Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2014 Vol.34 Issue.4,Published 2014-04-20

	817	An integrated approach for investigating the size-segregated mass concentration and chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter
		TIAN Shi-Li, PAN Yue-Peng, LIU Zi-Rui, WANG Yue-Si
		To improve the methodology of measuring the mass concentration and chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter, size-segregated samples were collected at three sites, i.e., Beijing, Qianyanzhou and Mountain Dinghu, using a 9-stage impactor (Andersen, USA). Mass concentration deviation and membrane choice were discussed based on weighting condition and chemical analysis. Under the constant temperature and humidity (50% RH, 25℃), mass concentrations of PM2.1 gained from the quartz membrane were 20% higher than that of PM2.5 measured by TEOM, due to the high relative humidity. In contrast, this magnitude decreased to 8% under dry condition (10% RH, 25℃), which falls in a reasonable range. Moreover, if the quartz membrane was conditioned in a dryer (10% RH, 25℃) for 72h before weighing to obtain mass concentration, a significantly linear correlation can be found between the mass concentration of weighted PM2.1 sampled using the Andersen impactor and that of PM2.5 measured by TEOM (R2 = 0.89, P<0.05). To improve the mass closure of particles, asynchronous sampling scheme with cellulose membrane and quartz membrane was built. Consequently, a significantly linear correlation between weighted and chemical reconstructed PM2.1 mass concentration (R2 = 0.89, P<0.05) was observed.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 817-826 [Abstract] ( 200 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 672KB] ( 1297 )

	827	A continuous air pollution event in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces based on satellite remote sensing and field observations
		CHEN Ye-Xin, ZHU Bin, YIN Cong, HOU Xue-Wei, WANG Hong-Lei, KANG Han-Qing, LIU Xiao-Hui
		During June 8-11 2012, a continuous air pollution event occurred in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. By using MODIS sensor aerosol productions, meteorological data and fire-spot data as well as HYSPLIT backward trajectory mode, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Fine Mode Fraction (FMF) and Air Pollution Index (API) were analyzed to reveal the possible reasons for this event. Results indicated that, the visibilities in eight cities of the two provinces were mostly less than 10 km, and the relative humidities were below 90%. The API was equal to or exceeded the pollution grade. There was a significant increasing for AOD during this event. Fine particles emitted from human activities were dominated pollutants. The Regional Fine Mode Fraction (RFMF) was up to 0.79, and the frequency for FMF higher than 0.6 was 74.8%. During the pollution course, the weather condition was steady and unfavorable for pollutants dispersing. In June 8-11, lots of fires spots appeared indicating there were biomass burning events according to the MODIS sensor. Backward trajectory analysis indicated that the air in the eight cities were mostly influenced by air masses from the west which may introduce pollutants emitted from biomass burning. Local air masses also influence the air quality in these cities which were not favourable for air dispersing. Then the pollutants will be easily accumulated to form pollution.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 827-836 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1502KB] ( 782 )

	837	Investigation of chemical compositions of atmospheric fine particles during a wintertime haze episode in Taiyuan City
		CAO Ling-Xian, GENG Hong, YAO Chen-Ting, ZHAO Lei, DUAN Peng-Li, XUAN Ying-Ying, LI Hong
		The aim of this study is to investigate the mass concentration and chemical compositions of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at different stage during a typical urban haze episode in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China. The PM2.5 samples were collected every four hours at a five-story building in Shanxi University using a medium-volume PM2.5 impactor at a flow rate of 100L/min from 4p.m. on Dec. 27, 2011 to 4a.m. on Jan. 3, 2012 when a typical haze event occurred. Overall 39 samples were obtained at different haze stages, namely infancy, development, peak, decay, and disappearance. The mass concentrations of ambient PM2.5 were measured and the heavy metals, water-soluble ions, and organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in all samples were detected, respectively. Results showed that during the haze event, the mean concentration of ambient PM2.5 was (692±272)μg/m3 (about 12.8 times higher than that when haze disappeared) and the levels of OC, Hg, As, Pb, NH4+, SO42－, NO3－, Cl－, F－, and K+ were significantly elevated while the levels of Zn, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were increased slightly. It indicated that secondary aerosols and organic matter had been formed abundantly and suggested that coal and biomass combustion contributed more to the haze formation than traffic vehicles, soil, and construction dust. It was concluded that coal and biomass burning in winter in Taiyuan was the main factor responsible for the elevation of atmospheric PM2.5 concentration and made more influences on modification of PM2.5 in compositions when haze occurred.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 837-843 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 499KB] ( 926 )

	844	Pollution characteristics of PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants in winter and spring at agricultural region of Hailun city, Heilongjiang Province
		ZHOU Qin-Qian, PAN Yue-Peng, WANG Jian, LIU Zi-Rui, JI Dong-Sheng, CHEN Wei-Wei, WANG Yue-Si
		To know the pollution levels, possible emission sources and transport process in agricultural region, on-line measurements of main air pollutants (i.e., PM2.5, NOx, O3 and SO2) were conducted from November 1 2011 to April 30 2012 at National Observation Station of Hailun Agro-ecology System, Heilongjiang Province and further analysis were taken with surface meteorology data and backward trajectories model (i.e., HYSPLIT). The average of daily concentrations of PM2.5, NOx, and SO2 during the measurement period were (54.7±45.7) (8.0~217.8)、(23.0±11.5) (4.5~59.6) and (10.0±10.3) (0.3~56.0) μg/m3, respectively. The maximum average 8hours of O3 concentration was (62.4±18.7) (24.1~173.5) μg/m3. The gaseous pollutant levels were all below the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) except O3. Daily average of PM2.5 concentrations exceeded more than 40days as compared to NAAQS, which accounted for approximately one-fourth of measurement days. The concentrations of PM2.5 and SO2 were significantly higher in December than other months due to the greatest needs of winter heating. The diurnal variations of NOx, PM2.5 and SO2 were similar with two peaks occurring at 07:00and 17:00, while O3has one peak between 13:00to 15:00local time. The analysis of meteorology data and HYSPLIT suggested that the atmospheric pollution in winter is closely linked to local source emission, regional transport as well as the local meteorological conditions in Hailun city. South flows easily formed air pollution, while north wind favored the removal of pollutants by diffusion.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 844-851 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1235KB] ( 785 )

	852	Aerosol number concentration properties and potential sources areas transporting to the top of mountain Huangshan in summer
		WANG Ai-Ping, ZHU Bin, YIN Yan, JIN Lian-Ji, ZHANG Lei
		The trajectories of air masses reaching the summit of Mt. Huang, during June to August 2011, and their relationship with the number concentration of accumulation mode particles were analyzed based on a clustering technique combined with in situ measurements of the number concentration of aerosol particles. The possible sources of the accumulation mode aerosol particles over the summit of Mt. Huang under different air mass conditions were analyzed qualitatively with the method of potential source contribution function (PSCF). Finally, the contributions of different sources to the accumulation model particles over the summit of Mt. Huang were analyzed quantitatively with the method of concentration weighted field (CWT). The number concentration of accumulation mode particles (0.5~1μm) accounted for 94.9% of the particles in 0.5~20μm, and that the Summit of Mt. Huang was mainly influenced by continental air masses during the summer (43.4%). The potential sources of the accumulation mode particles over the summit of Mt. Huang were mainly from the most industrialized and heavily populated cluster of cities such as the eastern Hubei, central Anhui, Henan and Jiangxi province, the junction of Guangdong and Guangxi, southern Hunan and northern Zhejiang. The vertical cross sections showed that the accumulation mode particles over Mt. Huang were mainly transported from the free troposphere with the heights between approximately 2000m and 5000m and originated from the northwest and southwest pathways.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 852-861 [Abstract] ( 193 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1480KB] ( 911 )

	862	Nitrogen oxides emission coefficient of coal chemical industry
		LIANG Jun-Ning, CHEN Jie, LU Li-Dong, WANG Pei
		Nitrogen oxide emissions from the processing of methanol, dimethyl ether, synthetic ammonia and urea production were monitored in a certain coal chemical factory in Shaanxi province, and the nitrogen oxide emission coefficients were calculated based on the results of both monitoring and combustion experiments. It was shown that Nitrogen oxide emissions ranged from the different coal chemical production industries. The NOx discharge amounts of methanol, dimethyl ether, synthetic ammonia and urea industries were separately between 153.19 and 252.43g/h (AV: 211.24g/h), 22.38and 52.20g/h (AV:35.39g/h), 246.48and 356.65g/h (305.94g/h), 13.70and 26.75g/h (19.89g/h). Per capita production NOx emission coefficients in different industries also varied, which were 41.33~88.10g/t (methanol), 62.27~145.25g/t (synthetic ammonia), 213.47~322.43g/t (synthetic ammonia), 0.21~0.41g/t (urea). Per capita coal consumption as raw material NOx emission coefficients were respectively 30.18~52.86g/t (methanol), 22.83~53.26g/t (synthetic ammonia), 119.72~172.73g/t (synthetic ammonia), 0.14~0.28g/t (urea). Compared with two group data, NOx emission coefficients with coal as raw material were much less than those from coal combustion process.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 862-868 [Abstract] ( 216 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 386KB] ( 1298 )

	869	Profiles of selected metals and dioxins in fly ash from ferroalloy electric melting furnaces
		HUANG Feng-Lan, ZHANG Chun-Lin, WANG Bo-Guang, HUANG Qing
		Concentrations of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), as well as 12metal elements, in four fly ash samples from different metallurgical plants, were determined by a high resolution gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC-LRMS) and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), respectively. The metal concentrations were very high in these samples. In general, Zn and Ni had the highest (1983.918~36729.200mg/kg) and the lowest (9.000~43.627mg/kg) concentrations, respectively, among the 12metal elements. The total PCDD/Fs concentrations (33.792~88.125ng/g) in the four samples were comparable to those in municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes reported in literature. Octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (OCDD/Fs) were the predominant congener in all samples, while a big difference in the PCDD/F homologue profiles was seen among the samples. Higher dioxin content may associate with higher heavy metals content.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 869-875 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 394KB] ( 564 )

	876	The greenhouse gases emissions reduction of anerobic digestion of solidago and dewatered sludge
		DAI Xiao-Hu, WANG Kai-Li, DONG Bin, WU Bing
		According to the methodology by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), environmental and energetic impact of biogas production from the biomass composed of plant solidago canadensis L.(SC) and sewage sludge was evaluated in the study. Environmental evaluation focused on greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, which was estimated from the methane yield through lab-scale anaerobic co-digestion of high-solid dewatered sludge (DS) and un-pretreated SC feedstocks with different volatile solid (VS) ratio of SC at mesophilic temperature. While energetic evaluation took into account the direct and indirect energy inputs of sludge storage and spreading, escaping of biogas from the digested effluent, and the addition of chemical fertilizers and reagents. These results indicated that anaerobic co-digestion of SC and DS to produce biogas was a high energy-efficient and environmentally friendly process. The net GHG emissions decreased with shortened SRT and increased portion of SC in the feedstock, and co-digestion of SC and DS at SRT of 20d with 50% VS addition of SC showed higher energy efficiency and significantly GHG reduction. Compared with the case with no SC, the addition of SC in the anaerobic digestion could achieve about 78 % reduction of net GHG emission. Besides, biogas plant operation was the largest energy consuming unit, in which stirring accounted for 39.5%~42.9% of the entire energy consumption of anaerobic digestion.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 876-883 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 481KB] ( 563 )

	884	Embedded side stream sludge reduction wastewater treatment system
		YAN Peng, JI Fang-Ying, WANG Jing, FAN Jian-Ping, YAN Da-Chao
		An innovation wastewater treatment system, which can reduce sludge production, separate inorganic solids, recover phosphorus, and enhance nutrient removal simultaneously, was developed to decrease the excess sludge yield in activated sludge process and solve the problem of inorganic solids (grit) accumulation in wastewater treatment plant. The capacity of the pilot scale reactor was 10m3/d and it had operated stablely for more than 90days. The effluent concentration of NH4+-N, TN, TP and COD was (0.5±0.3)mg/L, (8.6±1.6)mg/L, (0.14±0.04)mg/L and (26.8±8.8)mg/L, respectively. The effluent quality met the first class A criteria, and far less than the limit value. During the period of system operating, the ratio of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) to mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) gradually increased from 0.33to 0.52. The results indicated that this process effectively prevented the accumulation of inert or inorganic solids in the activated sludge. Furthermore, the observed sludge yield Yobs of the system was 0.103g VSS/g COD, so the system shows a good performance of sludge reduction.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 884-888 [Abstract] ( 165 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 395KB] ( 516 )

	889	Enhancement of levofloxacin degradation in US/H2O2 system by addition of fly ash
		WEI Hong, YANG Hong, ZHAO Lin, LI Ke-Bin, YU Xue-Li
		The intensification of levofloxacin degradation in ultrasonic/H2O2/fly ash combined system was studied. The experimental parameters such as fly ash adding amount, H2O2 concentration, pH value and levofloxacin initial concentration on degradation efficiency were evaluated. The results indicated that when compared with single sonolysis, H2O2 oxidation, ultrasonic/H2O2 and fly ash/H2O2 binary systems, levofloxacin degradation was markedly promoted in ultrasonic/H2O2/fly ash ternary system. Levofloxacin degradation in ultrasonic/H2O2/fly ash system followed apparent first-order kinetics. The removal efficiency for 20mg/L levofloxacin under fly ash adding amount of 1.5g/L, H2O2 concentration of 15.0mmol/L, pH 7.16, and ultrasonic power of 325W could achieve 99.12% within 160min treatment, whereas TOC removal only attained 17.37%. Fluorescence probe analysis indicated that the combination of ultrasonic/H2O2/fly ash enhanced the heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction on fly ash surface. HPLC/MS/MS analysis revealed that three intermediates were generated, which derived from demethylation of the piperazinyl ring,the transformation of the quinolone moiety through the loss of C2 and attack of quinolone moiety by ×OH.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 889-895 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 507KB] ( 534 )

	896	Occurrence and degradation of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in water supply reservoir in winter
		WANG Rui, CHEN Hua-Jun, JIN Chao-Xi, YANG Bing-Wu
		The production of 2-MIB and geosmin by actinomycetes and cyanobacteria are causes of many musty/earthy odor complaints about the aesthetics of drinking water. These two compounds are noticeable at nanograms per liter levels, and for the lower TON, tastes and odours (T&O) are always ranked as one of the first three causes of complaints in developed countries. This study evaluated a water supply reservoir with bottom-release (hypolimnion) outlet structure in Baotou city. According to the plug flow reactor model, mass balance analyses on T&O compounds in the reservoir were used to calculate in situ field rates of net MIB and geosmin production and loss. Taste and odor compounds loss rates caused by volatilization was calculated from two-film theory. Experimental results indicated that under the ice which the thickness was 0.55m, and the surface photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) varied from 70to 636W/m2from November to March of next year. The average surface PAR was 114.8W/m2, and the lowest value was 70.57W/m2 (in December). The surface PAR in Huajiang reservoir satisfied the growth and geosmin production of the algae in winter. MIB/geosmin concentrations in the reservoir followed the same seasonal trend as concentrations increasing and decreasing according to ice freeze and melt. The loss rates followed a first-order relationship for all cases tested (R2ranged from 0.941to 0.989), with volatilization and outlet fluid carrying being the key mechanisms during the lower temperature period. Mass balance analyses on MIB/geosmin during ice freezing indicated that the rate of MIB/geosmin production was 4.119 and 2.146ng/(L×d), MIB/geosmin emission rate constant was 0.032d-1all due to outlet fluid carrying. During ice melting, MIB/geosmin production was 1.012, 1.638ng/(L×d), MIB/geosmin emission rate constant was 0.072, 0.083d-1caused by volatilization and outlet fluid carrying. Volatilization appeared more important than biodegradation, photolysis or adsorption in Huajiang reservoir in winter.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 896-903 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 700KB] ( 822 )

	904	Competitive degradation and transformation trend of three steroid estrogens in UV system
		MA Xiao-Yan, NI Meng-Ting, NI Yong-Jiong, LI Qing-Song, ZHANG Ze-Hua, GAO Nai-Yun, WU Rong-Guang
		UV(/H2O2/TiO2) was applied to remove three co-existing steroid estrogens, including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) from aqueous solutions. The degradation fitted first-order kinetic models very well, with the significance of three key impact factors on degradation followed the order of H2O2 > irradiation intensity >TiO2. E1took advantages in competitive degradation for its character of photosensitiveness. The order of degradation rates of E2 and EE2 under UV alone was dependent on UV intensity. EE2 had slight superiority with the increase of UV intensity. Addition of H2O2 and TiO2 facilitated the degradation of E1while with minor impact on E2 and EE2 due to the competition of E1. E1, E2 and EE2 exhibited analogous transformation pathway during photodegradation. Same byproduct structurally similar with E1was detected.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 904-911 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 496KB] ( 704 )

	912	Solvent extraction for separating organic pollutants and surfactants in pumped groundwater during SEAR
		LI Lu-Lu, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, WANG He-Fei, SU Yan, QIN Chuan-Yu, WU Ya-Ping
		The subject investigated the effect of extraction time, oil/water ratio, surfactants nature and contaminant nature on separation effect, with n-hexane as extracting agent, benzene as the target pollutant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Tween 80as surfactants through batch experiments. The results showed that, the optimum condition parameter of extraction was 2h of extraction time and 0.1of oil water ratio. For n-hexane, the effect of separating Tween 80 and benzene was better than SDS and benzene. And Tween 80concentration had little effect on separation efficiency. The effect of separating benzene and SDS increased with the concentration of SDS firstly, then decreased with that of SDS, and at 1.375CMC reached the optimum separation efficiency. For n-hexane, the effect of separating benzene and SDS was better than nitrobenzene and SDS. And the separation efficiency increased with the concentration of pollutants. There was competition between the separation of pollutants and SDS when benzene and nitrobenzene coexisted.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 912-916 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 353KB] ( 521 )

	917	Effect of kitchen waste hydrolysis products on domestic wastewater denitrification
		LI Meng-Lu, JIANG Jian-Guo, ZHANG Hao-Wei
		Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of COD/NO3--N ratio on synthetic domestic wastewater denitrification using kitchen waste hydrolysis products as carbon source, and comparision was made between kitchen waste hydrolysis products, methanol and sodium acetate for the performance of denitrification at the optimum COD/NO3--N ratio respectively. Then, the effect of kitchen waste hydrolysis products on authentic domestic wastewater denitrification was proved. For each experiment with different COD/NO3--N ratio, the concentration of nitrate(NO3--N)、nitrite (NO2--N)、ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were investigated. COD/NO3--N ratio ranging from 4.9 to 6.0 was suitable for domestic wastewater denitrification using the kitchen waste hydrolysis products as carbon source, and the highest denitrification rate was 25.0mg NO3--N/(gVSS×h). In the denitrification process, there were 2stages with different nitrate removal rate as well as obvious nitrite accumulation. The self-made kitchen waste hydrolysis products consisted of various VFAs, and the denitrification rate was higher for the kitchen waste hydrolysis products compared with pure substances such as methanol and sodium acetate. The utilization of kitchen waste hydrolysis products as carbon source for authentic wastewater denitrification was proved to be at the optimal situation when the COD/NO3--N ratio of 6was achieved. At the optimal situation, the removal of nitrate and nitrite was exhaustive.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 917-923 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 423KB] ( 767 )

	924	Effect of Cu (Ⅱ) and Zn (Ⅱ) on nitrogen removal efficiency in anammox sludge
		LI Xiang, HUANG Yong, LIU Fu-Xin, YUAN Yi, CHEN Zhong-Heng, DING Min
		The effects of copper and zinc ion concentration on nitrogen removal efficiency were studied in short or long term by inoculating anammox sludge. The influence of copper and zinc ion in anammox sludge was mainly divided into three stages in the short-term. The stimulus phase, anammox bacteria activity was stimulated and the nitrogen removal rate increased rapidly with the increase of concentration of copper ion and zinc ion from 0mg/L to 1mg/L and from 0mg/L to 4mg/L respectively. The stabilization phase, the nitrogen removal rate in steady state with the concentration of copper ion increased from 1mg/L to 8mg/L. The Inhibition phase, the nitrogen removal rate decrease gradually with the increase of the concentration of copper ion or the zinc ion greater than 8mg/L and 4mg/L. Copper ions and zinc ions on anammox sludge nitrogen removal efficiency of long-term effects showed that, the nitrogen removal rate decrease rapidly and the sludge activity would be inhibited when the influent concentration of copper ion at 4mg/L and zinc ions to achieve 8mg/L. Anammox sludge activity can be recovery when reduce the influent concentration of heavy metals. Copper ion more susceptible than the zinc ion on anammox bacteria.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 924-929 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 750KB] ( 588 )

	930	Adsorption characteristics of sulfide onto the activated sludge of municipal wastewater treatment plants
		欧Yang-Yun , XI Jin-Ying, WANG Zhi-Chao, HU Hong-Ying
		In this study, activated sludge samples were collected from 3municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and the performance and impacting factors of sulfides adsorption onto the activated sludge were investigated. The impacting factors include sulfides concentration, temperature, pH and other anions. Adsorption isotherm of sulfide onto the activated sludge can be well described by Langmuir equation. The maximum sulfide adsorption capacity was 15~27mg/g-dry sludge. At the temperatures ranging from 5to 35℃, adsorption capacity increased by the rise in temperature and this implies the sulfides adsorption was an endothermic process. The pH value had little effect on the adsorption capacity from 2to 7. But the sulfides adsorption capacity decreased significantly when pH was lower than 2. Sulfides were adsorbed by activated sludge as anions (HS- and S2-) and it was a chemical adsorption process. Cl- ranging from 0 to 25mg/L or SO2- 4 ranging from 0 to 12mg/L did not affect the sulfides adsorption capacity.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 930-934 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 385KB] ( 29039 )

	935	Microbial similarity and community structure of phosphorus removal sludge with different electron acceptors
		吕Xiao-Mei , LI Ji, LI Chao-Lin, LIU Dong-Yang, SHAO Ming-Fei, XIA Xue
		Phosphorus removal sludge with nitrate, nitrite and oxygen as the sole electron acceptor were acclimatized in three parallel sequencing batch reactors, namely RN03, RN02 and R02 respectively. Operation results showed that phosphorus removal rates were 84.8%, 87.4% and 78.7% on average for RN03, RN02 and R02, with effluent TP concentration of 0.758mg/L, 0.931mg/L and 0.632mg/L. High-throughput technology was employed to evaluate the microbial similarity and community structure of phosphorus removal sludge with different electron acceptors. Results indicated that denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge with nitrate and nitrite as electron acceptors exhibited similar bacterial community structure and was distinct from that of aerobic phosphorus removal sludge. The dominant microbial organisms were clustered into five clades based on the phylogenetic relationship of the significant OTUs sequences. Through sequence BLAST, 0.716%, 1.78%, 2.53% and 4.80% of sequences from Seed, RN03, RN02 and R02 could be assigned to Accumulibacter-like sequences at similarity level of 97%; 0.368%, 1.44%, 1.32% and 30.9% of sequences could be assigned to GAO-like sequences, indicating that alternating anaerobic-anoxic condition was favorable toward elimination of GAO. Moreover, potential public health hazard was revealed for nitrite based denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 935-941 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 361KB] ( 658 )

	942	Synthesis and defluoridation performance of humic acid sodium base absorbent modified by metal ion
		LIU Yong, LIU Ya, REN Yue-Lin, WANG Shi-Xiang, ZHAO Shi-Lin
		Metal ion-modified humic acid sodium absorbent (devoted as MMNaA) had been developed to improve the removal efficiency of fluoride ion in aqueous solution by gel polymerization method using aluminum salt and calcium salt as raw materials. The crystal structures and microstructures of the materials were measured by XRD and SEM; and the adsorption performance of the materials for fluoride ion in aqueous solution was investigated by static adsorption experiment. The results showed that a good matching between the adsorption isotherm behavior of MMNaA and Langmuir equation was observed; the adsorption capacity of 208.77mg/g calculated from Langmuir equation was obtained; the adsorption process could be expressed as pseudo-second-order kinetic model; and the absorption rate was determined by the liquid film diffusion and the intra-particle diffusion. Maximum fluoride adsorption of MMNaA in contaminated water was reached at the pH values of 5~9.As compared with γ-Al2O3, MMNaA had a much wider range of pH, less dose and shorter absorption time.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 942-950 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1223KB] ( 585 )

	951	Characterization and measurement of the flocs during the coagulation process by PIV
		MAO Yu-Hong, CHANG Qing, ZENG Li-Yun
		Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was applied to characterize and measure the morphological changes of the flocs during the coagulation process. The results indicated that the flocs particles were much bigger, their size distribution was more uniform, and the sedimentation efficiencies were higher when the rotation speed of the inner cylinder was in the range 20~60r/min. The rotation speed of the inner cylinder had a great influence on the flow field which directly affected the flocs size, morphology and coagulation efficiencies. The vortex flow field structure change with time periodically and the bulk fluid motion may be beneficial for the flocs to combine with each other and grow up, leading to the higher flocculation efficiency. This research demonstrated that the morphology of the flocs in the coagulation process can be characterized and described perfectly by PIV and PIV can be exploited as a useful tool in the in-situ observation and measurement during coagulation processes.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 951-957 [Abstract] ( 144 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 907KB] ( 663 )

	958	The impact of pH on microfiltration membrane fouling by sodium alginate: mechanism analysis using xDLVO theory.
		GAO Xin-Yu, ZONG Rui-Qiang, WANG Ping, LIANG Shuang
		Extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (xDLVO) theory was used to quantitatively evaluate the role of interfacial interactions, i.e. Lifshitz van der Waals (LW), acid-base (AB) and electrostatic (EL) interactions, involved in microfiltration (MF) membrane fouling by sodium alginate (SA) at various pH. In the pH range of 5~9, the AB interaction energy played a dominant role and determined the nature and magnitude of the total interaction energy. As pH increased from 5to 9, fouling potential (K) for SA fouling of MF membrane decreased in the order of pH 5 > pH 7 > pH 8 > pH 9. During initial filtration stage, the hydrophobic membrane was subject to more severe fouling due to its attractive total interfacial interaction with SA. During subsequent fouling stage, no significant difference was found between fouling behaviors of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membranes because of the identical repulsive interfacial interaction between SA themselves for both membranes. Fouling potentials of initial and subsequent fouling stages correlated well with the interfacial free energies of membrane-SA and SA-SA combinations, respectively. This indicated that the xDLVO theory could effectively predict SA fouling behavior of MF membrane at different solution pH.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 958-965 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 609KB] ( 1895 )

	966	Kinetic characteristics of As (III) oxidation by δ-MnO2 in the simulated environment: A stirred flow study
		WANG Kun, XIA Ping-Ping, LIU Fan, TAN Wen-Feng, QIU Guo-Hong, FENG Xiong-Han
		In this study, As (III) oxidation at the surfaces of two δ-MnO2 minerals, birnessite and vernadite, was investigated using stirred-flow technique, and the corresponding model was established to describe the kinetics of the redox reactions in the stirred-flow heterogeneous system. Following correction of As adsorption, the degree of fitting of the stirred-flow kinetic data of As (III) oxidation by birnessite and vernadite using the established model was 0.980and 0.951, respectively. The obtained initial rate constants (k) per unit specific area at pH 7were 0.131 and 0.014min-1m-2, respectively, which were much greater than apparent initial rate constant (kobs), 0.021min-1m-2 and 0.001min-1m-2, derived from the batch experiments. This indicated that rate constant (k) is much closer to the real chemical kintics that could be obtained using the stirred-flow technique. Both stirred-flow and the batch experiments showed that birnessite exhibited the greater reaction rate on a per surface area basis in As (III) oxidation than on vernadite, although birnessite had a relatively lower suface area and As (III) oxidation capacity. Analysis of the reaction process suggested that As (III) absorption was the rate determining step in the initial stage, and then the number of suface Mn reactive sites gradually became the rate determining step with the passivation and decrease of the sites.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 966-975 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 833KB] ( 634 )

	976	Influence of temperature and pH on dissolution and biodegradation kinetics of water extractable organic carbon from municipal solid waste
		WU Chuan-Fu, DAO Gang-Long-Xing, XIAO Gong-Zhe-Ping, WANG Qun-Hui
		The organic carbon dissolution behavior under different temperatures and pH value conditions was investigated by means of both experiments and numerical simulation. Increasing leaching temperature was beneficial for accelerating the dissolution rate of rapidly dissolving organic carbon fraction. However, the dissolution amount of organic carbon was not improved under high temperature conditions. On the other hand, lower leaching pH values were favorable for dissolving organic carbon from solid phase. Under different leaching conditions, the dissolution rates of organic carbon were in the order of 0.05~0.22m3/(kg·h), while rapidly dissolving fraction of organic carbon accounted for 30%~50% of the total and its dissolution rates ranged from 14h-1to 65h-1 (orders of magnitude were three times higher than that of slowly dissolving fraction of organic carbon). Moreover, the incubation experiment results indicated that more than 79% of the water extractable organic carbon was hard to be decomposed by in-situ bacteria under anaerobic condition.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 976-982 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 489KB] ( 646 )

	983	Biochemical characterization of solid wastes for the anaerobic degradation parameters
		ZHENG Wei, Khamphe Phoungthong, 吕Fan , SHAO Li-Ming, HE Pin-Jing
		In an attempt to predict landfill anaerobic degradation parameters (L0, methane generation potential, k, decay rate and CSF, carbon sequestration factor) more conveniently, the linkage between biochemical characteristics of degradable solid wastes and anaerobic degradation parameters was established. The biochemical characteristics of twenty-eight kinds of degradable solid wastes including C, H, N, polysaccharide, protein, lipid, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, were measured. Four kinds of biochemical characteristics including polysaccharide, protein, lipid, and lignin were determined to substitute for the original nine kinds of biochemical characteristics through factor analysis. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were conducted at mesophilic temperature to investigate anaerobic degradation parameters. Partial least squares regression analysis (PLS) was applied and the results revealed that a linear relation between biochemical characteristics and anaerobic degradation parameters could be implemented. The higher L0 and k value could be attributed to higher lipid and polysaccharide content, however, the higher CSF value could be due to higher lignin content. The higher protein content may lead to lower L0 value. The linear equations can afford a new computation method for predicting anaerobic degradation parameters.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 983-988 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 445KB] ( 543 )

	989	Distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils in Shanghai
		DU Fang-Fang, YANG Yi, LIU Min, LU Min, YU Ying-Peng, ZHENG Xin, LIU Ying
		The concentrations of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 80 topsoil samples in Shanghai were determined by GC-MS. The distribution pattern was discussed, and source apportionment of PAHs in surface soil was conducted by the isomer ratio and principal component analysis. Results showed that the concentrations of PAHs ranged between 0.12μg/g and 24.5μg/g, presenting gradient changes of suburb>urban> rural and traffic area>cultural and educational area>park greenbelt>business district>residential in different functional areas in the city. Dominant compounds were 4rings and 5rings PAHs, which accounted for 49.2% and 27.0%, followed by 3and 6rings, which accounted for 14.8% and 6.6% of the total PAH concentrations, respectively. The lowest was the 2rings PAHs, which only accounted for 2.4% of the total PAH concentrations. In addition, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzopyrene were dominant PAH compounds. Source apportionment indicated that the PAHs originated mainly from burning, mainly oil burning.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 989-995 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 500KB] ( 786 )

	996	Research of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in atmospheric precipitation and surface water in Zoige alpine wetland
		GAI Nan, PAN Jing, CHEN Da-Zhou, YANG Yong-Liang
		To further understand the geochemical behaviors of persistent organic pollutant (POPs) in remote areas, the seasonal distribution characteristics of anthropogenic organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations in surface water and wet precipitation samples collected from Zoige alpine wetland in the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were determined by HRGC-HRMS. The mean concentrations of ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, HCB, ∑6PCBs in the surface water were 0.90, 1.36, 0.95, 1.35ng/L, respectively. The mean concentrations of ∑OCPs and ∑6PCBs in wet precipitation were 0.363, 0.118ng/L, respectively, with the maximum values present in snow of November. The mean concentrations were in the order of HCB > PCB28 > p,p’-DDD > p,p’-DDE > α-HCH > γ-HCH. PCB28and PCB52were the predominant PCB congeners. Except for trace amount of PCB101, all highly chlorinated PCB congeners were not detected. The deposition fluxes of ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, and ∑6PCBs were in the range of 0.058~0.268, 0.087~0.311, and 0.049~0.188ng/(m2·d), respectively. The results confirmed the difference between long-range atmospheric transport via high altitude air mass and the mountain cold trapping effect. The precipitation mode of POPs in high altitude areas can be distinguished as two types, i.e., the “altitudinal gradient wet precipitation mode” and the “high plateau mode”. Similar to the cases in polar areas, the snow deposition flux of POPs in “high plateau mode” is generally higher than rain deposition flux, lack of less persistent PCB 138, PCB153and PCB180components.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 996-1003 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 483KB] ( 659 )

	1004	Magnetic properties of dustfall in Hohhot and their environmental implications
		XU Shu-Jing, XIA Dun-Sheng, CHUN Xi, WANG Bo, ZHANG Ying
		Environmental magnetic properties of dustfall samples collected monthly or bimonthly during 2010.10-2011.10 in Hohhot were measured and compared to samples from a background site-Helingeer. The use of environmental magnetism as a tool for atmosphere pollution monitoring and pollution source identification were discussed by comparing the magnetic properties of dustfall samples in Hohhot to two typical polluted cities in Northwestern China, i.e. Urumqi and Lanzhou. The main magnetic mineral in samples from Hohhot and its background was magnetite, and the main magnetic grain sizes were multi-domain (MD) and pseudo single domain (PSD). The concentration of magnetic mineral was higher and the grain size was finer in dustfall samples from Hohhot than that from Helingeer. The seasonal changes of magnetic properties in dustfall samples from Hohhot indicated that the atmosphere pollution was affected by both natural factors and human activities. Compared to χlf , SIRM could better reflect atmosphere pollution in Hohhot. Compared to Urumqi and Lanzhou, the intensity of inversion was higher in Hohhot, but the atmosphere pollution was less serious, suggesting human activities played a primary role in atmosphere pollution.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1004-1011 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 549KB] ( 445 )

	1012	Spatiotemporal distribution of black carbon and its effect on phosphorous speciation in surface sediments of Shanmei Reservoir
		CHENG Jin-Zhu, GUO Pei-Yong, LIU Ning, LU Xiao-Hao, LU Ding, WAN Jin-Jin
		Temporal and spatial distributions of black carbon in surface sediments of a subtropical reservoir were investigated and the effects of black carbon on different phosphorous species were explored as a case study of Shanmei Reservoir in Fujian Province. The mass concentrations of black carbon (BC) in surface sediments were 2.44to 5.28g/kg in Shanmei Reservoir, which higher than those in coastal sediment. It was consistent with the results from the studies on reservoirs abroad. Overall, the BC concentrations were higher in wet season than in dry season. There were highest BC concentrations at the inlet area followed in order by those at the tail area, the dam nearby area and the middle area of the reservoir. The concentrations of black carbon had a significantly positive correlation with the concentrations of total organic carbon in the sediments, but no correlation with particle size. The ratio of black carbon to organic carbon was averaged as 24.95%, which indicated that the BC source was complex, and it commonly originated from terrestrial biomass combustion and combustion of fossil fuels. Black carbon and two active species of phosphorus (organic phosphorus and iron/aluminum bound phosphorus) were correlated significantly. Black carbon had a certain fixation to absorb these phosphorus forms, which would cause certain inhibition on the release of sediment phosphorus.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1012-1018 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 365KB] ( 613 )

	1019	Compositions and sources of stable organic carbon and nitrogen isotopes in surface sediments of Poyang Lake.
		WANG Mao-Lan, LAI Jian-Ping, HU Ke-Tu, ZHANG Ding-Ling, LAI Jin-Hu
		Fifteen surface sediment samples from the Poyang Lake and its main tributaries (Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, Xinjiang River, Xiushui River and Raohe River) were used to investigate organic carbon and nitrogen isotopes. In addition, the sources of organic matter and nitrogen in the surface sediments were analyzed. The total organic carbon (TOC) content in the lake, averages (1.15±0.35)% (n=9) in a range of 0.63% to 1.86%, was higher than that of its main tributaries. The total nitrogen (TN) content in the Poyang Lake area and its main tributaries was in the ranges of 0.06%~0.16% and 0.03%~0.08% with an average value of (0.10±0.03)% (n=9) and (0.06±0.02)% (n=6), respectively. The organic carbon isotope composition (δ13C) ranged from -25.66‰ to -12.56‰ (average (-22.48±4.10)‰), whereas the nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) was from 3.51‰ to -6.27‰ (average (4.71±0.95)‰) in the Poyang Lake area surface sediments. The δ13C and δ15N values ranged from -25.24‰ to -19.55‰ (average (-23.27±2.42)‰) and 0.94‰ to 4.64‰ (average (3.19±1.30)‰) in the main tributaries surface sediments, respectively. Soil organic matter, aquatic vascular plant and phytoplankton were the main sources of the sediment organic matter in the Poyang Lake and its main tributaries, while the contribution of soil organic matter was biggest. The sources of nitrogen in the sediment were mainly from soil organic matter and synthetic fertilizer. The contribution of synthetic fertilizer was found to be a significant source for the tributaries sediment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1019-1025 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 357KB] ( 1421 )

	1026	Geosmin production characteristics by Anabaena sp. in nitrogen-limited and phosphorus-limited conditions
		JIA Xiao-Yan, LIU Cong, CHU Zhao-Sheng, PANG Yan, HU Xiao-Zhen
		Characteristics of Geosmin produced by Anabaena sp. under phosphorus-limited and nitrogen-limited conditions were investigated in batch cultivation and determined using SPME-GC Mass. Anabaena sp. grew well and the growth rate was not influenced by nitrogen limitation. However, its growth was restrained by phosphorus limitation. Heterocyst was produced and its percentage account for 3.5%~4.4% of total cells under nitrogen-limited condition, whereas heterocyst was not produced under phosphorus-limited condition. The geosmin content in cell declined quickly in the first 20d and then kept almost constant. The geosmin content in the late phase was 3.7×10-5ng/cell under nitrogen-limited condition and was a little higher under phosphorus-limited condition (3.2×10-5ng/cell). Chl a concentration under the nitrogen-limited condition was much higher than that under phosphorus-limited condition. The ratio of geosmin content to Chl a content (geosmin/Chl a) under the phosphorus-limited condition (2.3×10-2) was higher than that under nitrogen-limited condition (1.5×10-2).
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1026-1030 [Abstract] ( 194 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 356KB] ( 629 )

	1031	Pollution status and risk assessment of heavy metal in the sediment of the severe polluted confluence area of Lake Chaohu
		LIU Cheng, SHAO Shi-Guang, FAN Cheng-Xin, ZHOU Qi-Lin, SHANG Jing-Ge
		Ecological risk and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediment of the severe polluted confluence area of Lake Chaohu were studied in the present research. The results indicated that heavy metal accumulated mainly in the low-lying area which is about 700m away from the bank and which was influenced greatly by sediment distribution. Levels of heavy metal increased with the increase of sediment depth in surface sediment (0~2cm). Index of geoaccumulation and potential ecological risk index were used to evaluate extent of heavy metal pollution in the studied area. The results indicated most of the metals studied, except Hg (Eri=325.5) and Cd(Eri=240.28), had low ecological risk and they followed a descending order as: Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cr>Ni. Among these metals studied, Hg and Cd ranked high and was classified into grade three and they might originate from the same sources. Seriously, the upper 0~14cm of sediment had presented very high ecological risk (RI>525) because of Hg and Cd. In addition, Hg in the 14~34cm of sediment still had presented moderate ecological risk. Therefore, emergent measures must be taken to control pollution of Hg and Cd in the area studied.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1031-1037 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1026KB] ( 838 )

	1038	The DNA fingerprints and their relationship to community structure of phytoplankton in Daya Bay
		XIONG Yi-Jun, WANG Chao-Hui, WANG Jian
		Surface water was collected from Daya Bay, South China Sea in May and June, 2012. The DNA fingerprints of phytoplankton extracted from these water samples were analyzed using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique; meanwhile the phytoplankton were examined and counted under light microscope. The results showed that the species richness of phytoplankton was high with a total of 72 species. The numbers of DNA fingerprint were also high with 26 and 28 in May and June, respectively. The fingerprint numbers were generally much lower than species richness; however, both showed similar variation pattern at different stations when excluding species with percentage less than 0.1%. This similarity indicates that the DNA fingerprints largely reflect the composition of dominant phytoplankton, which may have shielded the minority group during the PCR-DGGE process. Cluster analysis of DNA fingerprints and phytoplankton community similarly revealed a separation between the eutrophic, nearshore stations and those offshore stations. The phytoplankton community in the Daya Bay is dominated by diatoms, but attention should be paid to the abundant occurrences of potentially harmful species of dinoflagellate and cyanobacteria at some stations. This study demonstrates that the PCR-DGGE technique is applicable in analyzing phytoplankton community structure, though microscopic morphology still remains one of the most reliable methods.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1038-1044 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 535KB] ( 522 )

	1045	Pollution history and source of heavy metals in coastal sediments from Xiamen Western Bay
		HE Hai-Xing, YU Rui-Lian, HU Gong-Ren, YU Wei-He, ZHOU Chu-Fan
		Vertical distribution, pollution history and source of 14heavy metals (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, Fe and Hg) in the core sediments collected from intertidal zone of Xiamen Western Bay were analyzed. The contents of above elements varied smoothly before 1795. During 1795~1849, the contents of Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr, Cd, Tl, Pb and Hg increased significantly. The contents of Sc, Cr, Co, Sr, Tl, Pb and Hg fluctuated slightly during 2001~2011. The results of multivariate statistical analysis indicated that traffic pollution and industrial activities, natural sources, industrial and domestic sewage were the three major sources, with their contributions of 72.87%, 12.20% and 10.99%, respectively. Lead isotope analysis of core sediments demonstrated that, from bottom to surface, the evolvement trend of Pb isotopic composition was from industrial activities and sewage to automobile emission. Traffic and industrial activities, industrial and domestic sewage were the major sources of lead pollution in Xiamen Western Bay.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1045-1051 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 416KB] ( 893 )

	1052	Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the analysis of 17dioxins and furans in environmental samples
		ZHANG Li-Fei, REN Yue, XU Peng-Jun, DONG Liang, LIU Ai-Min, WU Zhong-Xiang, HUANG Ye-Ru
		A method for determining 17dioxins and furans in environmental samples using gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS) had been studied. Good linearity was obtained for the concentration ranged from 0.5to 2000ng/mL. The relative response factors were ranged from 0.96to 1.21, with the relative standard deviation below 14% for the 17congeners. The levels of quantitative of this method were at the range of 0.080~2.83pg/μL, which was suitable for ultra-trace dioxin analysis in environmental samples. Three sediments from the 15th round of intercalibration study were used as certified reference materials to confirm this analytical method. The obtained results are satisfactory. More than 40 environmental samples, including flue gas, fly ash, soil, and sediment were analysed using MS/MS. The obtained results were also compared with results by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Good linear correlation (R2=0.997) was observed when the concentration values ranged from 0to 60ng I-TEQ. For specific congeners, values of 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF obtained by MS/MS were higher than by HRMS. However, value results of 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD were lower. Because of the low cost of MS/MS on purchase, maintenance, and energy consumption, this method can be a simple and economic method for ultra-trace dioxin analysis in environmental samples.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1052-1058 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 381KB] ( 471 )

	1059	Sensitivity of rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus, IHB) to several common chemicals
		WU Ben-Li, CAO Yan, LUO Si, WANG Jian-Wei
		We performed waterborne exposures of several chemicals on adult and embryo-larvae stage rare minnow and compared the sensitivity between the wild group (WG) and closed colony (IHB). Adult rare minnows were acutely exposed to lethal concentrations of the chemical agents (K2Cr2O4, pentachlorophenol, HgCl2, p-Chloroaniline and CdCl2) in order to determine the 96 h LC50 (96 h lethal median concentration). For the closed colony, the 96h LC50was 69.0mg/L, 111.4, 56.9 μg/L, 35.5and12.2mg/L for Cr6+, pentachlorophenol, Hg2+, p-Chloroaniline and Cd2+, respectively. For the wild colony, the 96h LC50was 99.8mg/L, 105.6and 65.8 μg/L for Cr6+, pentachlorophenol, Hg2+, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the exposure to K2Cr2O4between the two colonies (P<0.05). Then the embryos (8hours post-fertilization) and larvae (1day post-hatching) from closed colony were exposed to p-Chloroaniline and CdCl2for 7days and the exposure caused toxic effects on hatching, malformation, survival and growth, and among these, growth was the most sensitive parameter to the toxicants stress. For p-Chloroaniline, the obtained none-observable effect concentration (NOEC) for growth were 2and 4mg/L in the embryos and larvae, respectively; while for CdCl2, the NOEC was 0.1mg/L in both the embryos and larvae. Our results suggested that the closed colony rare minnow is sensitive to chemical exposure and can serve as a reliable model organism for testing chemical toxicity.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1059-1066 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 418KB] ( 541 )

	1067	Data quality analysis with combination uncertainty and sensitivity for carbon footprint assessment of products.
		CHEN Sha, LI Yi-Pei, CAO Lei, LIU Zun-Wen, CHEN Ying-Xin
		The results of carbon footprint assessment of products depend on the selection of data types, sources, assessment approaches. The purpose of this study is to develop a new method which is combined DOI-Monte Carlo with sensitivity analysis and data quality analysis method for carbon footprint assessment of products. For this new approach, firstly, the primary data impacting on the assessment result were chosen through data sensitivity analysis; then, with DOI-Monte Carlo analysis the uncertainty of the primary data and the key data that affect the evaluation results were obtained. As a result, the accuracy of carbon footprint assessment could be improved more specific by optimizing data collection scheme according to the above data analysis method. As a case study, the developed method was applied to the carbon footprint assessment in the pre-printing stage of one plastic flexible packaging printing company in China. This approach can be used for carbon footprint assessment of many products by improving the uncertainty and data quality.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1067-1072 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 348KB] ( 1395 )

	1073	Surrogate model of numerieal simulation model of groundwater based on Kriging
		AN Yong-Kai, LU Wen-Xi, DONG Hai-Biao, LUO Jian-Nan
		Jinquan Industrial Park groundwater sources in Neimenggu was selected as the study area, and the groundwater numerical simulation model for this area was established. Latin hypercube samping was used to obtain input (pumping) and output (water level drawdown) data sets, and the Kriging was proposed to establish an surrogate model of the groundwater numerical model, namely Kriging model. Compared the outputs of kriging model with that of numerical simulation model of groundwater, the fitting mean relative error of mean groundwater level drawdown obtained by Kriging model and numerical simulation model of groundwater was 0.22%, and the fitting mean relative error of the remaining average relative standard deviation of groundwater level drawdown was 0.03%. So the fitting error was small, which indicated that the Kriging model can effectively replace groundwater numerical model. This study will provide an effective surrogate method to reduce computational load resulted from multiple invocation of the the numerical simulation model of groundwater in the processes of optimization solution by optimization model.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1073-1079 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 679KB] ( 514 )

	1080	The bias of herders’ perception to climate change and its deviant path at different grassland resources levels
		LI Xi-Liang, HOU Xiang-Yang, DING Yong, LI Ping, LIU Zhi-Ying, WU Xin-Hong, YIN Yan-Ting, SA Ru-La, REN Wei-Bo
		Perception is an important information basic of human adaptation to climate change. We researched herders’ perception to climate change and its deviant path at different grassland resources levels, which included 1292households in northern grassland of China such as meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, steppe desert, sand land and agro-pastoral area. The temperature was significantly rise by 0.63℃/10a (P0.05). Majority of respondents considered precipitation have been deceasing in past 30years, whereas no significant difference was detected by actual precipitation data. Unlike precipitation perception, herders had no clear judgment to temperature change. The conduction of pasture information was an important reason of herders’ bias in climate change. Precipitation but temperature had a good relationship to herders’ climate change perception. Climate conduction perception was influenced by the distances to administration center, the householder age, educational background, carrying level, grassland-livestock resources and so on.
		2014 Vol. 34 (4): 1080-1088 [Abstract] ( 124 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 797KB] ( 409 )

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