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2012 Vol.32 Issue.3,Published 2012-03-20
385 Chemical characteristics of rainwater collected in the head region of Three Gorges Reservoir
WU Qi-Xin, HAN Gui-Lin
Rainwater samples were collected in the head region of Three Gorges Reservoir from June 2009 to July 2010 and the pH and major ion concentrations were measured. The rain in this region were seriously acidized, more than one third of the rain events’ pH were lower than 4.5. SO42- and NO3- were the main anions, and their volume-weighted mean were 161.90μeq/L and 65.24μeq/L, respectively, which account for 66% and 27% of the total measured anions. Ca2+ was the dominant cation in rainwater with a volume-weighted mean value 108.34μeq/L (8.89~932.90μeq/L). The seasonal variations of the pH show that the rainwater were more acidized in summer and autumn than those in winter and spring. Results of fractional acidity (FA) and neutralization factors (NF) indicated that the acidity of rainwater in winter and spring were neutralization caused by Ca2+. Studies of the origins of major ions showed that SO42- and NO3- were from fossil fuels, and Na+ and Cl- were from sea sources, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the terrestrial mineral particles.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 385-390 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 477KB] ( 884 )
391 Observational characteristics of ultraviolet radiation in Guangzhou and its comparison with model results
JIANG Cheng-Lin, WU Dui, TAN Hao-Bo, DENG Xue-Jiao, LI Fei, FAN Shao-Jia
This paper analyzed the seasonal variations of ultraviolet radiation in Guangzhou, based on the ultraviolet radiation observation by the Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou. The peak of the monthly maximum of ultraviolet radiation appeared in July, both of 2005 and 2006, with 55.48 W/m2 in 2006. The minimum of the monthly maximum of ultraviolet radiation appeared in January, was only 23.17 W/m2 in 2005. The influence of haze on ultraviolet radiation in Guangzhou was conducted by using NCAR(National Center for Atmospheric Research) TUV model for a typical case from extremely clean to haze from 16th to 29th, November, 2005, indicating that the model results were consistent with the actual observations. When the pollution was not serious, TUV model could simulate the daily variation well in sunny day with a residual about from 7% to 15% between modeled and observed results. As the pollution was intensified, the residual of the model increased as well. Aerosol had a strong impact on ultraviolet radiation, which could be reduced by 40% when the aerosol pollution was extremely serious. Besides, aerosol could affect on the shorter spectrum of ultraviolet radiation as well. With the pollution intensified, the effect on the shorter spectrum of ultraviolet radiation was strengthened.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 391-396 [Abstract] ( 193 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 1069 )
397 VOCs emission characteristics and emission factors of light-duty gasoline vehicles with bench test
GAO Shuang, JIN Liang-Mao, SHI Jian-Wu, HAN Bin, WANG Xiu-Yan, PENG Yue, ZHAO Li-Juan, BAI Zhi-Peng
In order to study the VOCs emission characteristics and emission factors of the exhaust gas of light-duty gasoline vehicles, different types of light-duty gasoline vehicles in used were tested with a chassis dynamometer according to Limits and Measurement Methods for Emission from Light-duty Vehicles (Ⅲ,Ⅳ). VOCs species in exhaust gas samples were analyzed by gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled pre-concentration. 68 VOCs in exhaust gas samples had been quantitative detected, aromatics, alkanes and alkenes (with acetylene) account for 38.7%, 29.8% and 27.1% respectively. In addition, the source profile for different types of vehicles agreed well with each other. The total VOCs emission factor for light-duty gasoline vehicle is 0.01-0.41g/km. Ethane, toluene and benzene ranked the top 3 with the highest emission factors.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 397-405 [Abstract] ( 321 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 424KB] ( 1376 )
406 Relationship between atmospheric visibility and particulate matter pollution in Tianjin
BIAN Hai, HAN Su-Qin, ZHANG Yu-Fen, FENG Yin-Chang, WU Jian-Hui, YAO Qing
Relationship between atmospheric visibility and particulate matter was analyzed using the observed hourly visibility, relative humidity, wind speed and particulate sample data at Tianjin atmospheric boundary station in 2009. Visibility had significant negative correlation with the mass concentration of the particulate matters. The ratio of mass concentration between PM2.5 and PM2.5~10 increased considerably when the visibility reduced, implying that PM2.5 played major role in the poor visibility. Atmospheric visibility also had significant negative correlation with the mass concentration of the total carbon. The average contribution of SO42-,NO3-,OC and EC to atmospheric extinction coefficient was 28.7%, 6.1%, 27.6% and 19.2%, showing that sulfate and organic carbon were the main components influencing the visibility.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 406-410 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 428KB] ( 1198 )
411 Determining regional control targets of acid deposition using VSD model
ZHAO He-Chun, XIE Shao-Dong
Setting scientific acid deposition control targets was necessary to control regional acid deposition pollution. A method to set such control targets by analyzing soil acidity at selected sites under different acid deposition scenarios in the target years, combining the VSD model and cumulative frequency distribution analysis, was proposed in this study. This method was applied to the Guangzhou-Dongguan-Huizhou region. The soil acidity in 25 sites was measured and simulated by using VSD model under different acid deposition scenario, and the results were described by using cumulative frequency distribution curve. The S deposition target under different scenarios was given in the results. If S deposition was controlled solely, the short-term and long-term S deposition control targets should be 7.68~12g/(m2×a) and 10.24~16g/(m2×a), respectively, to guarantee that 80% of the ecosystem was protected, and the short-term and long-term S deposition control targets should be 5.12~8g/(m2×a) and 7.68~12g/(m2×a) respectively, to guarantee that 95% of the ecosystem was protected. If S and BC deposition were controlled simultaneously, when BC deposition was 6.4~12.8g/(m2×a), the short-term and long-term S deposition control targets should be 2.56~4g/(m2×a) and 5.12~8g/(m2×a), respectively, when BC deposition was 4.8~9.6g/(m2×a), the S deposition control target should be 2.56~4g/(m2×a), to guarantee that 80% of the ecosystem was protected; when BC deposition was 6.4~12.8g/(m2×a), the short-term and long-term S deposition control targets should be 0.64~1g/(m2×a) and 5.12~8g/(m2×a), when BC deposition was 4.8~9.6g/(m2×a), the short-term and long-term S deposition control targets should be 0.64~1g/(m2×a) and 2.56~4g/(m2×a), to guarantee that 95% of the ecosystem was protected. When BC deposition was reduced to 2~4g/(m2×a), S deposition should be controlled to 0.64~1g/(m2×a) to make sure that 80% and 95% of ecosystem was protected. Restoration measures should be taken at the same time.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 411-418 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 631KB] ( 862 )
419 Microscopic characteristics of indoor PM10 sourced from different fuels in poor rural areas in Guizhou Province
LI Jin-Juan, GUO Xing-Qiang, YU Xiang-Yang, YANG Rong-Shi
High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and image analysis were employed to study morphology, number-size, and volume-size distributions of indoor PM10 sourced from different fuels (e.g., coal briquette, coal alone, honeycomb briquette, and wooden fuel) in poor rural areas in Guizhou Province. The results show that the main indoor particles include soot and its aggregates, mineral particles, and fly ash. Soot and its aggregates account for more than 72.69% by numbers in indoor PM10. The number-size distribution of soot and its aggregates and fly ash in PM10 produced by coal and honeycomb briquette shows a single peak mode; Soot and its aggregates show a single peak mode and coal fly ash show bimodal distribution from coal briquette (coal mixed with clay); They show a single peak distribution from firewood. The volume-size distributions of particles in all samples basically show a single peak which mainly appears in particle diameter greater than 1.0μm.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 419-425 [Abstract] ( 216 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 575KB] ( 520 )
426 Simulation of long-range transport potential and overall persistence of PBDEs in Guangzhou
WU You-Fang, FANG Li-Jiang, DING Zhong-Yuan, LIU Min, MA Zi-Long, ZHANG Gan, GAO Hong
The long-range transport potential(LRTP)and overall persistence(Pov)of 7 PBDEs through air and water in Guangzhou were estimated using the TaPL3.0 model. In addition, the key parameters of the model were identified by sensitivity analysis method. The study results suggested that the CTD(air) ranged from 296 km to 811km, and the mean value was 557 km. Pov(air) was between 19 and 279d, and the mean value was 184d.There were near 73.8% of PBDEs distributed in soil, 16.9% in sediment, and 1.3% in water, respectively. While the CTD(water) was from 3090km to 4291km, and the mean value was 3731km, Pov (water) was from 228d to 854d, and the mean value was 731d. There were near 92.1% of PBDEs distributed in sediment, 6.8% in water, respectively 1.1% in other environmental media including air, soil and plants. Futhermore, this case study also showed that the BDE47 congener exhibited the strongest transport potential and transported to remote regions, moreover, BDE209 tended to stay in the study area. The 7 congeners of PBDEs distributed mainly in sediment and soil. This paper also indicated that the CTD values tended to be lower with the increase of Br numbers , on the contrary, Pov values tended to be higher. In addition, the research conclusions well agreed with the study results of similar foreign research.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 426-432 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 517KB] ( 832 )
433 Emission rates of aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons at a wastewater treatment plant
YANG Jun-Chen, WANG Kun, HUANG Li-Kun, YUAN Zhong-Xin, ZHAO Qing-Liang
The emission of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylene) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene) at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Harbin was studied to calculate their seasonal emission rates from screen room, primary clarifier, biochemical tank (anaerobic and oxic stages), and secondary clarifier by applying different mathematical models. The highest emission rates of aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons were observed for the biochemical tank, which were 1.92~5.22g/s for benzene and 16.94~18.8g/s for trichloroethylene, respectively. The emission rates of aromatic hydrocarbons failed to meet the criteria of Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996). The emission of aromatic hydrocarbons decreased quickly along biochemical tank, while that of chlorinated hydrocarbons kept constant. The lowest emission rates of aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons were observed for the screen room, which were 12.94×10-6~17.24×10-6g/s for xylene and 1.88×10-6~2.58×10-6g/s for chloroform, respectively. In the primary and secondary clarifiers, the average emission rates of aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons in spring were 1.7 times of those in summer. In Spring, the emission rates of benzene, toluene and xylene in the secondary clarifier were 59.2%, 53.3%, and 4.5% of those in the primary clarifier, while the average emission rates of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the secondary clarifier was increased by 13%.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 433-439 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 537KB] ( 644 )
440 Effect of water pollutants to copper ion removal by using cation exchange membrane.
XIE De-Hua, SHI Zhou, CHEN Shi-Yang
Baesd on Donnan dialysis mechanism, copper ion separation and removing experiments in raw water using exchange membrane was conducted under voltage free condition. The copper ion removing effects of cation exchange membrane cuased by various potential pollutants in raw water such as inorganic particles, organic matters, EDTA acid, ammonia, ferric ion and surfacatant etc, were studied. The results showed that upon addition any one of the above pollutants to raw water, would influence on the copper ions removing effects more or less after a long time operation procedure. To pollutants with no physical and chemical interaction with copper ion and membrane, such as silica and non-ionic surfactant, there were little influences on the copper ion separation of the cation exchange membrane and the Cu2+ removal decreased only by about 4% compared to that of blank control experiments; Cu2+ could be precipitated by ammonia and anionic surfaceactive agent, or adsorbed by humic acid which made the concentration of free Cu2+ in the solution reduce by about 50%; While to pollutants which could form complex compounds with Cu2+, serious effects on Cu2+ removal efficiency were observed. For EDTA acid, ammonia and anionic surfaceactive agent, the Cu2+ removal effects decreased by approximately 100%, 78% and 56% respectively; Cationic surfactants may occupy a lot of space of film render Cu2+ remove difficulty; ferric ion easily hydrolyzed into iron hydroxide colloids in weak acid or neutral solution induced Cu2+ removal effect decreased to certain extend, by about 12% compared to the blank.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 440-446 [Abstract] ( 253 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 786KB] ( 980 )
447 Comparative investigation of polluted raw water biological pretreatment with two kinds of packings
ZHU Jie, DONG Liu-Cheng, CHEN Hong-Bin, HE Qun-Biao
Biological pre-treatment has been widely used in pollution-induced water shortage areas in south China, in this process, the microbial carrier are mainly suspended packing and elastic packing. In order to investigate the efficiency and micro biodiversity of the two packing, taking the micro-polluted raw water of Yangtze River Delta for example, researches had been done on the pollution removal ability, mud accumulation and flushing, the growth and distribution of microfauna of the two packing through full-scale test and pilot test. The results showed that, on the base of same water resource and same operation parameter in Summer and Autumn, the average ammoniacal nitrogen removal rate of the suspended packing and the elastic packing were about 80% and 65%, the average CODMn removal rate were about 18% and 16%; the species and quantity of microfauna on the suspended packing were less than that of the elastic one, and the social type microfauna could rarely be found. The full-scale experiment showed that, when the water quality was poor, the ammoniacal nitrogen and CODMn removal rate of the suspended packing were higher than that of the elastic one by 5%-10%; the mass growth of social type microfauna on the suspended packing never happened, and regular backwash was unnecessary; while the mass growth of bryozoan happened in some areas of the elastic packing, and its mud accumulation was severe and need backwash regularly, sometimes water blast gun was even used. So the suspended packing is fit for the biological pre-treatment of the micro-polluted raw water.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 447-453 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 523KB] ( 886 )
454 Enhanced removal of bisphenol A by the cake layer in coagulation-microfiltration process
WANG Jie, HE Yu-Qian, ZHANG Hong-Wei
Using polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) as coagulants, the removal of bisphenol A (BPA) was investigated in coagulation process of 1g/L kaolin synthetic solution. The circular cross-flow filtration method to enhance the accumulation of membrane fouling was used to evaluate the BPA removal efficiency of the cake layer. The removal efficiency of BPA with clean microfiltration (MF) cut off decreased obviously when the adsorbed BPA reached saturation in a short period of time. The cake layer which was formed by the circular membrane filtration of mixture promoted the BPA removal, and the membrane resistance in circular membrane filtration reached minimum when removal efficiency of BPA was highest in a single coagulation process. In PAC coagulation-membrane filtration experiments, BPA removal efficiency was increased 34.30% than that in single coagulation; while in FeCl3 coagulation-membrane filtration experiments, BPA removal efficiency was increased 28.38% than that in single coagulation, indicating that the formation of cake layer has promoted the BPA removal. Also, the BPA removal efficiency for the initial BPA concentration of 100μg/L was 7% higher than that for the initial BPA concentration of 5mg/L by coagulation-circular membrane filtration.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 454-460 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 920KB] ( 636 )
461 Adsorption of perchlorate by surfactant-modified activated carbon and its regeneration
CHEN Wei-Fang, LIN Shu-Ying, CHENG Ming-Tao
Cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium chloride was employed to modify an activated carbon (AC) in an attempt to enhance AC’s adsorption for perchlorate. Breakthrough curves were compared before and after modification. Non-modified AC had very little capacity for perchlorate. CTAC modification greatly improved AC’s adsorption. In addition, adsorption capacity was resilient again changes in influent pH. However, interfering anions, such as NO3-, SO42-, SiO42- and PO43-, showed competition for adsorption, which resulted in decrease in perchlorate removal. Activated carbon was regenerated when it reached breakthrough. A regeneration efficiency of 95% was observed when AC was chemically regenerated by 1 mol/L of HCl solution. And activated carbon was able to be reused directly after regeneration. Thermal regeneration by steam was effective in restoring AC’s pore structure. Perchlorate decomposed at high temperature and was removed thoroughly. However, thermal regeneration caused CTAC to degrade thus regenerated AC had to be re-modified before further application.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 461-466 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 427KB] ( 919 )
467 Coagulation effects of submicroscopic vortices
MAO Yu-Hong, CHANG Qing, ZENG Li-Yun, YU Chang-Quan
Velocity field data were acquired for Taylor-Couette flow in the annulus gap between a rotating inner cylinder and a fixed concentric outer cylinder by using particle image velocimetry (PIV).The vortices of submicroscopic size were produced in the annulus gap according to the velocity vector map. The flocculation efficiencies were also obtained in the same Taylor-Couette flow under the conditions corresponding to the different vortices. The flocculation efficiencies reached the maximum values (above 50%) in the wavy vortex flow(WVF)range due to the closed vortices and their contractions and expansions with time, but out of WVF range, the comparatively low flocculation efficiencies were obtained due to the no-closed vortices connected with each other.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 467-472 [Abstract] ( 258 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 918KB] ( 772 )
473 Characterization of microflocs for the coagulation optimization by AFM fluid imaging
ZHENG Bei, GE Xiao-Peng
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to characterize the morphological changes of microflocs in the coagulation process. By the use of AFM fluid imaging technique, optimized operational conditions for 2 min of mirco-flocculation time and 100 s-1 of the agitation intensity (G value) were obtained in the Micro-Flocculation Filtration of dye-printing industrial tailing wastewater with good performance. It was demonstrated that AFM fluid imaging can be exploited as a useful tool in the in-situ observation and measurement in micro-interfacial processes of the environmental concern.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 473-477 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 705KB] ( 1105 )
478 Effects of C /N ratio on physiological biochemical characteristics of anaerobic granular sludge
CHEN Chen, MA Yong-Wen, WAN Jin-Quan, HUANG Ming-Zhi
Eeffects of initial influent carbon-nitrogen ratio on fermentative types and methanogenic activity of anaerobic granular sludge were studied using the group of experiment which adding molybdate to restrain the activity of methanogens to study the effect of C/N ratio on anaerobic granular sludge during the acidification period, when the initial C/N ratio was 12,56,156,the type of fermentation was butyric acid type fermentation and when the initial C/N ratio was 200, forming ethanol type fermentation. Different C/N ratio had influence on EPS of anaerobic granular sludge during acidification period. With the C/N ratio decreased, the total amount of EPS, extracellular polysaccharide and extracellular proteins had shown a decreasing trend after the first increase, reaching maximum when C/N ratio was 56. Using the group of experiment which did not add molybdate to study the effect of methanogenic activity of anaerobic granular sludge, it had the highest COD removal efficiency and methanogenic activity when C/N ratio was 200. With the C/N ratio decreased, the total amount of EPS had shown a increasing trend after the first decrease .The total amount of EPS reached maximum when C/N ratio was 200 and the extracellular proteins reached maximum when C/N ratio was 156. The analysis of functional group of surface of anaerobic granular sludge with Fourier transform infrared dspectrometry showed when C/N ratio was 200, there was 1350~1260 band peak. The other three C/N ratio had no 1350~1260 band peaks.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 478-484 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 647KB] ( 896 )
485 Improving lignin degradation ability of Penicillium simplicissimum by UV induced protoplast mutagenesis
SHEN Ying, HU Tian-Jue, ZENG Guang-Ming, WU Juan-Juan, HUANG Chao, LIU Hui, HUANG Dan-Lian, YIN Lu
The aim of this study was to obtain new Penicillium simplicissimum mutants with high yield of ligninolytic enzymes. UV induced mutagenesis of protoplast was performed on original strain Penicillium simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom BGA. Two genetically stable mutant strains J12 and J18 were selected from a large amount of the regenerative mutants. The highest laccase and manganese peroxidase (Mnp) activities produced by strain J12 were 1.45 and 0.47-fold higher than that by original strain, reached 44.0 U/g and 50. 9 U/g, respectively. The highest lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity of 67.1 U/g was obtained by strain J18, which was 0.4-fold increased compared with its original strain. The highest degradation rate of lignin also was obtained by strain J18, which increased 1.98-fold compared with its original strain. Further experiment confirmed after seven generations successively propagating the activity of strain J12 and strain J18 were stable and did not decrease generally.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 485-491 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 475KB] ( 747 )
492 Construction of a multifunctional microbial community for accelerating the stabilization of landfill
QIU Zhong-Ping, JIANG Hai-Tao, WANG Qian, LIU Yuan-Yue, LIU Yang, YANG Li-Zhong
Based on the study of different effects of function-specialized microbes on the degradation of leachate and stabilization of landfill, a group of complex functional microbes were constructed to accelerate the stabilization of landfill. The complex flora had the greatest influences on the indices of leachate than other combined ones. The three indices including leachate volume, COD and concentration of ammonia nitrogen firstly reached the peak values at the initial stage of landfill then dropped apparently, and the values of three indices kept lower than those of other groups after 49d, 30d and 44d respectively. Moreover, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen reduced to less than 10 mg/L after 130d, which meet the requirements of ammonia nitrogen discharge of leachate according to GB16889-2008. In the whole period of landfill, cumulative volume of leachate, the total mass of COD and ammonia nitrogen were 26.66%,26.59% and 25.40% lower than those of control groups respectively. This indicated that the pollution load of landfill was declined. Moreover, this complex flora also affected the indices of refuse stabilization most greatly. In contrast to the control groups, the concentrations of TOC, TN and C/N of refuse landfill decreased by 39.6%, 18.9% and 25.4% respectively at the end of landfill, while the settlement rate of waste and the biodegradation rate of organics increased by 9.99% and 26.23% respectively.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 492-498 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 442KB] ( 537 )
499 The influence of Zn2+ and Fe3+ on lactic acid production by Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6 under open fermentation
ZOU Hui, WANG Qun-Hui, LIU Jian-Guo, WANG Shuang
This paper studied on the influence of microelements Zn2+ and Fe3+ in the microbial growth metabolism, and confirmed the feasibility of open fermentation in kitchen waste using Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6. In the open fermentation, the added of Fe3+ improved the LDH activity and the lactic acid production arrived to 29.5g/L, this in effect raised 24.2% compared with the condition of without adding any microelements.On the contrary, the added of Zn2+ reduced the activity of ADH, making the the ethanol production accumulated to 6.0g/L, meanwhile,the lactic acid only reached to 17.8g/L. Appropriate amount of Fe3+ could optimize the utilization of starch in the medium, arrive to about 65.7%, which improved 38.5% and 28.1% respectively compared with the conditions of adding Zn2+ and without adding any microelements. Sucrose, maltose, lactose first transformed to glucose and fructose, finally used by Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 499-503 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 388KB] ( 724 )
504 Facilitation of DON on population growth of Alexandrium sp. in Daya Bay
XU Ning, WANG Meng, SUN Kai-Feng, HU Zhang-Xi, DUAN Shun-Shan
Population dynamics of Alexandrium sp. and DON were investigated in aquaculture areas of Daya Bay from January to December in 2008 while environmental factors including nutrients, water temperature and salinity were investigated simultaneously. The concentration of DON was higher from April to June than that in other months. The maximum value for DON was 21.27μmolN/L while the annual average value was 7.44μmol N/L. Urea was one of the most important components of DON. The annual average concentration of urea was 1.98μmol N/L which represented about 20%~30% of DON. DFAA fluctuated significantly ranging from 1 to 5μmol N/L. Cell densities of Alexandrium sp. were found higher from April to June than those in other months. Alexandrium sp. bloom was observed in Aotou aquaculture area with the highest cell density of 3319 cells/mL on April 21. The concentrations of DON and urea and the cell density of Alexandrium sp. peaked synchronously, and DON and urea fell sharply to 23.84% and 62.86% of the maximum when the bloom attenuated. Significant correlations were revealed between cell density of Alexandrium sp. and environmental factors representing the extent of organic pollution such as DON, urea and CODMn. The increase of DON favored the growth of some harmful algal species and may play key roles in the formation of blooms provided suitable water temperature and salinity.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 504-509 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 431KB] ( 739 )
510 Study of Elodea nuttallii-immobilized nitrogen cycling bacteria restoration in an inflow river channel of water source, Taihu Lake
WANG Yi-Chao, LI Zheng-Kui, ZHOU Li, FAN Nian-Wen, FENG Lu-Lu
Nitrogen cycling bacteria, including ammonifying bacteria, nitrobacteria, nitrosobacteria and denitrifying bacteria were screened and immobilized to the porous carries from nature water of Jinshu Bay, Taihu Lake. The restoration effect of Elodea nuttallii-Immobilized Nitrogen Cycling Bacteria (INCB) assemblage technology applied in one of the inflow river channels of Jinshu bay water source, Taihu Lake was studied in autumn and winter. Lab ecological restoration simulation and in situ enclosure experiment demonstrated that Elodea nuttallii-INCB assemblage technology has better water quality improvement ability than either use INCB or Elodea nuttallii separately. We applied this technology in the inflow river channel water restoration and TN concentration reduced 5.9%~61.2%, NO3- concentration reduced 6.1%~68.0% and COD concentration reduced 4.2%~78.5% during the experiment process. The result also showed nitrogen bacteria quantities increased significantly after releasing INCB, and the MPN values of denitrifying bacteria in the enclosure was 3~4 order of magnitudes higher than the comparison water. There is significant difference between them (P<0.01). In situ enclosure experiment lasted for five months showed Elodea nuttallii-INCB assemblage technique can efficiently decrease inflow river nutrient loading and is helpful in water source eutrophication control in autumn and winter.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 510-516 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 572KB] ( 666 )
517 Distribution tendency and source identification of organochlorine pesticides in soils of an underground river catchment
FU , YUN , SUN Yu-Chuan, MAO Hai-Hong, SHEN Li-Cheng, JIA Ya-Nan
In order to study the distribution tendency and main possible sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Qingmuguan underground river catchment in Chongqing, the concentrations of OCPs residues in 17 topsoil samples were measured by gas chromatography equipped with miro-63Ni electron capture detector. The total OCPs concentrations in soils of Qingmuguan ranged from 7.29 to 222.42ng/g with an average value of 46.15ng/g. HCHs and DDTs existed in all samples. The concentrations of HCHs ranged from 0.55 to 26.54ng/g, wihle the concentration of DDTs ranged from 4.31 to 213.50ng/g. The detectable rate of HCB was 88%, and the concentrations of HCB ranged from n.d. to 1.78ng/g. HCHs in study area came from industrial HCHs and lindane, meanwhile, the compositions of HCH isomers has changed significantly under the impact of environment. There were still fresh inputs of DDTs to soils in Qingmuguan underground river catchment, which substantially originated from illegal use of industrial DDTs rather than the dicofol type of DDT. HCB was a kind of persistent organic pollutants which widely existed in soils of Qingmuguan, and mainly being produced by the regional air deposition in recent years. Compared to the similar researches in other areas in China, HCHs and DDTs residues in the soil of Qingmuguan presented low levels. Furthermore, They were higher than those of Germany, Egypt, Romania when compared with parallel researches worldwide.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 517-522 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 1094 )
523 Microbial fuel cell using surplus sludge treated by different ways
LIU Zhi-Hua, LI Xiao-Ming, YANG Hui, ZHANG Zhi-Ping, FANG Li, ZHENG Yao, YANG Qi
A single-chamber, membrane-less and floating-cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) was established. Electrogenesis characteristic, sludge reduction and energy efficiency in MFC using surplus sludge treated by different ways (original sludge, sludge treated by microwave and hydrolysis sludge strengthened by enzymes) were studied. The electrogenesis cycle was the longest (41d), the power density was the largest (775.21mW/m2), and coulomb efficiency (CE) was 10.58% in MFC using surplus sludge strengthened by enzymes (ESMFC). In MFC using surplus sludge underwent microwave treatment (MSMFC), the largest CE (84.6%) was obtained. However, the electrogenesis cycle was only 30d, the power density was 343.41mW/m2. In MFC using surplus sludge (SMFC), the electrogenesis cycle, the power density and CE were 15d, 294.53mW/m2 and 5.8%, respectively. TCOD and VSS removal efficiency by using original sludge MFC were 26.2% and 32.5%, respectively. TCOD removal efficiency by MSMFC and ESMFC were increased to 58.5% and 63.2%, respectively. VSS removal efficiency by MSMFC and ESMFC were increased to 73.9% and 77.1%, respectively. Sludge pretreatment could promote sludge reduction.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 523-528 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 418KB] ( 917 )
529 Sorption characteristics of sevin and diuron on plant ash
ZHANG Qiong, ZHOU Yan-Mei, SUN Su-Xia, DIAO Xiao-Hua, WANG Dong-Sheng
Pore structure, surface property and chemical constitution of plant ash were determined. Two pesticides-sevin and diuron whose physicochemical properties were close, but steric configurations were different, were chosen as sorbates. Their sorption isotherms and kinetics on plant ash were examined, respectively. Their sorption models were significantly varied. Linear model and pseudo one-stape dynamics equation could fit the sorption of planar sevin on plant ash, implying that its sorption possibly was simple linear partition process. Freundlich model and two-stape dynamics equation fitted best the sorption of non-planar diuron on plant ash, implying that its sorption was complex multi-process. The sorption isotherm and kinetic fitting parameters indicated that the sorption capacity of planar sevin was larger than that of non-planar diuron, suggesting that the steric effect of sorbate molecule played important role on sorption.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 529-534 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 495KB] ( 1100 )
535 Simulation of multiple wells system in soil vapor extraction
LUAN Xu, WU Xiao-Feng, HU Li-Ming
A numerical simulation of the air pressure distribution in the contaminated vadose zone was conducted using the AIR3D model, based on the designed in-situ SVE remediation system for the contaminated gas-station site. An affected area was defined as the domain which has an air pressure lower than 101.122kPa. At first, a single well was used in the simulation, but the result turned out that the affected area was not sufficient to cover the contaminated zone. Then a multiple wells system was proposed, and the combined and enhanced effect was observed. Further, the influence of well interval and well distribution on the affected area was discussed in the multiple wells system. The numerical results showed that interaction between wells decreases along with the increase of the well interval. There existed a critical value representing the maximum well interval of the combined effect. The critical well interval varied with the change of the well distribution pattern. The critical well intervals in the 2-well, 3-well, 4-well systems discussed in this study are in intervals of 3-5m, 5-8m, 8-10m respectively. In well systems with larger well intervals than the critical values, interaction between wells would decrease significantly, and the affected area would not cover the entire inter-well area.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 535-540 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 472KB] ( 682 )
541 Role of phosphatase activity as an early warning indicator of inhibition in a single-phase anaerobic digester treating food waste
PENG Xu-Ya, HONG Jun-Hua, JIA Chuan-Xing, MEI Bing, DI Yu-Cui, WANG Lu
The objective of this study was to understand the role of phosphatase activity as an early warning indicator of inhibition that has been often observed in the anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste. Tests were conducted in laboratory scale, single-phase CSTR reactors operated at loading rates ranged from 2.0 to 8.5kg VS/(m3×d). The activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), volumetric gas production rate and pH were measured during the reactor operation. The average ACP and ALP activity at the start-up phase when the reactor loading rate ranged from 2.0 to 4.0kg VS/(m3×d) were measured as 14.1 and 9.8 μgNP/(h×mL), respectively; while 138.4 and 23.6μgNP/(h×mL) at the steady phase when the reactor loading rate was within 5.0 to 7.5kg VS/(m3×d). The ACP and ALP activity peaked at 318.1 and 51.5μgNP/(h×mL) when reactors were overloaded at 8.5kg VS/(m3×d), after which both activity significantly decreased. The sharp increase in phosphatase activity occurred two days prior to the loading rate increase and one day prior to the pH drop, which suggests it could be an early warning indicator of inhibition that often occurred in the anaerobic digestion of food waste.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 541-546 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 619 )
547 Affordability of domestic water price based on ability and willingness to pay —A case study of Panyu District of Guangzhou
JIA Guo-Ning, HUANG Ping
The affordability of domestic water price was quantified based on residents’ ability to pay (ATP) and willingness to pay (WTP), by using the extended linear expenditure system (ELES) model and the contingent valuation method (CVM). Taking the Panyu district of Guangzhou as an example, we carefully analyzed ATP and WTP of residents living in urban and rural areas respectively. The statistics was calculated on the basis of the surveys and historical dataset on the domestic water expenditure from 2005 to 2009. Furthermore, we analyzed the affordability of domestic water price in 2011. The residents whose income was on and over average can afford the domestic water and their basic water demands were satisfied during the period of 2005 to 2009. However, the residents whose income was below average are unable to pay for the domestic water, which was very common in the rural areas. It was therefore very necessary to place emphasis on these people living in the rural areas. The result based on CVM indicated that the residents are willing to pay 2.163 yuan/m3 for domestic water in 2011. When the domestic water price increases from 2.00 yuan/m3 to 2.15 yuan/m3, the residents whose income was on average should be able to pay for the domestic water.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 547-555 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 498KB] ( 1420 )
556 Optimized environmental multimedia model screening for health risk assessment of contaminated sites
HUANG Jin-Hui, LI Fei, ZENG Guang-Ming, YUAN Xing-Zhong, LIANG Jie, ZHANG Zhao, TANG Xiao-Jiao
Through the considerable improvement of risk assessment system, uncertainty remained a primary threat to the confidence level of risk assessment. Under the primary definitions of uncertainty in environmental risk assessment home and abroad, owing to the realistic and theoretical limit, choosing the relatively suitable model was considered to be much more important step to the risk assessment process concerning the reduction of uncertainty. In particular, model uncertainty probably made a much bigger effect than that of parameter uncertainty. This study quantified the effects of different sources of uncertainty and developed a screening procedure to choose the relatively suitable model on basis that 3MRA, MMSOILS and CalTOX models combined with Monte Carlo simulation were applied to the same contaminated site and the typical receptor. The 6-steps comprehensive assessment procedure would be an important reference to future health risk assessment of contaminated sites.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 556-563 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 542KB] ( 1293 )
564 Characteristics and spatial distribution of the rural non-point source pollution in Haihe River Basin
QIU Bin, LI Ping-Ping, ZHONG Chen-Yu, CHEN Sheng, SUN De-Zhi
The emission characteristics of COD, TN, TP and NH3-N in Haihe River Basin which were discharged from three main kinds of rural non-point sources (NPS) including rural sewage, livestock and fertilizer loss were evaluated using pollution emission coefficient based on the national and provincial statistics in 2008, and the emission intensities and spatial distribution were analyzed. Total COD, TN, TP and NH3-N emission were 2435826, 3042079, 540568, 1798760 t/a, and emission intensities were 11.10, 13.97, 2.98, 8.28 t/(km2·a), respectively. The maximum NPS emission was from Hebei Province among the seven provinces in Haihe River Basin, and the rural sewage became the largest and top-priority controlling pollution sources among three kinds of NPS. Ziya River System was the largest receiving water of NPS pollutants among the nine river systems in Haihe River Basin. Tuhaimajia River System suffered from the largest NPS emission intensity and became the most heavily polluted river system, which was mainly resulted from the rural sewage discharged from Shandong Province. Moreover, the NPS pollutants emissions and emissions intensity were significantly regional distribution, the mountainous area presented a low pollution level and the plain area presented a high pollution levels.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 564-570 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1723KB] ( 1268 )
571 Connecting hydrological and water quality models for prediction research of reservoir water quality
ZHU Lei, LI Huai-恩, LI Jia-Ke, WU Xi-Jun
Two powerful watershed and water quality models (AnnAGNPS and CE-QUAL-W2) were integrated In this paper. The non-point source pollution loading of AnnAGNPS model input the CE-QUAL-W2 model. The CE-QUAL-W2 model was applied to simulate water quality in the Jinpen Reservoir and study of non-point source pollution on water quality of reservoir. When predicting the water quality of reservoir non-point source pollutions should be treated differently in flood and non-flood period. Non-point source pollution had great impact for water quality of Jinpen Reservoir in flood period, but non-point source pollution had less impact for reservoir water quality in non-flood period. The impacts made a great difference between longitudinal and vertical water quality. Forest played a significant role for non-point source pollution reduction in the watershed.
2012 Vol. 32 (3): 571-576 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1027KB] ( 1135 )
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