ping
The effect of substrate shock loads on the performance of anaerobic reactor for simultaneous sulfide and nitrate removal was evaluated. The response to the shock loads could be divided into disturbance, inertial and recovery periods. The effect of the shock loads on the reactor was associated with the intensity of the shock loads. The reactor performance was almost unaffected at lower intensity (1.5 times shock load), whereas it was considerably influenced at higher intensity (higher than 2.0 times shock load). The performance was recoverable from disturbance at all the tested shock loads within 30h (7.5 hydraulic retention time). The effluent sulfide concentration was a sensitive parameter, which increased up to 18 times of that at steady state; thus it was an important indicator of the reactor performance.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 374-379 [Abstract] ( 170 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 385KB] ( 501 )
380 Analysis of the shear stability of aerobic sludge flocs and anaerobic sludge granules.
WANG Yi-Li, HUANG Cheng-Gui
The shear stability of some aerobic activated sludges and anaerobic sludge with determining the mass concentration changes of dispersed colloids eroded from some aerobic activated sludge flocs and anaerobic sludge granules were examined with standard shear test devices. Aerobic activated sludge in A2/O process possessed better shear stability, and the shear sensitivity (KSS) of their flocs was an order of magnitude less than the anaerobic sludge granules of ABR. Both the increase of total solid concentration (mT) of activated sludge and the increase of shear intensity (G) could result in increment in the dispersed mass concentrations of colloid particles at equilibrium (md,∞). Moreover, adhesion of small colloids on the aerobic flocs of sample 1 could be more prone to occur than that of sample 2, which could be testified by the higher adhesion–erosion equilibrium constant Km and more negative DG0adh/RT value of sample 1 estimated from the non-linear regression of md,∞versus mT with adhesion–erosion(AE)-model. With taking into account the effect of Brownian motion on colloid particle erosion dynamics, the modified AE-model could not only describe the concentration of small colloid particles in sludge solution without artificial shear, but also quantitatively model the shear data. Based on the regression results, the values for the equilibrium dispersed mass concentration of colloid particles prior to shear (m0) and DH/R could be determined. Modeling results indicated that more energy could be demanded for the deflocculation process with sample 1 than that with sample 2, but sample 2 was more remarkably affected by strengthened shear intensity. The discrepancy of shear stability between sample 1 and sample 2 of aerobic sludges implies some complex relations existed among shear stability, structure, properties of sludge and wastewater treatment effect in A2/O process.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 380-385 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 707 )
386 Effects of sludge retention time on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor.
CAO Zhan-Ping, ZHANG Hong-Wei, ZHANG Jing-Li
The effect of sludge retention time (SRT) on the total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), contents of tightly bound EPS (TB), loosely bound EPS (LB) and the ratios of protein and polysaccharide in TB and LB was investigated. The total EPS increased and the ratios of protein and polysaccharide in TB and LB changed with the extension of SRT. The above changes influenced the distribution of surface charge of bacteria, increased the proportion of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity on the surface of bacteria, transformed the existence state change of bacteria from the instable (R type) to the stable (S type), decreased the Zeta potential and increased the values of sludge volume index (SVI). The correlation analysis for the main parameters of fouling resistance displayed that the correlation coefficient (rp) was -0.818 for Zeta potential, 0.853 for the content of suspended solids in supernatant and 0.832 for relative hydrophobicity, respectively. SRT of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) should be controlled below 120 times of the minimum generation-time of dominant bacteria considering the membrane fouling resistance and sludge characteristics.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 386-390 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 396KB] ( 995 )
391 Preparation of Ni-based catalysts and evaluation of their catalytic activity in gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) to hydrogen.
HE Mao-Yun, XIAO Bo, HU Zhi-Quan, LIU Shi-Ming, GUO Xian-Jun
Ni-based catalysts were prepared with ceramsite as carrier by the method of impregnation, and characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), BET, environmental scanning electronic microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (ESEM-EDX) and elemental analysis. Ni-based catalysts have a specific surface area of 101.3m2/g. The active components of catalysts were spherical NiO particles coated on the surface of supports in a mean size range of about 2μm. Furthermore, evaluation of catalytic activity of the Ni-based catalysts used in MSW steam gasification was also investigated in a bench-scale downstream fixed bed reactor. The experiments demonstrated that in the presence of Ni based catalysts H2 and CO contents significantly increased, while CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 contents decreased. H2 yield in catalytic gasification process was greater than that in gasification process at lower temperature, the potential H2 yield for catalytic gasification process was greater than that in gasification process, but less at higher temperature. Higher temperature favored formation of H2 and CO, and decomposition of CH4, C2H4 and C2H6. Meanwhile, tar yield and char yield for catalytic gasification process were significantly less than for gasification process, but gas yield was greater under the same conditions.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 391-396 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 695 )
397 Studies on removing CFC-11 by heating from discarded rigid polyurethane foams.
YANG Yong, LIU Jing-Yang, GUO Yu-Wen, YANG Min, QIAO Qi
The mass loss, emitted gas composition and structure change of rigid polyurethane foam (PUR foam) at different temperature were investigated, and the amount of released blowing agent, CFC-11 (CCl3F) was determined when PUR foam was heated. The release rate of CFC-11 increased with the rise of temperature when the temperature was in range of 80~160℃. At 160℃, particles of PUR foam were not decomposed and the CFC-11 that was adsorbing or wrapping in PUR foam was removed at the highest speed. Foam particles which were through 4mm sieve were heated to 160℃ for 1h, 2h and 4h, respetively, then the corresponding 84.5%, 95.5% and 96.6% amount of CFC-11 in the foam particles was removed, respectively. It took a long time to completely remove the residual CFC-11. The amount of releasing CFC-11 accounted for 82%~85% of the total heating release gas.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 397-401 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 489KB] ( 677 )
402 Technology optimizing in municipal solid waste compsting plant based on different object.
WANG Gui-Qin, XU De-Gang, LI Guo-Xue, ZHANG Wei
10 kinds composting processes at the Beijing Nan-gong Composting Plant were researched based on fuzzy mathematics and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) analysis. The optimal composting technology of using maturity indexes as the single object required 0~80mm of domestic waste as raw material. And the raw material were mixed and crushed once on the fourth day of the 8 day thermophilic fermentation, followed by a 12 day deuteric maturity period and a 12 day ultimate maturity period(technology 1). The optimal composting technology of using economic index as the single object was same as technology 1 without the crushing process. The optimal composting technology of using maturity indexes and economic indexes as the combined objects was same as technology 1.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 402-406 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 662 )
407 Induction and function of cytochrome P450 in degradation of refractory organic chemicals by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
NING Da-Liang, WANG Hui, WANG Li-Hua, DING Chang
The involvement of P450 in degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorophenols by white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated. The significant induction of P450s by naphthalene, phenanthrene, 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol were observed. The specific concentrations of microsomal P450s were up to 37~137 pmol/mg in the induced cells. The content of phenanthrene-induced P450 from nutrient-limited culture was 5.7 times higher than that from nutrient-sufficient culture. Piperonyl butoxide (PB), a P450 inhibitor, markedly inhibited the degradation of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene in both nutrient-limited and nutrient-rich culture medium. Moreover, in nutrient-limited culture medium, PB inhibited 2,4-diclorophenol degradation but had no effect on degradation of 2,4,6-triclorophenol and pentachlorophenol. In nutrient-rich culture medium, in contrast, PB inhibited 2,4,6-triclorophenol degradation but did not affect 2,4-diclorophenol degradation. The degradation of pentachlorophenol was even elevated with the presence of PB in nutrient-rich cultures.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 407-412 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 362KB] ( 693 )
413 Construction of Rhodopseudomonas palustris hupL gene deficient mutant with higher efficient of H2 production.
YIN You-Ping, ZHANG Bao-Peng, LIAO Qiang, YE Jiang-Yu, TIAN Yuan-Ming, WANG Zhong-Kang
Application of Rhodopseudomonas palustris CQU01 isolated from silt as initial strain to construct a hupL gene deficient mutant for promoting its H2-production. The amplified hupS and hupC in bilaterally of hupL of R. palustris were used as double-exchange arms in homologous recombination. They were inserted into pMD18-T for sequencing. The confirmed hupS, hupC and Kmr cassette were recombined into the pSUP202, constructing a suicide vector pBPZ for knocking-out the structure gene hupL of uptake hydrogenase. The pBPZ was identified based on enzyme digestion, amplification, sequencing and then transformed into R. palustris CQU01 via conjunction. A mutant strain was obtained by screened on Km culture plate and confirmed by PCR assay. The assay for total volume of H2 produced and growth patterns showed that the volume of H2 produced by the mutant strain was 50% higher than that of the wild strain of R. palustris and had similar growth patterns with the wild strain. It indicated that the hupL deficient mutant of R. palustris CQU012 may have a promising capability in the treatment of waste water.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 413-418 [Abstract] ( 200 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 489KB] ( 833 )
419 The inhibitory mechanism of linoleic acid on Microcystis aeruginosa.
ZHANG Ting-Ting, ZHENG Chun-Yan, HE Mei, WU An-Ping, NIE Liu-Wang
In order to effectively control water-bloom algae by using allelochemicals, the inhibitory mechanism of linoleic acid on M. aeruginosa was analyzed. After the linoleic acid added in the experimental groups, the chlorophyll a content of algal cells decreased, the electrical conductivity (EC) and the OD260 of algal extracellular fluid increased, the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide anion radical (O2 ) of the algal cells increased, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased at the first 4 days and the expression of SOD isoenzyme enhanced at the concentration of linoleic acid being 0.1mg/L. But when antioxidants vitamin C was added the generation of O2 decreased, and algal biomass increased. All the results indicated that the mechanisms underlying the algal growth inhibition by linoleic acid involved the O2 generation that induced the lipid peroxidation of cell membrane, changed the penetrability of cell membrane, and resulted in the damage of DNA and some bio-macromolecules, inhibited the synthesis of the chlorophyll a and some relative proteins, breaking the algal cells and causing them melt in the end.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 419-424 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 653KB] ( 915 )
425 Impacts of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on CO2 emission from soil-soybean system.
HU Zheng-Hua, JIANG Jing-Yan, NIU Chuan-Po, CHEN Shu-Tao, LIU Qiao-Hui
To investigate the impacts of enhanced UV-B radiation on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil-soybean system, field experiments and outdoor pot experiments were carried out during two growing seasons under the condition of simulating 20% enhancement of UV-B. Carbon dioxide emissions were measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Enhanced UV-B radiation did not change the seasonal pattern of CO2 emission from soil-soybean system but significantly decreased the flux of CO2 during pod-maturity stage (49.03% and 48.13% in 2004 and 2006, respectively) and the cumulative amount of CO2 (43.26% and 44.79% in 2004 and 2006, respectively). In addition, it had no significant impact on CO2 emission before podding. A biomass clipping method was employed to distinguish the influence of enhanced UV-B on CO2 flux from soybean plant and soil in different developmental stages. Both CO2 emissions from soils during the branching-flowering stage and those from soybean plants during the pod-maturity stage were significantly decreased by enhanced UV-B. Agroecosystem CO2 emissions declined by enhanced UV-B radiation were primarily due to the decrease in CO2 emissions from soybean plants rather than from soil. Enhanced UV-B reduced the fixed carbon by 352.73 g/m2CO2 during the branching flowering-podding stage, and by 1456.25g/m2CO2 during podding-seed filling stage. Enhanced UV-B radiation could reduce CO2 emissions fluxes from soybean ecosystem and decrease the fixed carbon.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 425-430 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 374KB] ( 786 )
431 Application of modified nano-particle black carbon for the remediation of soil heavy metal pollution.
WANG Han-Wei, WANG Yu-Jun, CHEN Jie-Hua, WANG Shen-Qiang, CHENG Jie-Min, ZHOU Dong-Mei
A modified nano-particle carbon black (nano-CB) was used as amendment for controlling the bioavailability of Cu and Zn in soil by cultivation experiment. The nano-CB significantly reduced the bioavailability of soil Cu and Zn. Compared with the control, the bioavailable soil Cu concentration decreased about 47.3%, 72.0% and 80.89% after 60days of cultivation with 1%, 3%, and 5% nano-CB, respectively; bioavailable soil Zn concentration decreased by 3.0%, 17.7% and 43.6%, respectively. The treatment of packet application was not better than mixed application and needed more time for equilibrium, but the CB which adsorbed heavy metal from soil could be easily taken out. Nano-CB amendment significantly increased biomass of ryegrass and reduced the uptake of Cu and Zn concentration in ryegrass. Application of nano-CB reduced exchangeable and cabonate-bound soil Cu and Zn in ryegrass rhizosphere, and increased the proportion of organic/sulphide fractions.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 431-436 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 373KB] ( 1336 )
437 The impact of roads on land-use patterns in a rapidly urbanizing region.
WANG Zi-Shu, GAO Qi-Hui, LIU Yu-Fan, ZENG , HUI
Based on the multi-period remote sensing and LUCC data, sections with potentially higher impacts were selected from 14 artery roads in Shenzhen, and the urbanization effecting index (U) was calculated to examine the impacts of roads on land-use patterns. Socio-economic factors, topography, and road conditions (ranks of roads and years of roads opening) were the key parameters used in this study. Results of correlation and nonlinear regression analysis showed that land-use patterns were heavily affected by the selected parameters and socio-economic factors had the most important influence on land use. Years of road opening had obvious influence on the areas near the roads, and ranks of roads had significant influences in the intermediate-distance area, and topography had impacts on areas beyond the intermediate-distance. Impacts of road on land uses had three different patterns – the peak type, the declining type and the valley type. The main reasons for the different impacts were the road characteristics. Road impact extensions on land use were ascertained using analysis of regression curves, which were found that major highways and artery roads had bigger effects on land uses than other factors. Land-use patterns in the western part of Shenzhen, due to its early urbanization and dense road networks, were more heavily influenced by Shenzhen than those in the eastern part.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 437-442 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 517KB] ( 669 )
443 Cost model for reducing total COD and ammonia nitrogen loads in wastewater treatment plants.
WANG Jia-Wei, ZHANG Tian-Zhu, CHEN Ji-Ning
An investigation on the cost for reducing total COD and ammonia nitrogen loads in 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) showed that the operation cost calculated by the amount of treated wastewater could not reflect the cost to treat the pollutants correctly. Within the treatment capacity of WWTPs, the electrical energy consumption for elimination of one kilogram COD or ammonia nitrogen COD decreased as the load reduction of COD or ammonia nitrogen increases, which became stable finally. Therefore, the model to determine the cost for reducing total COD and ammonia nitrogen loads was established based on energy consumption. The impact factors include influent and effluent concentration, treatment capacity and hydraulic load ratio. The deduction from this model would encourage WWTPs to reduce more loads of COD and ammonia nitrogen.
2009 Vol. 29 (4): 443-448 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 614KB] ( 1049 )
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