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2009 Vol.29 Issue.11,Published 2009-11-20
1121 Comparison of different schemes for diffusion parameterization based on AERMOD.
XIA Si-Jia, WANG Qin-Geng
Based on framework of the US EPA regulatory air quality model (AERMOD), comparisons were conducted for four widely-used diffusion parameterization schemes, one based on micro-meteorological elements (AERMOD scheme), one based on turbulence observation (Tub-Obs scheme), one based on the Briggs′ formulae (Briggs scheme), and one adopted in the Chinese EPA guidelines (NEPA scheme). Difference in the surface concentration of air pollutant simulated under different atmospheric stability with the four schemes, respectively, was analyzed. In general, under unstable and neutral conditions, differences from the four schemes are relatively small. However, under stable condition, the AERMOD scheme tends to overestimate the concentrations compared with the Briggs and NEPA schemes. This is possibly because the AERMOD scheme cannot sufficiently recognize the contribution of local turbulence.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1121-1127 [Abstract] ( 264 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 722KB] ( 985 )
1128 Research on the measurement of aerosol hygroscopic growth factor in Guangzhou City.
LIU Xin-Gang, ZHANG Yuan-Hang
A method to calculate the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor f(RH), defined as the ratio of aerosol scattering coefficient at wet condition to that at dry condition, was proposed. Based on the back trajectory model HYSPLIT, the air masses arriving at Guangzhou in July 2006 were classified into marine, mixed and urban types, respectively. The mean value of aerosol hygroscopic growth factors at 80% RH [f(RH=80%)] in Guangzhou, were 2.04±0.28, 2.29±0.28, and 2.68±0.59 for urban aerosols, mixed aerosols, and marine aerosols, respectively. The relationship between f(RH) and RH was fitted by empirical equations f(RH)=1+a(RH/100)b and the fitting parameter a was 2.06, 3.26 and 4.92 with b being 3.60, 3.85 and 5.04 for urban aerosols, mixed aerosols, and marine aerosols, respectively.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1128-1133 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 515KB] ( 1333 )
1134 Characteristics of PM10, PM2.5 and their carbonaceous species in Tianjin City.
WU Lin, FENG Yin-Chang, DAI Li, HAN Su-Qin, ZHU Tan
PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected at two sites of Tianjin in three periods during December 2007~October 2008. Carbonaceous species were analyzed by thermal optical reflection analyzer, and concentrations of secondary organic carbon (SOC) were estimated by using OC/EC minimum ratio method. Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 at urban site were higher than those at suburb site in each period. PM2.5/PM10 ratio in May was the lowest, mainly because soil dust had a large contribution to PM10 in this period. Average concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM10 and PM2.5 had the similar variation trend, and the highest values were all observed in December. OC/TC ratios in PM10 and PM2.5 ranged 0.60~0.83, 0.55~0.81, respectively. About 76% of OC in PM10 was associated with the fine particle (PM2.5) mode. Concentration of SOC was highest in December due to the potential effect of meteorological condition and local pollution sources.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1134-1139 [Abstract] ( 366 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 1780 )
1140 Influence of summer local circulation on the transportation of ozone from urban to the downwind area in Beijing.
XU Jing, ZHANG Xiao-Ling, ZHAO Xiu-Juan, XU Xiao-Feng, MENG Wei
Surface ozone concentration was measured at four stations in Beijing area, which are located along the route of prevalent wind, from June to September 2007. During the experiment period, the local circulation – mountain and valley breeze was prevalent in Beijing. The community multiscale air quality model (CMAQ) was applied simulating a typical case to validate the influence of transportation of ozone from urban to rural area. Both the maximum average O3 concentration and the highest frequency of 1h O3 mixing ratio exceeding 102×10-9 was observed at the urban-downwind, regional background station, whereas the lowest frequency appeared at the urban-upwind station. The peak hourly ozone concentration of up to 271.56×10-9 was captured at the downtown station. The patterns of ozone diurnal variations were similar at the different stations. The peak time of hourly ozone concentration lagged along the city-to-downwind route. O3 concentration observed under the prevalent wind conditions increased along the route of wind direction. The difference in O3 concentration between the two prevalent wind directions (SW and NE) also increased along the route of SW wind direction. O3 concentration at the regional background station was affected by different air masses from the clean and polluted areas. The contribution of the city-to-downwind transport to regional background O3 was estimated to be 36.7×10-9. Simulated results validated the influence of O3 transportation from urban to the downwind areas.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1140-1146 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 663KB] ( 1000 )
1147 Distribution and possible sources of PBDEs in indoor dust in Guangzhou City.
HUANG Yu-Mei, CHEN Lai-Guo, WEN Li-Jun, XU Zhen-Cheng, PENG Xiao-Chun, YE Zhi-Xiang, ZENG Min
Dust samples were collected randomly from forty-six houses, twelve offices, seventeen outdoor sites, two televisions and two computers in Guangzhou City to determine the concentrations, distribution and possible sources of PBDEs in indoor dust. Concentration of ∑10PBDEs (sum of BDE28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) varied from 564.3 to 9654ng/g (median 2686ng/g, mean 3407ng/g) for house dust, and from 1737 to 4408 ng/g (median: 3133ng/g; mean: 3179ng/g) for office dust. BDE209 was the dominant congener detected, with an average contribution of 97.4% and 99.0% to S10PBDEs for house dust and office dust, respectively, whereas BDE47, 99 and 183 were the most abundant congeners of ∑9PBDEs (BDE209 excluded). ∑10PBDEs concentration in indoor dust was higher than that in the outdoor dust, indicating possible indoor emission sources for PBDEs indoors. The predominant commercial products source for PBDEs in indoor dust was Deca-BDE formulations, followed by Penta-BDE, and the contribution of Octa-BDE was minimal.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1147-1152 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 364KB] ( 775 )
1153 Characteristics and sources of dissolved organochlorine pesticides in the rainwater in Beijing.
XU Guo-Fei, MA Ling-Ling, XU Dian-Dou, LI Shu-Zhen, YAO Duo-Xi, SHI Wei-Qun
Characteristics and sources of dissolved organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the rainwater in Beijing were analyzed. Seven kinds of OCPs were detectable from May 2006 to November 2007. Mean concentrations of HCHs, DDTs, heptachlor, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, aldrin and dieldrin in the dissolved phase were (6.66 ± 4.99) ng/L, (10.30 ±12.39) ng/L, (2.62 ±1.87) ng/L, (6.54 ± 4.58) ng/L, (3.99 ±3.02)ng/L, (2.10 ±1.40) ng/L and (2.25 ± 1.58) ng/L, respectively. OCPs Contents decreased during the study period, indicating the previous controlling measurement taking effects. By analyzing the source, it was notable that there were still some possible inputs of γ-HCH and dicofol. Every compound detected had significant correlation with each others indicating the common source of OCPs in the rainwater in Beijing. The total concentration of OCPs had no correlation with the sampling temperature while had weak reverse correlations with the mount of precipitation and relative humidity. The deposition flux was significantly related to the concentrations of targets in the atmosphere while weakly to the mount of precipitation.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1153-1157 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 366KB] ( 911 )
1158 Dissolvable nitrogen variation at water-sediment interface during alga blooming process in Chaohu Lake.
JIANG Xia, ZHONG Li-Xiang, WANG Shu-Hang, JIN Xiang-Can
In order to recognize the concentrations changes during the alga bloom and estimate the diffuse flux of inorganic nitrogen at the sediment –water interface, dissoluble nitrogen forms in the overlying water and surface sediment pore water from eight sites of Chaohu Lake were investigated and analysized from April to October in 2008. Concentrations of NH4+-N decreased as alga bloom intensity increasing, and concentrations of NO3--N decreased obviously only during the period of serious alga bloom, while concentrations of dissoluble total nitrogen (DTN) increased obviously after alga bloom. NO3--N and NH4+-N were the major dissoluble nitrogen forms in the overlying water before the big-size alga bloom during the period of April and May, however, the dissoluble organic nitrogen (DON) was the major nitrogen form after the alga bloom. NH4+-N was the major nitrogen form in the pore water, which concentrations increased with the temperature increase. Concentrations of DTN decreased firstly and then increased during the alga bloom process. According to the diffuse flux calculation, NH4+-N always released from pore water to overlying water, the diffuse flux in the western and eastern lake regions ranged from 13.06 to 32.94 mg/(m2·d) and 4.54 to 17.41 mg/(m2·d), respectively. Nutrient exchanges at the sediment-water interface are the most important nutrient supplement way for the sustainable algal bloom.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1158-1163 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 490KB] ( 1033 )
1164 Fluorescence characterization of the reactivity of THMs precursors in secondary effluent.
ZHAO Qing-Liang, JIA Ting, WEI Liang-Liang, WANG Kun, XUE Shuang
Fluorescence spectra were applied to investigate the characteristics and structures of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. Correlations between the fluorescence intensity and specific trihalomethane formation potential (STHMFP) of the DOM fractions were analyzed as well. Excitation- emission matrix (EEM) results revealed that all DOM isolates contained aromatic proteins, fulvic acids, soluble microbial products and humic acids (dominated by the aromatic proteins and fulvic acids). The fluorescence regional integration (FRI) results showed that four fluorescent dissolved organic matters had the similar distribution trend in the DOM fractions with the ΦT,n of the DOM isolates: HPO-A>TPI-A>TPI-N>HPO-N>HPI. Besides, normalized fluorescence volume (ΦT,n) showed linear relationships with SUVA and STHMFP. Synchronous spectra revealed that the total DOM contained more polycyclic aromatic structures than its isolates, and in each DOM isolates, polycyclic aromatic structures were less than humic acids.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1164-1170 [Abstract] ( 194 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 776KB] ( 665 )
1171 Photocatalytic degradation of anthraquinone dye wastewater with nano-TiO2/diatomite.
SU Ying-Ying, YU Yan-Qing, YANG Pei-Shan, WANG Xin-Ting, ZHU Xiao-Bin
In order to improve the stability of photocatalyst, TiO2/diatomite was prepared by sol-gel method with titanium(Ⅳ) isopropoxide as precursor, which was then characterized by XRD, SEM and FT-IR. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was determined using anthraquinone dye weak acid brilliant blue RAW as model pollutant. Influences of solution pH and the photocatalyst-reused on photocatalytic activity were also investigated. TiO2 coated on the surface of diatomite showed mixed crystal of anatase and rutile with an average particle size of 11 nm. The uniform TiO2 coating could be achieved by controlling the amount of added diatomite. The TiO2/diatomite demonstrated strong photocatalytic activity, and the decolorizing rate for weak acid brilliant blue RAW solution was higher than that for the Degussa P25-TiO2. The optimum pH for photocatalytic reaction was 4.0. The TiO2/diatomite also showed strong stability, with its photocatalytic activity reducing only 12.4% after repeated use for 15 times.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1171-1176 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1104KB] ( 842 )
1177 Degradation and mechanism of direct fast black G with ferrate solution.
ZHANG Yan-Ping, XU Guo-Ren
The degradation of direct fast black G (DB19) with ferrate solution (FS) was studied, and the mechanism was analyzed by UV-Vis and GC/MS methods. The decolorization ratio was above 94% after 5min in the presence of FS at pH<7.7, and the optimal range of pH was lower than 10.7. The decolorization ratio and COD removal ratio were 95% and 60% after 60min, respectively, in the case of FS which dosage was 20mg/L. TOC removal ratio of DB19 was only 5% when ferrate was supplied to reaction system, which indicated that it was difficult for FS to mineralize dye macromolecule. The results of UV-Vis, GC/MS and pH change showed that the azo bonds of dye molecule were attracted and cleaved, causing decolorization of DB19. The dye macromolecule could be oxidized to small molecule, which increased the biodegradability of the dye wastewater. Furthermore, a large number of acidic organic intermediates were detected, which obviously caused the decrease of pH.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1177-1180 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 351KB] ( 647 )
1181 Isolation of an efficient aniline-degrading bacterial strain and its application for accidents.
WU Hong-Jie, TAN Zhou-Liang, LIU Qing-Hua, LI Xu-Dong
A bacterial strain AN-P1 capable of efficient aniline-degrading was isolated from activated sludge of a sewage treatment plant. It was identified as Rhodococcus sp.. Enzymatic analysis showed that aniline was degraded through meta-cleavage pathway. The optimal conditions for cell growth and aniline degradation were pH 6, 30℃ with an inoculation amount of 0.30‰ and an aniline concentration of 2000 mg/L. PCR-DGGE profile showed that AN-P1 could efficiently protect the microbial community of the activated sludge system against sudden aniline pollution. It took only 10, 20, 32h, respectively,for the treatment of wastewater containing 500, 1000, 2000mg/L aniline to meet the first grade of national integrated wastewater discharge standard. With a combination of AN-P1 and SBR system,it took only 36h for the emergency treatment of wastewater containing 2000 mg/L aniline to meet the discharge standard.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1181-1185 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 539KB] ( 819 )
1186 Enhancing effect of Phragmites australis bioactive substances on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
GUO Chang-Cheng, LI Xin, HU Hong-Ying
Bioactive substances were extracted from Phragmites australis by using ethanol and the enhancing effects on biomass, chlorophyll content and protein content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was studied. The bioactive substances exited in Phragmites australis had strong promoting effect on biomass, chlorophyll content and protein of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Among neutral fractions of ethanol, the density of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was improved about average of 0.87 times and the maximum increase was 1.79 times. The content of chlorophyll and protein were improved by 0.67 times and 0.99 times averagely, the maximum increase were 2.71 and 4.76 times. The high-value bioactive substance has a good potential for development and application.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1186-1189 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 405KB] ( 705 )
1190 Large enclosures experimental study on algal control by silver carp and bighead.
WANG Song, WANG Qi-Shan, ZHANG Li-Bin, WANG Jin-Xin
Ten large enclosures (300 m2 each) stocked with gradiant biomass (0, 10, 30, 60g/m3) of silver and bighead carps were set up on the bank of Yuqiao reservoir(China) to study the feasibility of algal control using the fish. In comparison with the increasing of blue-green algae’s proportion and the forming of microcystis bloom within the enclosures without fish, the proportion of blue-green algae maintained very low level during the experiment. However, the fish’s grazing led nanoplankton increasing greatly and then made the total algae biomass and chl-a rising in different extent. So silver and bighead carps were just suitable for controlling cyanobacteria bloom not total algae biomass. The application of the fish for algal control in water supply reservoir should be cautious.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1190-1195 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 402KB] ( 1101 )
1196 Toxicity of [C8mim]PF6 to aquatic organisms.
MU Hui, PENG Xin-Jing, DAI Ning, CHEN Ji, ZHANG Feng-Jun
Three standard test methods for evaluating the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms were applied to assess the toxic effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium PF6([C8mim]PF6)on the three aquatic organisms: Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna and zebra fish. Growth and chlorophyll a content of C. vulgaris were inhibited in the experimental content of [C8mim]PF6, the inhibiting effect increased significantly with increasing concentrations, and the toxic effects on chlorophyll a content were stronger than that of growth. The C. vulgaris cell even would be lethal in the higher concentration group (200mg/L). The toxic effects of [C8mim] PF6 was high-toxic to Daphnia magna, while was low-toxic to zebra fish, and the 48h LC50 and 96h LC50 was 4.47mg/L and 126.08mg/L, respectively. EC50/LC50 changed regularly with the test time. Maybe the two main reasons leading to the potential threat to the aquatic organisms were the affinity of [C8mim]PF6 with algae and lipophilic property itself.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1196-1201 [Abstract] ( 360 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 424KB] ( 943 )
1202 Cancer risk level and source apportionment of ambient fine particulate matter in Pearl River Delta.
HU Shan, ZHANG Yuan-Hang, WEI Yong-Jie
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Guangzhou and Shenzhen were collected and analyzed during days in April, July, October 2004 and January 2005, and 17 PAHs concentrations and the toxicity equivalence concentrations (BaPeq) using benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) as the primary representative of their toxicity were characterized; inhalation cancer risk levels were calculated through linear dose-response model, and then, the sources of cancer risks were studied using Pearl River Delta (PRD) source profile and CMB receptor model. PAHs concentration were 5.87~63.36ng/m3, with the average 28.15ng/m3 in Guangzhou, and 32.68ng/m3 in Shenzhen ambient air, while it was higher in winter and lower in summer; 2.78% and 5.56% samples exceeded GB3095-1996 daily average standard, respectively; and 50% and 61.1% samples exceeded WHO daily average standard. Average inhalation cancer risk level in PRD area was in the range of 1×10-6~1×10-5, which was higher than risks from everyday life, but lower than minimum level for notification. Besides, 3 sources of inhalation cancer risk were apportioned from CMB model, which were coal burning, vehicle emission and biomass burning, among which coal burning made the largest contribution, and biomass burning was much higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. The contributions to both OC and BaPeq were very similar.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1202-1208 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 430KB] ( 1179 )
1209 Residents￠ willingness to pay for improving environmental quality in Beijing City.
YANG Bao-Lu, ZOU Ji
Monetary values on environmental quality in Beijing using contingent valuation method (CVM) were studied. Two surveys were conducted to find residents’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improving air and water quality in 2004 and 2007. The questionnaire was designed in an open-ended manner. The payment vehicle was a direct payroll deduction. The annual mean WTP increased significantly in four years. Residents were willing to contribute a greater portion of their incomes to improve the environment in 2007 than in 2004. Income, age, education and exposures to the environment had significant impacts on the WTP. CVM had gradually become a feasible non-market valuation approach in China.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1209-1214 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 334KB] ( 1210 )
1215 The energy related carbon dioxide emission inventory and carbon flow chart in Shanghai City.
XIE Shi-Chen, CHEN Chang-Hong, LI Li, HUANG Cheng, CHENG Zhen, DAI Pu, LU Jun
An inventory of energy related CO2 emissions in Shanghai City from 1995 to 2007 and the 2007 Shanghai carbon flow chart were completed based on the IPCC reference approach and Shanghai energy statistical data. With an annual average growth rate of 5.0%, the energy related CO2 emissions in Shanghai increased from 110 million tones in 1995 to 201 million tones in 2007. The largest annual CO2 emission growth rate was from transportation sector, with 15.1% increase per year. CO2 emissions growth rate in power plant sector has slowed down in recent years due to the increase of imported electricity. The shares of CO2 emissions in sectors of power plant, industry and construction, transportation, commercial, residential and agricultural sectors were 35.4%, 34.4%, 23.8%, 4.0%, 2.0% and 0.4% respectively in 2007. The 2007 Shanghai carbon flow chart showed that 15.6% of coal was directly consumed in end sectors, which was not beneficial to energy saving and emission reduction. There were great double flows within petroleum products. The transportation and distribution loss of petroleum products could be relieved by reducing the unnecessary energy related carbon flows.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1215-1220 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 734KB] ( 2093 )
1221 Environmental and economic analysis of rice straw methanol synthesis system based on life cycle assessment.
GU Ji-Qing, JIN Bao-Sheng, XIAO Jun, ZHONG Zhao-Ping, SHEN Lai-Hong
A rice straw gasification for methanol production system of annual 50,000 t was investigated. Based on life cycle assessment, environmental and economic analysis of the process were performed. The total environmental cost of the bio-methanol was 284.99 yuan per ton(via methanol), and it was mainly concentrated in methanol production and methanol consumption. The greenhouse effect was the most important impact factor, among the various types environmental cost of the bio-methanol. Environmental cost of rice straw carbon sequestration, in the upstream of production, was -152.79 yuan per ton, so both the greenhouse effect and the overall environmental impact are negative. Through comparison, it was evident that the total cost of the bio-methanol was 76.84 yuan/ton lower than that of coal based methanol.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1221-1226 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 391KB] ( 1441 )
1227 Environmental performance management system for enterprises in industrial parks based on CCR model.
ZHAO Sheng-Hao, SHENG Xue-Liang, QIAN Yu, ZHANG Yu-Chao, ZHANG Jing
An environmental performance management system for enterprises in eco-industrial parks was developed based on CCR model, a classical data envelopment analysis method, containing two important functions of performance evaluation and environmental regulation. And Nantong Pesticide Industrial Park was introduced as a case to apply and verify the system. The function of performance evaluation was used to evaluate 20 enterprises of similar type in the case. 7 enterprises achieved relatively high environmental performance. Results of environmental regulation function showed that the total environmental regulation of enterprises was highly correlated with the sorting of environmental performance. The system could provide quantitative suggestions on pollution abatement, and could be an effective management tool for development of the parks’ circular economy and construction of an eco-industrial park.
2009 Vol. 29 (11): 1227-1232 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 543KB] ( 831 )
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