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2012 Vol.32 Issue.10,Published 2012-10-20
1729 Temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants by aircraft sounding in 3500m altitude of Beijing area
CHEN Peng-Fei, ZHANG Qiang, QUAN Jian-Nong, GAO Yang, ZHAO De-Long, MENG Jun-Wang
Based on the aircraft sounding concentrations data of nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) over Beijing area from 2007 to 2010, the temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants concentrations from the ground surface to 3500m altitude were studied. Vertical profiles of monthly average concentrations of NOx, SO2 and CO were in good agreement during April to November, that decreased with the raising of altitude, but concentrations of O3 first increased and then decreased. Low concentrations of NOx, SO2 and CO appeared in the high temperature months (July to October) and their high concentrations appeared in the low temperature months (April to June, November), and O3 concentrations were lower in spring and autumn (April, October to November), but that were higher in summer (May to September). In a daytime, pollutants concentrations at different altitude change with time were not consistent, and hourly change of pollutants concentrations below 1500m altitude, were significantly higher than that in 1500~3500m altitude. The characteristic of regional horizontal distributions of pollutants was that higher concentrations appeared in the urban area of Beijing, higher pollutants concentrations areas were in the northern, southwestern (Beijing-Baoding direction) and southeastern sections (Beijing-Tianjin direction), lower pollutants concentrations areas were in the northwestern sections (Beijing-Zhangjiakou direction).
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1729-1735 [Abstract] ( 558 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 16230KB] ( 3428 )
1736 Aerosol distribution in North China Plain under different weather conditions
SUN Yu-Wen, SUN Xia, YIN Yan, HAN Yang, DONG Xiao-Bo, JIANG Yan, ZHAO Zhi-Jun
Aerosol measurements were conducted over Shijiazhuang area, Northern China, during the autumn of 2009, using the airborne Particle Measuring Systems (PCASP-100X, PMI Co. Ltd, USA) and forward scattering spectrum probe (FSSP-100-ER, PMI Co. Ltd, USA) of Weather Modification Office of Hebei Province. Measurements obtained in September and October in 2009 from seven flights in foggy days, one flight under rainy weather, and another flight under cloudy condition were chosen in this study to investigate the vertical and horizontal distributions of the concentration and mean diameter, as well as the size distribution of aerosol particles. Aerosol pollution over Shijiazhuang was quite heavy as compared to cleaner background regions, with the maximum particle concentration reaching 11910cm-3 near the ground. It was also shown that the concentration of aerosol particles was mainly affected by weather conditions, and inversion layer was the main factor that controls the vertical distribution of aerosol particles. High concentration of aerosol particles was measured below an inversion layer, but it decreased rapidly above the inversion layer. Foggy days were usually associated with inversion layer and larger humidity, and was favorable of aerosol accumulation, therefore, maximum concentration of 104cm-3 was measured under foggy weather, aerosol particles were accumulating with the days of non-precipitation before it reached the maximum and precipitation had a significant effect on aerosol removal. The results also indicated that the distributions of the concentration and size of aerosol particles were non-uniform in horizontal, and their absolute variations decreased with height and relative variations increase with height. Aerosol size distribution under the three weather conditions were similar with a single peak at about 0.11μm, but the peak values of the aerosol number concentration decreased under the condition of foggy, Ci dens, and light rain conditions. With the increase in altitude, the peak values of the particle size distribution was becoming smaller, and the spectrum was also getting narrower.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1736-1743 [Abstract] ( 439 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1579KB] ( 1317 )
1744 Air quality forecasting system based on model products of CMAQ in Fuzhou City
CHEN Bin-Bin, LIN Chang-Cheng, YANG Kai, LIN Wen, WANG Hong, YU Yong-Jiang
Based on the forecasting products of Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ), observation of air pollutants and the conventional ground meteorological data from January 2007 to June 2010 in Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China, the models were developed to forecast daily air pollutant concentration for various weather systems by statistical-dynamic forecast method and multivariate linear stepwise regression. The models featured both CMAQ forecast products and various other forecast parameters. The results showed that there were 7 weather systems influencing Fuzhou City: continental high, subtropical high, shear, warm sectors convergence, upper trough, typhoon and tropical convergence. The air quality was poor under the control of warm sectors convergence, upper trough or continental high weather systems. In contrast, when Fuzhou was under the control of subtropical high or typhoon, the air quality was better. The p-value associated with the forecast functions of air pollutant level was 0.000, so the models were statistically significant. The models were tested on the air pollutant data in Fuzhou from June to December 2010 by back substitution. The forecast accuracy of the models on contamination index level of PM10 reached 71.3%, while the forecast accuracy on SO2 and NO2 were 100%. The comprehensive score of daily air quality forecast in the city of Fuzhou was 88.8 points on average.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1744-1752 [Abstract] ( 360 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 688KB] ( 2053 )
1753 Assessment on population exposure levels of PM10 in Lanzhow based on GIS and atmospheric numerical simulation technology
SUN Zhao-Bin, AN Xing-Qin, TAO Yan, HOU Qing
The pollutant concentration layer and population spatial distribution layer in January 2001 were overlaid, based on monthly average PM10 concentrations from measurements and CMAQ simulations. Then population exposure levels were calculated by the population-weighted PM10 concentrations. Assessment results from these two different sets of data were also comparatively analyzed. The simulated PM10 concentration gradient is larger than the observed one. The simulation provides more detailed spatial distribution of PM10 concentrations as well as larger intervals between maxima and minima. Taking the factor of population weights into account, there are more people living in more polluted areas based on simulated PM10 concentrations.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1753-1757 [Abstract] ( 376 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 444KB] ( 1312 )
1758 Structures and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer in winter of the Tianjin suburb
MENG Li-Hong, ZHANG Min, HAN Su-Qin
Based on the observation data that have been obtained, the vertically characteristic of wind field and temperature field in winter of Tianjin city have been studied. The results showed that, during the testing time, the direction of wind as the height increased a clockwise rotation, by East, Southeast gradually turn right, turn to the southwest wind, west wind, following the Eckman spiral pattern; different height level wind changed in the appearance of different laws daily. In general, at low height the wind speed was bigger at the day than the night, but at the more height was contrast; the grounding inverse temperature generated about 20:00. With increasing of the time the inverse temperature enhanced, and on the 02:00 of the second day, the inverse temperature were the most; the height of the mixed boundary was thinner in the early morning, thicker in the afternoon, which was beneficial to the spread of pollutants. The daily variation of the wind speed were the same between the urban and the suburban of the same height at 10m and 100m; but it was different at the 200m; the urban wind speed fluctuation was smaller than the suburb with time daily.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1758-1763 [Abstract] ( 328 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 1036 )
1764 Impacts of the rangeland degradation on CO2 flux and the underlying mechanisms in the Three-River Source Region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
WANG Bin, LI Jie, JIANG Wei-Wei, ZHAO Liang, GU Song
To assess the effect of rangeland degradation on CO2 exchange, the eddy covariance technique was used to measure CO2 flux, biological and environmental factors for one year (from December 2006 to November 2007) in a degraded alpine meadow ecosystem in Three-River Source Region located on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the degradation had a significant impact on the CO2 flux in this region. Compared with non-degraded ecosystem, annual GPP and Reco of the degraded alpine meadow ecosystem decreased by 36.6%, 7.9%, respectively. Also the value of annual NEE raised from negative (carbon uptake) to positive (carbon emission) in the deagraded ecosystem, and its difference between degraded and non-degraded alpine meadow ecosystem was 132.5gC/(m2·a). It is suggested that the alpine meadow ecosystem changed from a carbon sink to a carbon resource due to degradation. Those results can be caused by the reduction in the plant aboveground biomass and plant diversity, shorter growing season length (the days of NEE<0), and declining of soil water content after the rangeland degradation.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1764-1771 [Abstract] ( 322 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 564KB] ( 1938 )
1772 Catalytic properties of LaBO3 perovskite catalysts in VOCs combustion
ZHOU Ying, LU Han-Feng, ZHANG Hong-Hua, CHEN Yin-Fei
Perovskite-type catalysts of LaBO3 (B = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) were prepared by copercipitation method and characterized by XRD, BET, H2-TPR and O2-TPD techniques. The catalytic performance of catalysts was evaluated for combustion of benzene, toluene, ethyl acetate, and acetone. Except for perovskite structure, La2CrO6 and La2O3 also would be formed in LaCrO3 and LaFeO3 catalysts, which led to destruction of active structure. But LaMnO3, LaCoO3 and LaNiO3 catalysts showed the perfect perovskite structure that resulted in high catalytic activity. Among these catalysts, LaMnO3 has richer lattice oxygen, and more favorably be used in catalytic combustion of VOCs with high C-H bond (such as benzene). In contrast, LaCoO3 and LaNiO3 presented richer surface oxygen because of its structures of anion defects, and were good catalysts for catalytic combustion of oxygenated VOCs (such as ethyl acetate and acetone).
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1772-1777 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 471KB] ( 1659 )
1778 Enhanced ammonia removal rate in a pilot-scale MBBR
ZHENG Min, YANG Bo, WANG Cheng-Wen, JIA Han-Wei
A combined pilot-scale MBBR process was used for treatment of the wastewater in the Buji River in Shenzhen city. The averaged influent and effluent ammonia nitrogen concentrations were (25.88±7.73) mg/L and (1.11±1.93)mg/L, respectively. The results of the single factor experiments show that the biofilm fillers enhanced the ammonia removal and increased the specific ammonia oxidation rate by 25.5% to activated sludge. The specific rate decreased from 2.55mg/(gMLVSS·h) to 1.91mg/(gMLVSS·h) with the COD increasing from 139mg/L to 587mg/L, decreased from 8.24mg/(gMLVSS·h) to 1.93mg/(gMLVSS·h) with the MLVSS increasing from 0.45g/L to 4.05g/L, increased from 0.99mg/(gMLVSS·h) to 2.89mg/(gMLVSS·h) with the temperature increasing from 5℃ to 35℃ and increased from 0.62mg/(gMLVSS·h) to 2.28mg/(gMLVSS·h) with the DO concentration increasing from 0.5mg/L to 4.0mg/L, respectively. However, the volume ammonia oxidation rate increased linearly from 3.68mg/(L·h) to 7.82mg/(L·h) with the increased MLVSS (R2 = 0.967). The Arrhenius experience equation was used to describe the influence of temperature (R2 = 0.970). The Monod equation fitted the process well (R2 = 0.994) and the estimated half saturation constant of ammonia oxidation was 3.0mg O2/L.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1778-1783 [Abstract] ( 345 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 457KB] ( 1730 )
1784 Formation of SMP during denitrification under anoxic conditions in a membrane bioreactor
MEI Xiao-Jie, WANG Zhi-Wei, MA Jin-Xing, WU Zhi-Chao, WANG Pan, ZHU Yu-Feng
The formation of soluble microbial products (SMP) with various C/N ratios under anoxic condition in membrane bioreactors was analyzed. In the process of denitrification at different C/N ratio, SMP concentration increased gradually due to the substrate utilization. The SMP concentration accumulated in the batch tests at high C/N ratio (9~10mgCOD/gVSS), which was higher than that at low C/N ratio (3~4mgCOD/gVSS). The analysis of SMP components showed the polysaccharide metabolism was similar at different C/N ratios, whereas the concentration of protein in total SMP increased with the increase of C/N ratio, and became the major potential contributor to membrane fouling. The results also demonstrated that nitrite accumulation under anoxic conditions had no obvious effects on the formation of SMP in the denitrification process.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1784-1791 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1013KB] ( 643 )
1792 Monitoring and early alarming technology of sewage treatment plant based on frequency analysis
ZHANG Jia-Zhi, ZHANG Lei, ZHENG Bing-Hui, QIN Yan-Wen, XU Jing-Yang, LI Fen, WANG Shuai
In view of the inadequate data use of monitored pollution sources and the failure to early alarm pollution accidents in China, this study used frequency analysis equation to calculate the concentration of different occurrence rates and developed an emergency plan based on thorough analysis of the monitored COD data from a sewage treatment plant in the S city. Effluent concentration from the treatment plant ranged from 40~60mg/L, and the COD concentration was higher at 16:00, 20:00, and 22:00, at which hours the exceedance rate was high and monitoring and control should be strengthened at these times. The threshold frequency of exceedance can be set as 30%, 20%, 10% and below 10% for the normal, regular, abnormal and extremely abnormal status of the treatment plant, respectively. The emergency status was examined using monitored data of the year in terms of the threshold concentration at the different hours, and the result indicated that the emergency rate of the normal, regular, abnormal and extremely abnormal status in the year was 70.4%、9.9%、9.8% and 9.9%.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1792-1798 [Abstract] ( 352 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 610KB] ( 972 )
1799 Contents and sources of heavy metals in surface water in the Tianshan Mountain
ZHANG Zhao-Yong, JI Li-Li-·A-Bu-Du-Wai-Li, JIANG Feng-Qing, MU Ye-Sai-尔·Tu-Di, WANG Shao-Ping
During August 1~15, 2011, 51 surface water samples were collected from the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains. Contents of ten heavy metals, i.e., Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, Hg, As, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cr were tested in the laboratory by using ICP-MS. The statistical methods, such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were then employed to identify the sources of these heavy metals. contents of 10 heavy metals ranged from 0 to 91.876 μg/L. The order of heavy metals in the same samples was: Ni>As>Cu>Zn>Co>Mn>Hg>Cd>Pb. The correlation analysis shows a closer correlation between Cu, Mn, Hg, Zn, Ni and other elements. The principal component analysis shows that heavy metals in the samples can be divided into the first principal component of Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, Co and Cr, which comes from the natural weathering erosion of the bed parent rock and granular minerals at the bottom and bank of the river and stream; the second principal component includes Mn, Hg, Zn, Pb, indicating a source from factories and traffics; and the third principal component of Hg, Pb and Cr, which comes from industrial and agriculture pollution. These heavy metals can be classified into four clusters, i.e., cluster one (Co, Ni, Cr), cluster two (Cd, Cu), cluster three (Pb, Zn, Mn) and cluster four (Hg).
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1799-1806 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 1040 )
1807 Comparison of soil heavy metals extraction using three in-vitro digestion tests
LI Yi, ZHANG Ming-Kui
To compare the extraction efficiency of different in-vitro digestion tests, three representative and universally used in-vitro digestion tests (SBET, Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test; PBET, Physiologically-Based Extraction Test; SGET, Simple Gastrointestinal Extraction Test) were chosen to evaluate the bioaccessibility of soil Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd. Significant differences among extraction ability of three in-vitro digestion tests were found, and the extraction ability of three in-vitro digestion tests for soil Zn and Cd in descending order was: SBET>PBET>SGET. Although the bioaccessibility of soil Zn, Pb and Cd in the gastric phase of PBET and SGET were clearly higher than those in the corresponding gastrointestinal phase, the bioaccessibility of soil Cu in the gastric phase could be less than those in the corresponding gastrointestinal phase due to the complexation with digestive enzymes (pepsin, bile salts and pancreatin). Then it is known the solubility of soil Zn, Pb and Cd in the gastric phase can represent their maximum absorbable amounts in digestive tract, while the solubility of soil Cu in the gastric phase can not. Therefore, the bioaccessibility of soil Zn, Pb and Cd can be evaluated only using gastric juice, like SBET, but soil Cu bioaccessiblity should be evaluated by synthetic digestive juice composed of gastrointestinal juice with corresponding digestive enzymes (pepsin, bile salts and pancreatin), like PBET.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1807-1813 [Abstract] ( 428 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 348KB] ( 2196 )
1814 Analysis of organic carbon storage and characteristics of China’s peatlands
LIU Zi-Gang, WANG Ming, MA Xue-Hui
Based on the result of the national survey of peat resources, the data of organic matter content, volume weight, peat reserves and peatland area were used to estimate organic carbon storage and discuss characteristics of China’s peatlands. The total organic carbon storage (OCS) of China’s peatlands, including bare peatlands and buried peatlands, were 1.503 billion tons, unevenly distributed over 31 provinces and 16 climatic zones. Peatland OCS (POCS) in Sichuan (645 million tons) and Yunnan Provinces (291 million tons) was the largest, accounting for 62.29% of the total POCS. Plateau humid zone had the largest POCS of 714 million tons, especially in Zoige Plateau, where POCS was 630 million tons, accounting for 41.92% of the total POCS. The organic carbon density (OCD) of China’s peatlands was generaly between 80kg/m3 and 140kg/m3, and the range of the maximum was 270~360 kg/m3, and the minimum was less than 80kg/m3. Divided by Yan Mountain, Taihang Mountain and Hengduan Mountain, peatland OCD was lower on the northwestern side than that on the southeastern side. The average OCS per unit peatland area averagely was 143.97kg/m2, and that in the south of Yunnan Plateau was 637.06kg/m2. The average regional organic carbon intensity of peatlands averagely was 208.23t/km2,and that in Zoige Plateau (3972.71t/km2) was the largest.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1814-1819 [Abstract] ( 372 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 756KB] ( 3236 )
1820 Phosphorus forms of different weathering degree rocks in Chaohu Lake area
ZHANG Ling, WANG Jia-Quan, MA Yu-Ping, CHEN Rui, REN Ai-Hua
Phosphorus forms of different weathering degree rocks of yinkeng, longtan, dengying,gufeng and shuangshan six group of Chaohu Lake basin were investigated by using the method of phosphorus sequential extraction. The total phosphorus was gradually reduced in the weathering process, Ex-P、Al-P、De-P、Ca-P and Oc-P were decreasing and Fe-P and Or-P were increasing in mostly groups and Oc-p was the main form in the most of the rock. The pH value was the most important influence factor of phosphorus forms compared with phosphorus forms distribution, content and the pH value in the six group samples. Weathering was one of the important factors of eutrophication of Chaohu Lake basin.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1820-1825 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 378KB] ( 861 )
1826 Assessment of cadmium bioavailability to ryegrass in soils by diffusive gradients in thin films
SONG Ning-Ning, WANG Fang-Li, ZHAO Yu-Jie, ZHANG Chang-Bo, JU Xue-Hai
Cd bioavailable concentrations in the rhizosphere soils of ryegrass were measured by DGT with different binding phases (Chelex100-DGT and sodium polyacrylate (PAAS)-DGT). Simple linear regression analyses showed significant correlation between Cd concentrations in ryegrass shoots and roots and DGT measured Cd concentrations. The correlation coefficients for plots using metals measured by Chelex100-DGT were 0.90 and 0.89, and 0.90 and 0.87 using metals measured by PAAS -DGT. Multivariate analyses were used to assess the impact of pH, cation exchanged capacity (CEC), soil organic materials (OM) and texture. Two principal components were extracted and the linear regression models were established. The first was well correlated with OM and clay, which was defined as the representative of “organic matter”. The second primarily correlated with pH and CEC, which was defined as the representative of “inorganic ions”. Both Chelex100-DGT and PAAS-DGT could better predict the accumulation of Cd in ryegrass and the potential runoff of Cd from soils, and DGT measurements incorporate the mail soil properties affecting Cd bioavailability.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1826-1831 [Abstract] ( 288 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 353KB] ( 1025 )
1832 Dechlorination reaction and mechanism of chloroacetanilide herbicides by L-cysteine
LI Ang, ZHANG Yu, XIA Chun-Long, CHEN Jing-Wen, CAI Xi-Yun
Dynamics, thermodynamic and mechanism of the reaction between chloroacetanilide herbicides and L-cysteine were investigated. L-cysteine could significantly promote the dissipation of four chloroacetanilide herbicides, following second-order kinetics. The degradation rates of the herbicides were linearly correlated with electrophilic index of chloroacetanilide herbicides, giving the order: alachlor (kL-cysteine=7.65×10-3mol/(L×s)) > acetochlor (kL-cysteine=7.23× 10-3mol/(L×s)) > butachlor (kL-cysteine=6.01×10-3mol/(L×s)) > S-metolachlor (kL-cysteine=2.15×10-3mol/(L×s)). This order was consistent with those of chloroacetanilide herbicide degradation in soil or by high efficient bacteria. Mass spectra identification of the products revealed that the chlorine was replaced by L-cysteine. Thus the dechlorination of these herbicides by L-cysteine followed bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. Analysis of reaction thermodynamics indicated that the reaction was enthalpy-controlled and that differences in herbicide activity stemmed primarily from entropic factors(ΔS). There was good linear correlation between degradation rates of herbicides and respective ΔS values, suggesting that branched-chain structure and chain length of N-alkoxyalkyl had significant effect on reaction activity of these herbicides.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1832-1837 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 606KB] ( 931 )
1838 Quick screening of polyphosphate-accumulating strains and its characteristics
ZHOU Ming-Jing, JI Shu-Lan, CUI Dan-Hong, QIN Zhen-Ping
A quick process was proposed to screen PAOs based on the aerobic/anaerobic cultivation. 15 strains, which had over 60% phosphate removal rate, were screened out and then tested by 16S rDNA and biochemical analyses. Except 2 strains of Bacillus sp., the other strains were γ-Proteobacteria, mainly Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp.. The phosphate removal experiment indicated that the pH values at the end of fermentation increased with the increase in the removal capacity of the PAOs. The phosphate removal rate increased from 52% to 73.3% after adding the PAOs strain screened into active sludge. The addition of the PAOs strain was an effective way to enhance the phosphate removal capacity of activated sludge.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1838-1844 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 434KB] ( 1293 )
1845 Isolation, identification of B-3 Bacillus Subtilis and cloning, expression of kerC
HOU Sheng-Qi, WANG Li-Hua, LAI Xin, CHEN Hui, WU Qi, HAN Xue-Yi
A feather-degrading bacterium was isolated from a sample of discarded feather in the chicken farmland of Sichuan Agricultural University. Relative experiments about its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16SrDNA were conducted. Results showed it possessed typical characterizations of Bacillus subtilis. Therefore, it was identified as Bacillus subtilis and named Bacillus subtilis B-3. Afterwards, the nucleotide sequence of the keratinase gene was successfully amplified by PCR utilizing its genomic DNA as template. The keratinase gene was further cloned into expression vector pET32a(+) and was highly expressed using Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) . Sequencing result revealed the kerC gene was composed of 1146 bp which encodes 381 amino acids. And the sequence alignment of kerC showed it shared a 100% similarity with the kerC gene from Bacillus subtilis strain YYW-1 submitted in GenBank (No.: EU362730). The activity of this recombinant kerC was 14.814U/mL when induced by IPTG. And this recombinant enzyme (fused with E.coli thioredoxin) was purified by His-Tag. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that it had a molecular mass of 60.0 kDa. Subsequent tests validated that the optimal temperature and pH of the recombinant enzyme were 65℃ and 7.0 respectively.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1845-1852 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 570KB] ( 2091 )
1853 Spatial migration and environmental effects of heavy metals in river sediments from in the Tongling mining area, Anhui province
YE Hong-Meng, YUAN Xu-Yin, ZHAO Jing
The spatial distributions of five heavy metals and their migration characteristics in river sediments of Tongling mining area were discussed in this paper. Based on these results, the environmental influences of heavy metals on sediments were also expounded. The total concentrations and geochemical forms of five heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd) in sediments were determined in different sites along Xinqiao River and Shun’an River. These results showed that the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd were markedly higher than the background values of heavy metals of the lower Yangtze River sediment, especially for Cu and Cd. The lateral migration of heavy metals along rivers showed that these metals declined rapidly along Xinqiao River, but slowly along Shun’an River. The residual fraction was the dominant form for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr in sediments from two rivers. Acid-extractable fraction was the dominant form for Cd in sediments. The risks of Cu, Zn and Cr were weakened during migration process, due to increasing residual fractions. But the active forms of Pb and Cd increased in the downstream, which will rise the ecological risk. Vertical changes of heavy metals in sediment cores showed that the concentrations and forms of heavy metals relied on the locations of sediment cores. The core sediment in Xinqiao river had the higher concentrations and more active forms of heavy metals, but smaller changes in the profile compared to the core sediment in Shun’an River. It reflected the faster accumulation rate and higher release risk for tailing-bearing sediment. The core sediment in Shun’an river showed the lower contents of heavy metals and significant fluctuations in the sediment profile. It reflects the heavy metals of sediments from mining rivers are not only influenced by mining tailings, but also by erosion material in the watershed.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1853-1859 [Abstract] ( 314 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 523KB] ( 1392 )
1860 Quality assessment technology of sediment polluted by heavy metals of the Taihu Lake
ZHENG Bing-Hui, QIN Yan-Wen, ZHANG Lei, CAO Wei
The equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach was used to preliminarily discuss the sediment quality criteria (SQC) recommended values of four heavy metals-cadmium (Cd) , copper (Cu) , lead (Pb) , and zinc (Zn) for surface sediments from Taihu Lake. The SQCs for the heavy metals were calculated using the US EPA fresh quality criteria, which were based on aquatic toxicity of the final chronic level of heavy metals. The calculated SQCs of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd of the Taihu Lake were 145.2, 308.72, 293.01 and 0.46mg/kg. Taking this SQC as reference value, endowing these elements with different weights by referring to the potential ecological risk index approach and using complex pollution indices method, a new approach of quality assessment on heavy metals in surface sediments was developed, which was also applied to evaluate environmental quality of heavy metals in sediment of the Taihu Lake. Sediment quality of the whole Taihu Lake were primarily in “good” level based on the sample analysis (2010-8,9). The results were coherence with the analysis of total heavy metals.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1860-1866 [Abstract] ( 368 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 428KB] ( 1670 )
1867 Phosphorus fractions and migration in the sediments of a subsided water area in Panyi coal mine of Huainan
XIE Kai, ZHANG Yan-Qiu, YI Qi-Tao, YAN Jia-Ping
Phosphorus content and fractions in the sediments of one water area from subsided land were analyzed using the modified Pesnner’s extraction method. The migration processes of phosphorus from the submerged agricultural soils were further pursued through the relationship between phosphorus and organic matters (OM), total nitrogen (TN), and Fe oxides of free and amorphous forms. There was an obvious surface layer of lake sediments phase, which covered on the surface of submerged soils. Contents of various phosphorus species were decreasing with the deeper layers of the sediments. TP had an average content of 204.9mg/kg in the bottom layer, which increased to 343.7mg/kg in the surface layers. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the main forms of TP, varied at a range of 163.9~257.2mg/kg with a proportion of 73.3%~81.5% to TP. The phosphorus combined with hydrous oxides (NaOH-P) and calcium compounds (HCl-P) ranges were 85.0~100.1mg/kg and 63.6~95.9mg/kg, taking the 28.6%~41.3% and 27.4%~30.9% of TP, respectively. Parts of HCl-P or organic phosphorus (OP) was probably transformed to NaOH-P.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1867-1874 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 1393 )
1875 Primary study on cyanobacteria bloom in Shiziling Reservoir of Zhijiang, Hubei Province
WANG Zhi-Cong, RAO Ben-Qiang, LI Yin-Xia, LIU Yong-Ding, LI Dun-Hai
A survey of phytoplankton and trophic status was carried out on August 21, 2009 in Shiziling Reservoir of Zhijiang which was used as a source of drinking water. The results showed that the reservoir had occurred Microcystis bloom. The quantitative analysis and diversity indices of phytoplankton community showed that the whole reservoir was in obvious eutrophic state, and Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek was the absolute dominant species. The niche measurement of phytoplankton indicated that cyanobacteria including Microcystis were being declining while Chlorophyta populations was being expanding, and the community successional tendency between Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta was obvious. To understand the growth state, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Microcystis sampled from the reservoir, cultured in dark for 24h or cultured underlaboratory illuminated conditions were compared. The results showed that in the late summer and early autumn Microcystis in Shiziling reservoir suffered from strong light stress. The analysis of nutrients suggested that the high concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus and the suitable value of N/ P ratio were the main reasons for the occurrence of Microcystis bloom, and also were the key factors that resulted in the specific characteristics of phytoplankton community characteristics in Shiziling Reservoirs.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1875-1881 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 449KB] ( 1069 )
1882 Effects of nitrogen concentration on bioconcentration of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether by Chaetoceros muelleri
GE Wei, CHAI Chao, DONG Chao
The bioconcentration of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) by Chaetoceros muelleri in semi- continuous culture under different nitrogen concentrations was studied. The bioconcentration of BDE-99 by Chaetoceros muelleri was related to the nitrogen concentrations. With the increase of nitrogen concentrations, the bioconcentration content and bioconcentration factor declined. When the concentration of nitrogen was 0, 128, 512 μmol/L, the bioconcentration content per cell was 2.84, 2.38, 1.91 ng/106 cells, respectively; and the bioconcentration content per algal culture was 0.19, 0.16, 0.12 ng/mL, respectively. When nitrogen was 0 μmol/L, BCFlipid was 238.19×104 (ng/g)/(ng/mL). Pearson correlation analysis indicated the bioconcentration content per cell, algal culture and BCFlipid exhibited significantly negative correlation with nitrogen concentrations (r>-0.8, P0.8, P<0.05).
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1882-1887 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 412KB] ( 889 )
1888 Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of macrobenthos at subtidal zone in islands, China
HUANG Hai-Ping, CHEN Bin, CHEN Guang-Cheng, MA Zhi-Yuan, YU Wei-Wei
Based on the data of Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment of Chinese Coastal Waters (908 surveys), 26 representative islands were selected according to the island types and their locations, to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of macrobenthos community at subtidal zone of Chinese islands. Totally 767 macrobenthos species were recorded at subtidal zone of these 26 islands. Among these species, polychaeta, mollusca and crustacea were the dominant groups, while echinoderm had lower species numbers. The species numbers were obvious different among the 26 islands, with value increasing southward. For species number, inhabit density and Shannon-Wiener index, the descending orders of their values were spring> summer> winter> autumn, but it was autumn> spring> summer> winter for biomass. In those islands with intense human activities, such as islands in Yangtze River Delta, alongshore-islands and estuarine-islands, species number of macrobenthos and Shannon-Wiener index were lower than other islands, indicating that the community structure of macrobenthos was significantly disturbed by human activities.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1888-1894 [Abstract] ( 380 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 461KB] ( 1732 )
1895 Modelling pollutant generation coefficients in holstein dairy production
CHEN Hai-Yuan, ZHANG Bao-Gui, GUO Jian-Bin, DONG Ren-Jie, ZHOU Jie, ZHANG Wan-Qin, CHEN Li, WANG Bao-Zhi, PANG Chang-Le
Pollutants generation coefficients of livestock breeding industry are the important basic data in the field of environment assessment of livestock breeding industry. However, the reported coefficients have a significant difference. The relationship of dairy feedstock intake and its pollutant production were analyzed on the basis of previous studies on pollutant generation coefficients of Holstein and a model of pollutants generation coefficients in dairy production was suggested and verified. The amount of feces excreted by bred cattle could be predicted by four factors of feed intake, intake of nitrogen, intake of phosphorus and intake of copper. And the results fit the model better than that of the dairy cow. The nitrogen content in the feces of bred cattle could be predicted by intake of feed and nitrogen. The nitrogen content in the feces of dairy cattle could be predicted by intake nitrogen. The phosphorus content in bred cattle and dairy cattle could be predicted both by intake of phosphorus. Considering the impact factors of seasons, samples and location, this model had a wide adaptability which allows to determine the pollution generation coefficients in Holstein dairy production. It facilitated analysis of the environmental pollution and the cow manure nutrients to field of utilization.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1895-1899 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 315KB] ( 910 )
1900 The allocation model of initial water pollutant emissions right based on the judgment principle and Gini coefficient method in basin
WU Dan, WANG Ya-Hua
The influencing factors and basic principles of basin initial water pollutant emissions right allocation among regions was analyzed, based on it, the judgment principle was designed, combined with Gini coefficient, to allocate the results of water pollutant emissions right and insure the minimum of comprehensive Gini coefficient, and realize the fair and rational allocation of initial water pollutant emissions right among regions. The case analysis verified the effectiveness of the model. The case showed the model’s feasibility including the influencing factors of population, status, water area, and pollution discharge performance, and the model’s allocation result was better than that of population and status mode.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1900-1905 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 537KB] ( 755 )
1906 Environmental assessment of sludge landfill in a life-cycle-perspective using EASEWASTE
HUANG Hui, NIU Dong-Jie
Life cycle assessment of sludge-aged refuse landfill with soil cover was conducted based on EASEWASTE which is developed by Danish Technological University. The results showed that the main impacts of the sludge landfilling were stored ecotoxicity via water (SETw),global warming (GW) and stored ecotoxicity via soil (SETs), which could be originated to Cu, CH4 and As in the wastes, respectively. The emission from sludge landfilling module was greater than that from pretreatment and transportation process. Therefore, pollution control should be enforced in landfilling process. The sensitivity analysis results indicated that the pollution could be alleviated through reducing the amount of leachate, increasing collection efficiency and utilization rate of landfill gas.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1906-1913 [Abstract] ( 345 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 462KB] ( 1157 )
1914 Application of 3S technologies in Qinghai-Tibetan highway environmental impact assessment
GOU Ya-Qing, LIU Xin, LI Si-Yuan, DONG Ren-Cai
A new approach of environmental impact assessment using RS and GIS was presented by the case study of Qinghai-Tibet highway. Satellite images with different resolutions from Landsat7 ETM+, Landsat5 TM, and Geoeye-1 were used as data sources. Techniques such as data fusion for multi-sources remotely sensed imagery, spatial analysis and overlay analysis of GIS, and visual interpretation were used to detect land use/ land cover change along Qinghai-Tibetan highway after the construction. Characteristics of the environmental impacts were identified with index including number, intensity and range of changed patches. Results showed that most of the land use/land cover type in study areas changed from grass to construction land or bare land. An increase of grass patches caused by vegetation restoration measures was also detected. Detected patches were mainly located between 10~50m from the highway, which showed that the construction caused only a minor disturbance distance. The accuracy of change detection was verified highly by field investigation and construction log, which indicated that this method could effectively and accurately detect land use and land cover changes and help to assess the environmental impact of the highway construction.
2012 Vol. 32 (10): 1914-1920 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1445KB] ( 1068 )
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