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2012 Vol.32 Issue.4,Published 2012-04-20
577 Relationship between dust aerosols and solar radiation in global dust source regions
WANG Min-Jun, HAN Yong-Xiang, DENG Zu-Qin, ZHAO Tian-Liang
Based on the analysis of the TOMS-AI (Aerosol Index) and extraterrestrial radiation, the relationships between the dust aerosol loading and solar radiation in global dust source regions are examined. There are high correlations between solar radiation and the TOMS-AI in the dust source regions of both Northern and Southern Hemisphere. It is found that solar radiation is one of the most important factors influencing the dust aerosols in the desert regions.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 577-583 [Abstract] ( 264 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 862KB] ( 933 )
584 Indoor particle pollution feature in commercial environment of Jinan, in winter, 2010
YAN Chao, YANG Ling-Xiao, DONG Can, YUAN Qi, GAO Xiao-Mei, XUE Li-Kun, WANG Zhe, WANG Wen-Xing
The indoor particle pollution level in two typical commercial environments (shopping mall and commercial office) were observed using a wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) from 30th Jan. to 7th Feb., 2010. The results showed that particles were mainly distributed in Aitken mode, and the total number concentrations were comparable to those in some developed countries but the mass concentrations were much higher. The diurnal variations of indoor particles indicated the major contribution of outdoor particle sources to indoor particle pollution level. In shopping mall, cleaning and walking could greatly elevate the volume concentration of coarse mode particles to about 4~7 times higher, but had very little influence on the total volume concentration (take 5% of the total). The use of printer could enhance the concentration of particles around 30 nm significantly and last for 20 minutes; in the tobacco smoking event, the elevated concentrations of particles around 100 nm could last for about 6 hours, and the daytime total volume concentration in smoking day was more than twice that in non-smoking day. These results indicated that even though indoor particle level was mainly influenced by outdoor sources, these two indoor sources were also important contributors.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 584-592 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 739KB] ( 769 )
593 Study on the decomposition mechanism of formaldehyde and ozone byproduct in the presence of MnOx-TiO2 catalyst under UV185+254nm irradiation
XU Wei, FU Ping-Feng, ZHANG Peng-Yi, YANG Hui-Fen
To increase the efficiency of simultaneous removal of formaldehyde and ozone byproduct under 185nm VUV (vacuum ultraviolet) irradiation, TiO2 supported manganese oxide catalyst (MnOx-TiO2) was synthesized and used as photocatalyst. The conversion rate of HCHO and O3 byproduct significantly increased from 44.7% and 38.7% for TiO2 to 77.5% and 96.8% for MnOx-TiO2, respectively. To elucidate the decomposition mechanism of HCHO and O3 on the MnOx-TiO2 under VUV irradiation, the decomposition rates of HCHO and O3 under VUV irradiation and in dark condition (added O3) were compared, and the photocatalytic degradation of HCHO on the MnOx-TiO2 under UV254nm irradiation was also investigated. The results indicated that the HCHO was mainly oxidized via homogeneous oxidation with active oxygen species and heterogeneous catalytic oxidation with ozone on the MnOx surface. Only less than 10% HCHO could be photocatalytically degraded on the MnOx-TiO2 under UV245nm irradiation. The O3 byproduct was mainly removed via thermal catalytic decomposition on the MnOx surface. The stability of MnOx-TiO2 to catalytically decompose O3 was greatly improved when the MnOx surface was irradiated with VUV light.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 593-597 [Abstract] ( 451 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 547KB] ( 1653 )
598 Effect of processing conditions on organics and inorganics in wastewater during hydrothermal treatment of a low-rank coal
ZENG Wei-Wei, ZHANG Jian-Sheng, ZHAO Yong
A series of hydrothermal treatment experiments for Bai-Inhua lignite from Inner Mongolia were conducted in this article. The effect of processing temperature and coal slurry concentration were studied by measuring TOC, COD, BOD5, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, Cl-, SO42- and pH value of the waste water after hydrothermal treatment. The processing temperature had a significant effect on the carbon and nitrogen content in the wastewater, as the processing temperature increases from 200℃ to 350℃, the carbon and the nitrogen content increase more than 20 times and 30 times separately. The slurry concentration had a significant effect on the Cl- and SO42- content in the wastewater, which increased with the increasing coal slurry concentration. The processing temperature shall be lower than 350 ℃, and the coal slurry concentration shall be identified with the consideration of the equipment material.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 598-602 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 699 )
603 Microwave assisted photocatalytic degradation of cyromazine in aqueous solutions
YUAN Min, XU Ren-Kou, FENG Ya-Hui
Photocatalytic degradation of cyromazine in TiO2 aqueous suspensions assisted with microwave was investigated with a microwave apparatus. The enhancement of the degradation by electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL) was examined. Results showed that the degradation efficiency of cyromazine in 1.0 g/L TiO2 suspension reached 99.6% after 20 min reaction by the microwave assisted photocatalysis. The primary degradation product melamine was detected. The degradation efficiencies of cyromazine were all over 99% in the pH range from 3.0 to 9.0 and increased with the increasing dosage of TiO2 and the number of EDL. Addition of nitrate ions considerably inhibited the degradation of cyromazine, which was mainly caused by the high UV absorption of nitrate at the short wavelength and the adsorption of nitrate in positive holes on TiO2 surface.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 603-608 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 461KB] ( 815 )
609 Low-temperature CO oxidation over Au-doped OMS-2 catalysts: preparation and catalytic activity
YE Qing, YAN Li-Na, LUO Cai-Wu, HUO Fei-Fei, CHENG Shui-Yuan, KANG Tian-Fang
Au/OMS-2 catalysts were prepared by pre-incorporation (QI), typical wet impregnation (IM) and deposition-precipitation (DP) methods. The influences of prepared methods and conditions on the catalytic activity of CO oxidation were studied. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunaner-Emmett-Teller (BET). As compared with pre-incorporation and typical wet impregnation methods, Au/OMS-2-DP prepared from deposition-precipitation (DP) method revealed the highest activity, due to the largest surface area and the smallest Au particle size. A study was conducted on the effects of different preparation conditions (i.e., precipitating agents, pH of solution, Au loading and calcinations temperature) on the catalytic oxidation of CO over Au/OMS-2-DP. Effects of precipitating agents on catalytic activity were obvious. The best catalytic activity was shown by the Au/OMS-2-DP catalyst prepared with KOH as a precipitating agent, which could be explained in terms of the smallest Au particle size. A pH of 9 generated greater amounts of Au loading and smaller Au particles on OMS-2 than other pH value. The sample calcined at 300℃ showed the highest activity, which may be due to the sample’s calcined at 200℃ inability to decompose completely to metallic gold while the sample calcined at 400℃ had larger particles of gold deposited on the support. Au/OMS-2-DP prepared from a gold solution with KOH as a precipitating agent, pH of 9, Au loading at 5 wt%, and a calcination temperature of 300℃ provides the optimum catalytic activity for CO oxidation, i.e. 100% CO conversion at 67℃.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 609-616 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 530KB] ( 688 )
617 Basic research on denitrifying microbial fuel cell
LI Jin-Tao, ZHANG Shao-Hui
The influence of dissolved oxygen in cathode and external resistance on the performance of electricity generation and pollutant removal of microbial fuel cell (MFC) were investigated after successful start-up of a double-chamber denitrifying MFC. The results revealed that, with sodium acetate as electron donor and sodium nitrate as electron acceptor under the ambient temperature of 25℃, the denitrifying MFC was started successfully in 42 days through continuous feeding followed by batch feeding. The oxygen and nitrate could serve as electron acceptor simultaneously when oxygen existed in the influent of cathode. In the lower range of current density, oxygen was the main electron acceptor with a maximum power density of 26.0W/m3NC; as the current density increased to a certain extent, nitrate became the main electron acceptor gradually with a maximum power density of 20.9W/m3NC. The external resistance had little effect on COD removal and denitrifying degree, and the COD removal loading maintained at about 1.2kg/(m3NC·d) with the effluent concentration of NO-2-N below 0.05mg/L; but decreasing the external resistance resulted in improvement of nitrogen removal performance in cathode, and the NO-3-N removal loading reached to 0.111kg/(m3NC·d) when the external resistance was set at 5W.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 617-622 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 416KB] ( 1068 )
623 UV irradiation intimately coupling biofilm for quinoline degradation
GAN Lu, YAN Ning, ZHANG Yong-Ming
Internal loop photolytic biological reactor was used for quinoline degradation by means of three protocols: photolysis alone, biodegradation alone and photo-biodegradation. Experimental results indicated that quinoline removal rate was accelerated clearly under intimately coupled photolysis and biodegradation. Quinoline removal rate could be described with Haldane model as the inhibition to microorganism according to the analysis of quinoline removal kinetics. Compared with quinoline removal rate by biodegradation alone, the photolytic rates might be ignored. But the maximum quinoline removal rate was increased by one times after photolysis was intimately coupled with biodegradation for quinoline degradation, and the inhibition constant was decreased with 36%, at the same time, the quinoline mineralization degree was also increased by intimately coupled UV irradiation and biofilm.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 623-629 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 494KB] ( 687 )
630 Pretreatment of CLT acid production wastewater by Fenton reagent
ZHANG Xin, WU Chang-Yong, SHI Zhong-Tao, SONG Yu-Dong, ZHOU Yue-Xi
CLT acid production wastewater is a type of difficultly biodegraded organic wastewater. The wastewater contains high organic pollutants concentration and salinity. Fenton reagent was used for the pretreatment of CLT acid production wastewater. The parameters that affect the treatment efficiency, such as H2O2 and FeSO4·7H2O dosage and the molar ratio, pH and reaction time, were investigated and determined in this study. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the reaction were as follows: initial pH values of 3~4, 30min rection time, 20mL/L H2O2 dosage and 10g/L FeSO4·7H2O dosage. The H2O2 was just entirely consumed and the COD removal was 56% in the optimum condition. Fenton oxidation pretreatment can significantly improve the biodegradability of the production CLT acid wastewater. The BOD5/COD value of the raw wastewater was 0.075 while the value increased to 0.37 when treated by Fenton reagent in the optimum condition. 6 benzene series materials can be detected in the raw wastewater by GC-MS. However, no featured organic pollutants can be detected when the wastewater was treated by Fenton oxidation. The pretreated wastewater can be further treated by biological technologies. The Fenton agent is suitable for the pretreatment of CLT acid production wastewater.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 630-634 [Abstract] ( 291 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 371KB] ( 837 )
635 Effects of CO2 in headspace of bioreactor on volatile fatty acids generation from organic matters by anaerobic fermentation
MA Lin, WANG Jin, FU Bo, LIU He
The effects of CO2 concentrations in headspace of anaerobic fermentation system on the volatile fatty acids (VFA) generation, substrate degradation and homoacetogen change were investigated. Low concentration of headspace CO2 was helpful for the substrate degradation. The substrate degradation efficiency of low CO2, high CO2 and control are over 93% at 16h, 87.6% and 88.3% at 20h, respectively. The high CO2 concentration improved the acetate accumulation with the conversion yield at 8.2 mmol/gCOD at the end of fermentation, which was 1.52 and 1.87 folds of the control and low CO2 reactors, respectively. There was a positive relationship between CO2 concentration and the quantity of homoacetogen. The fhs gene copy numbers were 9.83×106/mL, 5.32×108/mL, 6.97×107/mL in the low CO2, high CO2 and the control reactors, respectively. The homoacetogen could be enriched from a mixed culture by a high CO2 concentration in the headspace.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 635-639 [Abstract] ( 332 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 507KB] ( 924 )
640 Study on preparation of activated carbon made from sludge by steam activation
WU Yi-Min, HUANG Ya-Ji, SONG Min, JIN Bao-Sheng
Activated carbon prepared from sludge and sawdust by fluidized bed pyrolysis and tube furnace-steam activation method were studied. The effect of activation factors, adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of methylene blue on activated carbon, heavy metals in leachate and pore structure were investigated. The yield of carbon decreases all the way with the increase of activation temperature, activation time and flowrate of steam, while the adsorption performance increases first and then decreases. The adsorption properties of the product more than doubled when adding twenty percent of sawdust to the sludge. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and quasi-second-order reaction model can describe the methylene blue adsorption process and adsorption equilibrium on activated carbon in the sludge balance, during which the maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue is 71.43 mg/g.Transition pores are more and there are only a small amount of heavy metals in leachate.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 640-646 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 701KB] ( 932 )
647 Mineralization characteristics of biogas residues of rice straw and its effect on vegetable growth
GAO Bai-Ru, CHANG Zhi-Zhou, YE Xiao-Mei, MAO Zheng-Rong, ZOU Dun-Qiang, DU Jing, XU Yue-Ding, ZHANG Jian-Ying
It is necessary to find a reasonable and effective way to deal with large amounts of biogas residue during biogas production of rice straw. However, the nutrient release following the biogas residue application and vegetable utilization remain ambiguous. In order to determine how biogas residue of rice straw inputs affect soil carbon and nitrogen turnover and consequently vegetable yield and quality, so this study was conducted. The results of incubation experiment showed that soil carbon mineralization, nitrogen immobilization of soil microorganisms and microbial biomass carbon were significantly enhanced by the addition of biogas residue of rice straw. The biogas residue of rice straw released nitrogen more slowly than the commercial organic fertilizer. The results of pot experiment showed that, compared to commercial organic fertilizer, vegetable production was decreased slightly and content of soluble sugar and vitamin C of Chinese cabbage were increased significantly and nitrate content was decreased by biogas residue of rice straw application. Therefore, biogas residue of rice straw application was benefit for vegetable production.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 647-652 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 449KB] ( 715 )
653 Effect of various factors on ozone inactivating Microcystis aeruginosa in water
WANG Xiao-Xiong, JIANG Cheng-Chun, ZHU Jia, XIE Wei-Ping
In order to study the effect of O3 inactivating Microsystis aeruginosa in water,different factors (the ozone dose, time, pH, temperature, turbidity and cell density) which might influence the inactivation were investigated by using neutral red staining assays. The results indicated that the inactivated rate of O3 affecting Microsystis aeruginosa increased as the ozone dose and time prolonging obviously. When the turbidity was 0.5 to 20.0NTU,temperature was 5 to 35℃, pH was 6.0 to 9.0, the turbidity was lower, the higher inactivating ratio could be received. With the increasing of temperature, the inactivating effect was decreased. The ability of O3 inactivating Microsystis aeruginosa was stronger under acidic condition than it was in alkali circumstance. If cell density increased, the inactivation efficiency decreased significantly. The initial algal concentration also influenced the treatment efficiency. If cell density increased the inactivation efficiency decreased significantly. If the initial algal concentration was 1.0×107 cells/L, the ozone dose 2.0 mg/L and the time was more than 40 min, the ratio of inactivation could exceed 99.0% and the capability of propagator was zero during disinfecting drinking water.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 653-658 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 817 )
659 Effects of commercial cypermethrin on the growth of Scenedesmus obliquus and its physiochemical responses
WANG Chao-Hui, XIE Jun, JIANG Shan, SHI Jing-Jia, LIU Yong-Bin, GONG Wang-Bao
The effects of commercial cypermethrin on growth and physiochemical parameters of Scenedesmus obliquus were investigated by 72 h growth tests in a batch-culture system. The purpose was to understand influences of commercial pyrethroid insecticides on aquatic ecosystem. The growth of algal cells was inhibited by cypermethrin in a dose-dependent pattern. The 72 h median effect concentration (EC50) was 2.37 mg/L. All biochemical parameters varied significantly within 12 h exposure, and were stable after 24 h exposure. Cellular contents of soluble protein and sugar were enhanced under the stress of cypermethrin, and the maximum magnification occurred at the moderate concentrations. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was stimulated at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. However, content of f lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) increased significantly with the increasing of concentration, indicating the potential of using MDA as the biomarker for cypermethrin pollution. The results from this study suggest that the inactivation of SOD activity and consequent lipid peroxidation may be crucial toxic mechanism for cypermethrin to algal cell; however background levels of cypermethrin in natural waters will not inhibit the growth of phytoplankton.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 659-665 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 479KB] ( 729 )
666 Effect of external sulfate on fraction of phosphorus in the surface sediment from Lake Nanhu in Wuhan
YUAN Tan, HUA Yu-Mei, ZHU Duan-Wei, DING Min, CAI Jian-Bo
The response of phosphorus fraction in the sediments from Lake Nanhu in Wuhan to the input of sulfate was investigated based on the indoor simulation experiments. It showed that sulfate input improved the mobility of phosphorus in sediments, resulting in the increase of concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the overlying water. Higher external sulfate concentration experienced greater increase of phosphorus contents in the overlying water. The contents of acid volatile sulfur (AVS) in the sediments initially increased and then fell, while the chromium reducible sulfur kept the trend of increase. It indicated that the AVS in the sediments was produced after the sulfate penetrated to the sediments, followed by the transformation of AVS to chromium reducible sulfur. pH increased and Eh decreased due to the reduction of sulfate in the sediments. The effect of sulfate input was much different for the different fractions of phosphorus in the sediments. The contents of Ca2-P increased with the increase of sulfate concentration. The Fe-P with the highest content in the sediments (51.4%~56.6 % of total phosphorus), was significantly influenced by the sulfate (P<0.01). It released from sediments to overlying water, and the soluble iron in the overlying water had positive correlation with the TP and SRP. The O-Fe-P was also affected by the external sulfate and showed release mobility from the sediments.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 666-673 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 488KB] ( 720 )
674 Effects on the CODCr, NH3-N and TP capacities in the Xiaojiang River after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir
WANG Xiao-Qing, GUO Jin-Song
After the impoundment of The Three Gorges Reservoir the hydrological condition has been greatly affected in the Xiaojiang backwater, also the water velocity has slowed down significantly. Moreover, water from the Yangtze River pouring into the backwater changed the water pollutant concentration of the background, causing water environment parameters to be greatly different from those in the natural river. Eventually water environmental capacity will be affected greatly. The Xiaojiang area was studied through based on the data from the Water Functional Division and water quality control target, the water total environmental capacity of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (TP) and their monthly values were computed. Monthly water environmental capacity was affected by water discharge, water velocity,water level and water quality target. After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the water environmental capacities of CODCr, NH3-N and TP have reduced approximately 20.59%, 22.22% and 23.08% respectively.The reduction of water environmental capacity is one of the important factors of water eutrophication in the Xiaojiang backwater.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 674-678 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 439KB] ( 921 )
679 Spatiotemporal variations of main pollutants in Jiulongjiang Estuary
GUO Zhou-Hua, WANG Cui, YAN Li, WANG Jin-Keng
Based on the survey data, including 2 cruises in 2010, obtained from recent 30 years in Jiulongjiang Estuary, the annual variations and spatial distribution of DIN, DIP, COD and petroleum hydrocarbon were analyzed and eutrophication index (EI) were applied to assess the eutrophication conditions. The annual concentration of DIN and DIP tended to rise in recent 30 years while the petroleum hydrocarbon concentration increased slowly at first and then declined and COD fluctuate in small amplitude. DIN was higher in the west than the east of the estuary with variations of DIP annually while COD and petroleum hydrocarbon concentration were high in the inner estuary and lower in the western waters of Xiamen harbor and in the outer estuary. The increasing EI for 30 years indicates that the seawater quality was in a state of deteriorating. The most eutrophic areas were located in the north, middle and south part of Jiulongjiang Estuary and at the Nan Xi opening, which suggests that it was resulted from the great input of Jiulongjiang River. All data, annual variations of pollutants with their horizontal distribution, should lay a solid foundation for establishment of total amount control of pollutants to the sea.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 679-686 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 598KB] ( 991 )
687 Effect of organic matter on sorption of phosphorus on sediment in Western Liaohe River
WANG 而Li, WANG Si-Qi
Batch experiments of equilibrium adsorption were carried out to investigate the effect of organic matter on sorption of phosphorus on sediment in Western Liaohe River. The results indicated that the sorption capacity of the sediment was 953.64 mg/kg, and the value reduced dramatically after organic matter was removed. The partition coefficient of phosphorus on the sediment was 40.50. Normalized partition coefficient and normalized carbon sorption capacity only accounted for 12.07% and 27.49% , the value of partition coefficient and sorption capacity respectively, which indicated that organic matter was main factor influencing the sorption of phosphorus on sediment. Light fraction of organic matter was a rubber-like domain, and partition may be the main process of sorption of phosphorus on it. The normalized partition coefficient of phosphorus on the light fraction was 77.13. On the other hand, the heavy fraction of the organic matter was glass transition matrix, it played a leading role in the sorption of phosphorus and the normalized carbon sorption capacity was 1225.63mg/kg. The sorption mechanism of phosphorus on the heavy fraction may be microhole filling apart from partition. Furthermore, the normalized carbon sorption capacity of tightly combined humus (humin) of the heavy fraction was 3546.69 mg/kg. Stably combined humus and tightly combined humus were important adhesive material in the formation of loose organo-mineral complexes. These may be the main sorption mechanism of phosphorus on sediment.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 687-694 [Abstract] ( 216 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 516KB] ( 758 )
695 Study on nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland water bodies of the Pearl River estuary
LIANG Qiu-Hong, LI Qu-Sheng, LUO Xuan, ZHANG Qian-Kun, LU Jun
A case study of drains in Zhangsong Village watershed and in No.15 Chung of Wanqingsha was carried out. The spatial-temporal dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in farmland ditch systems were investigated. Results showed that the average concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in farmland drainage water were higher than those in the nearby streams and the Pearl River. Along with the downstream of drains, TN and NH4+-N concentrations decreased, however, NO3--N concentrations increased gradually. TP concentrations in No.15 Chung of Wanqingsha decreased alone with the downstream of drains, but no significant change occurred in drains of Zhangsong village. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the relationships between TN and NH4+-N、TP、CODcr were positively correlated respectively in zhangsong village drains, but NH4+-N and NO3--N was negatively correlated. The relationships between TN and NH4+-N, NO3--N, TP and CODcr were significantly positively correlated in No.15 Chung of Wanqingsha drain. The results could be useful for pollution control of non-point sources in Pearl River estuary.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 695-702 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 736KB] ( 654 )
703 Nitrogen, phosphorous and organic matter spatial distribution characteristics and their pollution status evaluation of sediments nutrients in lakeside zones of Taihu Lake
WANG Pei, LU Shao-Yong, WANG Dian-Wu, XU Meng-Shuang, GAN Shu, JIN Xiang-Can
Top layer (0~10 cm) samples in the lakeside zones of Taihu Lake were collected. The content of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were measured, and finally pollution assessment for top layer sediments was made. The results showed that the OM levels in top layer sediments in lakeside zones of Taihu Lake ranged from1.42% to 9.96%. The spatial change trend of OM content of the top layer sediment in the decrease order as follows: Eastern Taihu Lake, Zhushan Bay, Gonghu Bay, Meiliang Bay, South shore, East shore, and West shore. TN content of the top layer sediment had a similar spatial distribution regularity with OM, ranged from 458mg/kg to 5211mg/kg . The spatial change trend of TN in the decrease order as follows: Eastern Taihu Lake, Zhushan Bay, East shore, Gonghu Bay , South shore, Meiliang Bay and West shore. TP content of the top layer sediment ranged from 128.56mg/kg to 1392.16 mg/kg. The spatial change trend of TP in the decrease order as follows: Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay, Eastern Taihu Lake, South shore, Gonghu Bay, East shore and West shore. OM content and TN content had very significant positive correlation(r=0.903, P<0.01), but no obvious correlation with TP content (r=0.073, P<0.332) in the top layer sediments. Based on comprehensive pollution index and organic index, the environmental qualities of sediments in the whole lakeside zones still belonged to clean category. Except for Eastern Taihu Lake and Zhushan Bay seriously polluted by N, P and the other areas were mild-to-moderate pollution. The organic pollution of most areas was under lower pollution level except East shore.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 703-709 [Abstract] ( 328 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 815KB] ( 2342 )
710 137Cs inventories and soil organic carbon content in soils of three typical terrestrial ecosystems
TANG Xin-Yi, GUAN Dong-Sheng
The soil and soil organic carbon (SOC) erosion in three typical terrestrial ecosystems (natural forest, barren land and restored forest) were investigated using 137Cs. Study sites were located in Xiaoliang of Guangdong province. Soil 137Cs inventories and SOC content were measured; the 137Cs distribution and the relationships between 137Cs and SOC were analyzed. The natural forest was the reference site of the study region. In the natural forest, the average activity of 137Cs in 0~40 cm soil horizon was (0.99±0.28) Bq/kg, 137Cs reference inventory was (448.1±56.3) Bq/m2, and SOC storage of 0~40cm horizon was 5.93 kg/m2. 137Cs was undetected in soils of the barren land and the restored forest. Heavy soil erosion had occurred on the barren land and the restored forest. In the natural forest, the distribution of 137Cs in profile had a non-exponential decrease shape with depth while the peak values of 137Cs concentration occurred in the sub-surface horizon. The correlation between 137Cs activity and SOC content in different soil layers of the natural forest was non-significant (P>0.1). 137Cs reference inventory was very low in the study region. The calculation of the soil and SOC erosion by using 137Cs in the study area or other relevant areas would be limited.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 710-714 [Abstract] ( 258 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 384KB] ( 658 )
715 Comprehensive assessment and comparison of lakes’ ecosystem health in Erhai watershed
ZHANG Hong-Ye, CAI Qing-Hua, TANG Tao, WANG Xing-Zhong, YANG Shun-Yi, KONG Ling-Hui
The Ecosystem Health Index (EHI) and Trophic State Index (TSI) were used to assess the ecosystem health and eutrophic status of Erhai Lake and three small lakes (Haixihai, Cibihu and Xihu) in Erhai watershed. According to the field survey carried out in May 2009, all lakes in Erhai watershed were in an eutrophic status (averaged TSI =53.9) and in a worse ecosystems health status (averaged EHI =38.3). Further analysis found that the EHI has a high spatial variability among and between the lakes in Erhai watershed. Haixihai lake (EHI=42.7) and Cibihu lake (EHI = 42.1) had a median score of EHI; however, Xihu lake (EHI=33.5) and Erhai lake (EHI=37.9) had a lower score of EHI. Among Erhai lake, the north and central region had a higher score of EHI than the other regions. A comparison between EHI and TSI in assessing lake ecosystem’s status revealed that lakes in Erhai watershed belong to the response ecosystem that basically shows a positive correlation between nutrient and biomass, and the EHI is a good index in assessing ecosystem health of lakes in Erhai watershed. In addition, the EHI was used to assess the ecosystem health of Erhai lake in the past 20 years. The result indicated that ecosystem health of Erhai lake is degrading. The worst ecosystem state was observed in 1997, with a EHI value of 36.7.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 715-720 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 488KB] ( 1118 )
721 National survey and risk assessment of haloacetic acids in drinking water in China for reevaluation of the drinking water standards
MENG Li-苹, DONG Zhao-Min, HU Jian-Ying
Nine haloacetic acids were determined in finished water samples from 117 drinking water supply plants, using a specific and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method. Of nine haloacetic acids, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid showed high detection frequencies with 78.6% and 81.2%, and concentrations with 3.47μg/L and 3.31μg/L, respectively. The expected lifetime cancer risk of dichloroacetic acid associated with uptake of drinking water in China was 5.72×10-6, showing a relatively low risk. The concentration of trichloroacetic acid in finished water which exceeded the health guideline value of 20μg/L was estimated to be 1.7%. Based on the results of risk assessment and the national survey of haloacetic acids, the criteria of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic were suggested to be 16μg/L and 20μg/L, respectively.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 721-726 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 446KB] ( 700 )
727 Concentration and health risk assessment of PCBs in E-waste dismantling field
YANG Yan, YU Yun-Jiang, LI Ding-Long, YANG Jie, LU Xiao-Song
The typical E-waste dismantling field was investigated. Based on the comprehensive survey of the concentration of PCBs of multiple environmental media, the health risk of adults in dismantling field of Taizhou in Zhejiang was assessed by the health assessment models of US EPA and the exposure parameters optimized by questionnaires and actual measurement. It was preliminarily concluded that the concentration of PCBs homolog in dismantling field of multiple environmental media in atmosphere and soil were significantly higher than those in other media, which might be related to the direct burning and wet pickling process. The adults’ total cancer risk of PCBs pollution from various of exposure pathways in dismantling field was 2.80×10-3, whereas the total non-cancer risk was 1.64×10-3, which both exceeded the maximum acceptable risk levels recommended by US EPA, ICRP, ect. The cancer and non-cancer risk of the oral exposure were the highest, and that of the breathing exposure ranked the second. Sensitivity analysis result illustrated that, no matter what the exposure pathways, the absolute sensitivity of the cancer and non-cancer risks of the body weight (BW), inhalation rate (IR), actual measured parameter of ingestion rate (IR) of food, skin surface area available for contact and the concentration of pollutants were significant. Therefore, during the health risk assessment process, the exposure parameters of people in study area should be measured with field survey in order to reduce the uncertainty of evaluation results.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 727-735 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 636KB] ( 1046 )
736 Reproduction and embryonic development toxicity of 1,2,4-TCB on zebrafish embryos
DU Qing-Ping, LIU Wu-Xiang, YUAN Bao-Hong, JIA Xiao-Shan
The reproduction and embryonic development toxicities of 1,2,4-TCB on zebrafish embryos were examined using a zebrafish embryo test. The results showed that 1,2,4-TCB presented remarkably toxicity effects on zebrafish embryos and larve. High concentration of 1,2,4-TCB(>5mg/L) showed toxic effects to embryo development, which caused the embryo abnormality, embryo aggregation and death. The embryo lethality rates were increased by 1,2,4-TCB exposure in the time-response manners and concentration-dependent ways for both adult zebrafish exposure groups and fertilized eggs exposure groups. Exposure to higher concentration of 1,2,4-TCB (15mg/L) for the adult zebrafish, the amounts of spawns and fertilization rates were decreased, and the offspring embryo lethality rates were lower than the fertilized eggs exposure groups. The ratios of typical embryo abnormality— pericardial edema and axial malformation for zebrafish embryos exposure to 1.2.4-TCB were increased with the treated concentrations. The non-lethal embryo abnormality rates in fertilized eggs exposure groups were higher than that in the adult zebrafish exposure groups at the same concentrations of 1,2,4-TCB exposure. The results indicated that 1,2,4-TCB residue in water would have potential hazard to the fish reproduction and development of fish.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 736-741 [Abstract] ( 316 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 614KB] ( 869 )
742 Quantifying CO2 emissions of one wind farm using life cycle assessment and uncertainty analysis.
GUO Min-Xiao, CAI Wen-Jia, WANG Can, CHEN Ji-Ning
This paper brought forward a detailed method of quantifying life-cycle energy consumption and CO2 emissions of wind power technology. Using case data from a Shanghai wind farm, the results show that energy consumption and CO2 emissions from the stage of wind turbine production are the highest among all stages of the life cycle, and the shares are 68.23% and 67.18% respectively. Uncertainty analysis also implies that the comprehensive energy consumption of steel production is the most sensitive parameter to affect the final results. The life-cycle energy intensity and CO2 intensity of wind farm are respectively 3.24gce/(kW?h) and 9.47g/(kW?h), which is obviously lower than the corresponding values [330gce/(kW?h) and 915g/(kW?h)] for a 300MW coal-fired generating unit. For a 50 MW wind farm which reaches its end of life (20 years), it can altogether reduce 2.34 million tons of CO2 compared with a 300 MW coal-fired generating unit.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 742-747 [Abstract] ( 318 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 622KB] ( 954 )
748 An environmental-economic analysis of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen co-reduction path for China’s power industry
MAO Xian-Qiang, XING You-Kai, HU Tao, ZENG An, LIU Sheng-Qiang
Reviewing the effectiveness of pollution emission reduction in power industry during the 11th five years period, we could see that end-of-pipe measures had difficulty in achieving co-reduction of air pollutants and GHGs in the industry. Based on co-reduction equivalent index (APeq) of air pollutants built in the study, cost-effectiveness analysis and sensitivity analysis of technological and structural adjustment measures in China’s power industry, with specific focus on SO2, NOx and CO2 co-reduction, are made in the study. The results indicate that the end-of-pipe measures could cut down emission of one single air pollutant, with simultaneous increase of emission of the other two pollutants caused by increase of energy consumption. Technological emission reduction measures which mainly count on energy saving, front-end and in-the-process control, and the structure-adjustment measures characterized as new power generation technology substitutions, could achieve co-reduction of SO2, NOx and CO2 with good potential. In additional, based on cost accounting of unit (marginal) pollutant reduction and potential estimation of pollution reduction, reduction road map of SO2, NOx, CO2 and APeq adapting to China’s power industry could be designed, which will help policy-makers to draw up appropriate emission reduction plan.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 748-756 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 569KB] ( 1808 )
757 Analysis and research of calculation method for the emission factors of carbon dioxide from pulp and paper mill
TANG Guo-Min, ZHAO Guang-Lei
According to the production practice and the production process characteristics of Pulping and Papermaking, the emission factors of carbon dioxide (CO2) were deduced to be 0.229, 1.304, 1.5, 3.69t/t respectively for the mainstream of pulping technology, the main-stream of papermaking technology, the pulp paper substitution of coal waste residue, the methane substitution of coal. Based on the above figures and other related materials, the paper analyzed the effects of different parts of paper-making machine on the CO2 emission factors, and simulated the corresponding total CO2 emissions derived from different production scales. It indicated that among the total CO2 emission in paper manufacturing enterprise, the papermaking system and the waste disposal system are responsible for the dominant 54.23% and 33.86% respectively; the power consumption of papermaking system and pulping system contributed 75.6% and 90.22% respectively to the total CO2 emission; while in waste disposal system, the indiscriminate disposal of pulp-and-paper waste residue and the arbitrarily discharged methane contributed 46.06% and 47.59% respectively to the total CO2 emission in this stage.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 757-761 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 335KB] ( 862 )
762 Linkage analysis of water use among industrial sectors in China
HE Xia-Bing, WANG Yuan, ZHANG Hong-Wei, WANG Wen-Qin, WANG Li-Li
The aim of this paper was to study the behaviour of the productive sectors of the Chinese economy as direct and indirect consumers of water. Industrial water consumption linkages analysis was empolyed, based on hypothetical extraction method. By comparing the direct water consumption with vertical integrated water consumption based on the input-output data of water utilization in 2007 in China, direct water consumption of each sector was not equal to water required to meet final demand of itself. In view of the economy, the total of direct water consumption of all sectors was equivalent to the total of water required to meet final demand of themselves. Water resource transferred among productive sectors. In the supply-chain, upstream sectors such as agriculture and basic industry, met their final demand by the internal exchange of production, and transferred a large number of water resource to their downstream sectors by intermediate input. On the contrary, downstream sectors such as light industry and high-technology industry, transferred a great quantity of water resource from their upstream sectors, because their direct water consumption was unable to meet the final demand. In this way, water resource was transferred from upstream to downstream step by step to maintain the production and exchange in economy. If the final demand did not have a change, industrial restructuring was just to divert the sector with a high-water-consumption from a place to the other. Therefore, the total water consumption of the economy did not have a change. This paper revealed the regular of industrial water consumption so as to provide a fresh perspective of structure adjustment and more scientific basis of policy-making.
2012 Vol. 32 (4): 762-768 [Abstract] ( 216 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 496KB] ( 922 )
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