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2015 Vol.35 Issue.4,Published 2015-04-20

961 Seasonal variation of vertical distribution of aerosol types around Shanghai during haze periods
MA Xiao-Jun, QIN Yan, CHEN Yong-Hang, ZHANG Hua, YE Wen, HU Cheng-Ting, RE Yi-La-Gu-Li-×A-Bu-Du-Re-He-Man

Using the classification data of different layers aerosols from CALIPSO Satellite Lidar Level 2aerosol retrieval data during the haze periods from January 2007to November 2010, the seasonally vertical distribution of different types of aerosols including clean marine, dust, polluted continental, clean continental, polluted dust, smoke and other types around Shanghai during haze periods were analyzed. The results showed as follows. In 0~2km altitudes the frequency of smoke aerosols’ occurrence during haze was significantly higher than during haze-free periods, but in 2~8km dust, polluted dust and polluted continental aerosols’ frequency in haze were higher than in haze-free periods. In 0~2km, polluted continental aerosols’ frequency in spring was higher than in other seasons during haze. In 0-2km, polluted dust and marine aerosol’s frequency in summer were higher than in other seasons during haze, especially polluted dust. In autumn the frequency of smoke aerosols in 0~2km was higher than in 2~6km. the frequency of polluted dust, smoke and polluted continental aerosols in winter were higher than in other seasons during haze.

2015 Vol. 35 (4): 961-969 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 408KB] ( 793 )
970 Characteristics of black carbon aerosol in Wuxi
SUN Tian-Le, HE Ling-Yan, ZENG Li-Wu, HUANG Xiao-Feng
In this study, we targeted at black carbon (BC) in PM2.5in YRD and deployed a single particle soot photometer (SP2) in Wuxi City of Jiangsu Province to perform on-line characterization of major BC aerosol properties, e.g., concentrations, size distribution, and mixing state. The measurement was conducted during both the summer and winter campaigns of 2010~2011. The main finding was that, the BC pollution level increased by 2.4times from the summer (2.5μg/m3) to the winter (6.1μg/m3), together with a significant increase of the number fractions of internally mixed BC (NIB) from 44.6 to 64.8%. The high NIB level in the winter indicates that air mass transport of aged BC particles from North China was the primary reason to form the high BC pollution in the winter of Wuxi, which was further supported by the back trajectory analysis. The diurnal variations of the BC mass concentration and NIB during the campaigns showed opposite trends, with the lowest BC concentrations but the highest NIB in the daytime, reflecting the role of coating processes by photochemical production of secondary materials. In addition, the size distributions of BC in volume equivalent diameter (VED) were found to have stable lognormal patterns during the campaigns, with the peak diameter at ~120nm for the number distribution and at ~225nm for the mass distribution.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 970-975 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 635KB] ( 838 )
976 Potential contribution of secondary organic aerosols and ozone of VOCs in the Northern Suburb of Nanjing
LIN Xu, ZHU Bin, AN Jun-Lin, YANG Hui
A continuous observation campaign was carried out with the GC5000 volatile organics online monitoring system from March 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014 in the northern suburb of Nanjing, characteristics of their composition, seasonal variation and diurnal variation were analyzed, PMF, the maximum incremental reactivity coefficient (MIR)and the fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC)were used to estimate the potential formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and O3 from VOCs and their sources. The results showed that the hourly average mixing ratio of the TVOCs was 45.63×10-9. There was an obvious seasonal cycle of VOCs, with the maximum in winter and autumn and minimum in summer. Diurnal variation of VOCs mixing ratios showed a very clear bimodal structure. The SOA concentration values obtained by the VOCs were 2.07μg/m3, as the largest contributor, aromatic hydrocarbons accounted for 95.93% and BTEX are the dominant species. Alkenes contributed the largest parts of the ozone formation potential (OFP), closing to 65%. Although alkanes were the most abundant components of VOCs, it is not the main contributor of OFP and SOA. The results from different seasons of receptor model showed that vehicle emissions and industrial emissions were main sources of VOCs in the northern suburb of Nanjing. The sources which contain rich BTEX contributed the largest parts of SOA. Moreover, the sources which contain rich ethylene, propylene and isoprene are the largest contributor of OFP. Vehicle emissions and industrial emissions (including the petrochemical industry) were the main contributor to the concentrations of VOCs, SOA and OFP in spring, autumn and winter. As the influential sources to SOA and OFP, solvent source and plant source should not be overlooked in summer.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 976-986 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 828KB] ( 999 )
987 Characteristics of volatile organic compounds and relative pollutants observed in autumn Shanghai
LUO Da-Tong, GAO Jian, WANG Shu-Lan, WANG Hong-Li, WANG Qian, CHEN Chang-Hong
The pollution level and temporal distribution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed together with trace gases in autumn of 2012in Shanghai. The hourly average concentration of VOCs is 63.64′10-9 and the NMHCs accounted for 67.43%. The ratio between typical VOCs species showed that the air masses observed in this study were characterized as photochemical-aged and this was further illuminated by the analysis on diurnal variation of ethane/acetylene (E/E) and acetylene/CO(E/C). Here we also studied the origination of air masses during the observation with backward trajectory and cluster analysis. The value of E/E was found to be much lower in air masses originated from continent than that form ocean, while there was no difference between the benzene/ toluene values.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 987-994 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 502KB] ( 867 )
995 Identify the size of aerosol particles and analyze its characteristic at three AERONET sites in China
WANG Hong-Bin, ZHANG Zhi-Wei, ZHANG Lei, WU Hong, ZHOU Lin-Yi, ZU Fan
?ngstr?m exponent a is an important indicator of the size of the aerosol particles. However, a alone does not provide unambiguous information on the relative weight of coarse and fine modes because the aerosol size distribution does not meet the Junge distribution in nature. We point out that the AOD spectral curvature can provide additional information about aerosol size distributions for 0.750.3indicate size distributions dominated by coarse mode aerosols. We test and apply the graphical method of Gobbi, and discriminate different aerosol types and quantify the contribution of them. The results show that the large values of AOD mainly are caused by the dust aerosols at SACOL site. The large values of AOD are caused by the dust aerosols or the fine aerosol particles and the graphical method of Gobbi can discriminate them at Xianghe site. Data from Taihu site confirmed the site is affected by fine mode aerosols. At Taihu site, pollution hazes what generates the large aerosol loads rather than dust aerosol.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 995-1003 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2112KB] ( 1009 )
1004 Physicochemical characteristics of individual particle in PM2.5 of Beijing during the Lantern Festival
ZHAO Cheng-Mei, SHAO Long-Yi, HOU Cong, GUO Meng-Long, XING Jiao-Ping, HU Ying
PM2.5 samples in Beijing were collected during the Lantern Festival of 2014. Morphologies and elemental compositions of individual particles were determined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (FESEM-EDX). Size distribution of individual particles in FESEM images were further analyzed by an image analysis system. The result shows that soot aggregate, mineral and fly ash were dominant particles. Particles generated by the fireworks and firecrackers in Beijing can lead to PM2.5 concentrations increase during the Lantern Festival. The particle number firstly behaved one increase and then decrease. Particle size mostly displayed less than 0.7μm during the lantern festival. However, the particle number with the diameter >0.7μm in the heavy pollution period was significantly higher than them in the light pollution period.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1004-1012 [Abstract] ( 162 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1180KB] ( 611 )
1013 Microscopic morphology and size distribution of PM2.5 in Guangzhou urban area in fall 2011
FENG Qian-Dan, MING Cai-Bing, LIU Hui, ZHANG Yuan-Hang, ZHENG Mei
Samples of airborne PM2.5 particles were collected during Fall 2011 from Guangzhou urban area. The morphology and size distribution of individual particles were analyzed by a Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDX) and Image Analysis System. Based on the morphology, three typical particles (soot aggregates, minerals, and coal fly ash) and other unknown particles in PM2.5 were identified. Results showed that the number-size distribution of PM2.5, peaking in the range of 0.1~0.2 μm, was dominated by the condensing sub-mode within the accumulation mode where gas phase reaction products were distributed. Both number and volume contribution of three typical particles were on the order of mineral >> soot aggregate > fly ash. Minerals were mainly distributed in range of 0.1~0.3 μm with 41.97% in number percentage. The percentage of minerals in range of 0.1~0.2 μm was as high as 26.42% , which was the major factor influencing the overall size distribution of PM2.5. Size distributions of PM2.5particles were fairly similar during different sampling period (morning, afternoon, evening) as well as before and after raining, but the proportions of particles having sizes less than 0.1 μm were significantly decreased in the evening and after raining.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1013-1018 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 560KB] ( 694 )
1019 Chemical characteristics of the three-stage fog water in the winter of 2013 in Nanjing
SUN Yu, FAN Shu-Xian, ZHANG Jian, ZHANG Yue, MENG Qing-Zi, HE Jia-Bao, LI Yi
In order to understand the chemical characteristics of fog water in Nanjing, three-stage Caltech Active Strand Cloud Collector (CASCC) was used to collect fog droplets in three separate droplet size ranges (from December 7th to December 9th. 2013). Fifty percent droplet size cuts of 22, 16, and 4 μm diameter are featured in stages one, two and three, respectively. Twenty-three fog samples were collected in two fog events and divided into eight periods. Concentrations of cations and anions in each sample were detected by ion chromatography. Composition of the fog water, chemical composition distribution characteristics of fog water in each stage, the correlation of ions in each stages and the relationship between ion concentrations and gaseous pollutants or microphysics were considered together during the analysis. The results showed the pH mostly resided in acidic range. The three-stage CASCC data showed significant size-dependence for all reported species. The small drop fraction had significantly high concentrations of the major ions (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-), lower pH values and higher EC values than the large drop fraction. Also the data showed concentrations of the species was higher at night. Due to the differences in contribution from regional pollutant sources, soluble components varied greatly in different fog events. Also the ionic composition had a significant relationship with microphysical properties and pollutant gases.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1019-1031 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 832KB] ( 599 )
1032 Sources and correlations of outdoor and indoor particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a community in Tianjin, China
LIU Jiang-Hai, BAI Zhi-Peng, HAN Bin, LIU Ya-Ting, YOU Yan, ZHANG Jie-Feng, ZHOU Jian
In order to investigate the sources contributions and correlations of indoor and outdoor PAHs bound onto inhalable particulate mater (PM10), PM10 samples were simultaneously collected indoors and outdoors at 36 households in a community in Tianjin during the non-heating period (NHP) and heating period (HP) in 2009; concentrations of 12individual PAHs were measured. Indoor PAH concentrations in NHP were comparable to outdoor concentrations, but lower than outdoors in HP. Indoor individual PAH contributions to total PAHs mass were comparable to outdoor PAH contributions in NHP, but not in HP. The average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio in both sampling periods was less than 1, but was higher in NHP than in HP. Smoking, cooking and cleaning activities did not significantly affect the indoor PAH concentrations. Indoor of 5-7ring PAHs were mainly derived from outdoor sources, while the 2-4ring PAHs were mainly from indoor sources. The infiltration factors of PM10-bound PAHs were 0.73 in NHP and 0.51 in HP. Diagnostic ratios for PAHs showed that the dominant sources of PAHs were coal combustion and traffic emissions.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1032-1039 [Abstract] ( 170 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 423KB] ( 586 )
1040 Study of Chinese HCFC-142b emission by inverse model
LIU Zhao, YAO Bo, AN Xing-Qin, ZHOU Ling-Xi, LUAN Tian, WANG Hong-Yang, ZHANG Gen, CHENG Si-Yang
The inversion method was used to estimate China’s HCFC-142b emission by using Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART combined with the in-situ measurement data obtained from Shangdianzi regional atmospheric background station (SDZ). The Chinese HCFC-142b emissions in 2009 and 2010 were 10.82kt/a and 15.42kt/a, accounted for 29.7% and 45.8% of the global emissions, respectively. The spatial distribution of HCFC-142b emission shows high emission rate in Beijing, Tianjin, Sichuan, Shandong and in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in consistent with the results by bottom-up method. The correlation coefficients of concentrations simulated from inversion results was higher than those from prior input, increasing from 0.38 to 0.47 in the year of 2009, and from 0.60 to 0.65 in the year of 2010.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1040-1046 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1937KB] ( 575 )
1047 Effect of reclamation on greenhouse gases (CH4 and N2O) fluxes in meadow-steppe ecosystem
The soil CH4 and N2O emission fluxes from the natural meadow-steppe grassland and reclaimed grassland under different crop planting and management measures were investigated during the growing seasons in 2012 and 2013 at Xieertala pasture, Hulunber, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that both the natural grassland and reclaimed grassland played a role as a sink for CH4 and a source for N2O. The conversion of natural grassland to cropland increased N2O emissions from the soil in growing seasons, however, there was a large uncertainty in the impact on soil CH4 fluxes. There was no difference in CH4 and N2O emission fluxes for different crop types under same meteorological conditions. Irrigation had no clear effect on CH4 average uptake fluxes in growing seasons, but significantly reduced N2O average emission fluxes. The differences in CH4 and N2O fluxes for 2012 and 2013 were mainly caused by the inter-annual precipitation variability. The correlation analysis and stepwise linear regression revealed that the soil CH4 and N2O emission fluxes were significantly correlated with soil moisture, the CH4 fluxes were also in linear relationship with soil temperature.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1047-1055 [Abstract] ( 132 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 680 )
1056 Study on optimization of monitoring sites based on atmospheric characteristic pollutants
QIN Yi-Wen, QIAN Yu, RONG Ting-Ting
Conventional air quality monitor has disadvantage in detecting specific atmospheric problems such as odor pollution. The paper established a multi-objective model combining environmental, economic and social factors to optimize air quality monitoring sites considering regional special pollution. Synthetic grading method was used to screen characteristic pollutants and fuzzy-AHP was used to calculate weight scores for environmental, economic and social effects. The multi-objective model for optimizing air quality monitoring sites established was applied to Nanjing Xianlin region as a case study. In 3 scenarios, 5#、43#, 25#、43#、54# and 25#、43#、54#、77# were selected.The results of optimized monitoring sites could provide scientific references for policy makers.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1056-1064 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1014KB] ( 726 )
1065 Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from three types of agricultural straw burning smoke
WANG Zhen-Zhen, TAN Ji-Hua, BI Xin-Hui, HE Qin, SHENG Guo-Ying, FU Jia-Mo
Three straw burning smokes in lab simulating straw open burning mode were collected by using a sampler of high-flow capacity. 34particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by GC-MS to investigate their emission factors and diagnostic ratios. The emission factors of PAHs from three straw burning smoke ranged from about 644.18~1798.13μg/kg. Four-rings PAHs are the most abundant PAH species in all samples, and their proportion to total PAHs ranged from 38.8% to 58.8%. The contributions of six-rings PAHs in TSP samples ranged from 5.72% to 15.17%. Although the contributions of six-rings PAHs were low in total PAHs, their impacts on human health and environment were critical for its high carcinogenicity. High-rings PAH Dibenzo [a,e] fluoranthene was firstly determined from straw burning smokes, its emission factor from corn, rice and wheat straw burning smoke was measured at about 6.70, 2.77 and 2.92μg/kg, respectively. Some diagnostic ratios such as Benzo(a)pyrene to Benzo[ghi]perylene (BaP/BghiP), phenanthrene to phenanthrene plus anthracene (Phe/(Phe+Ant)) and fluoranthene to fluoranthene plus pyrene (Flu/(Flu+ Pyr)) were also identified in this study.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1065-1071 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 420KB] ( 807 )
1072 The study of SNAD process start-up on domestic wastewater
ZHENG Zhao-Ming, LI Ze-Bing, LIU Chang-Jing, CHEN Guang-Hui, ZHENG Lin-Xue, MA Jing, LI Jun, ZHAO Bai-Hang
The SNAD (simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidization and denitrification) process was successfully developed in a SBR to treat domestic wastewater. In the beginning, some anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) granules were inoculated into the SBR to develop partial nitrification granules under high DO(500L/h). Afterwards, some anammox granules were added again to develop SNAD granules under low DO(40L/h). During the stable partial nitrification stage, the average ammonium removal rate was above 94% while the average nitrite accumulation rate was more than 95%. In the stable SNAD stage, 85% average total nitrogen removal rate was achieved. To the partial nitrification granules, batch tests indicated that the specific aerobic ammonium oxidation activity and nitrite oxidation activity were 0.234 and 0kgN/(kgVSS×d), respectively. To the SNAD granules, batch tests indicated that the specific anammox activity, denitrification activity over nitrite, aerobic ammonium oxidation activity and nitrite oxidation activity were 0.158、0.104、0.281、0kg/(kgVSS×d), respectively. The denitrification activity over nitrate was 0.061kg/(kgVSS×d) during 0~120min while the value was 0.104kg/(kgVSS×d) during 120~360min. The SEM observations indicated that the bacteria in the outer part of the SNAD granule were mainly short rod-shaped and spherical, which may be AOB and denitrification bacteria. In the inner part of the SNAD granule, the bacteria were mainly crater-shaped, which should be anammox bacteria.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1072-1081 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 930KB] ( 849 )
1082 Start-up of one-stage partial nitrification/anammox process treating ammonium-rich reject water
YANG Yan-Dong, HUANG Jing, HAN Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Shu-Jun, PENG Yong-Zhen
Partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) process has become one of the most innovative developments in reject water treatment in recent years. In this study, a one-stage integrated fixed-film activated sludge reactor was used to treat reject water. By inoculating partial nitrification floc sludge and anammox biofilm, gradually increasing ammonium concentration of influent and controlling DO at 0.11~0.42mg/L, the reactor was started successfully in 65days. In the stable phage, the system had a good contaminant removal performance. With influent concentration of COD and ammonium were 921mg/L and 1120.8mg/L respectively, 66.8% COD, 99.0% ammonia and 94.4% total nitrogen were removed respectively and total nitrogen removal rate reached 0.27kgN/(m3·d). The experiment showed that the start-up of PN/A process was promoted by increasing the ratio of reject water in influent gradually. Further analysis revealed that both anammox and denitrification process were present in system. The contributions to total nitrogen removal of anammox and denitrification were 67.4%~91.1% and 8.9%~32.6%, respectively.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1082-1087 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 413KB] ( 1003 )
1088 Effects of different reagents on the stabilization of soluble manganese from electrolytic manganese solid waste
DU Bing, DAN Zhi-Gang, XIAO Ke, WANG Jun, DUAN Ning
In order to satisfy the requirement of economical treatment for a large quantity of solid waste, the sort of reagents, such as alkaline materials, phosphate and carbonate, were examined. The immobilization effectiveness of reagents, such as CaO, MgO, and Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2or those reagents in combination with NaHCO3, Na3PO4were investigated. Mineral composition, valence states and speciation of manganese were measured to analyze the stabilization mechanism on soluble manganese. The results showed that the stabilization efficiency of soluble manganese can reach 100% on the condition of 10% addition of magnesium oxide accounting for the mass of EMSW. The immobilization efficiency of soluble manganese could achieve 95% using 9%CaO+5%NaHCO3and 9%CaO+5%Na3PO4. Those stabilizers made the conversion of soluble manganese to precipitated manganese and parts of them to high-charged oxidation products. The addition of CaO in combination with 5%NaHCO3and 5% Na3PO4would be favorable for the transformation of Mn2+ to Mn3+ and Mn4+.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1088-1095 [Abstract] ( 126 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 541KB] ( 445 )
1096 Influence of chitosan coagulat aid on the coagulation process of polyaluminum chloride
MAO Yu-Hong, FENG Jun-Jie, CHANG Qing, ZHANG Tao, ZHANG Peng-Qi
The coagulating experiment with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) used as coagulant and chitosan (CTS) used as coagulant aid was carried out in Taylor-Couette reactor. The influence of the rotation speed of the inner cylinder (hydraulic condition) on the floc form and removal of turbidity were studied by particle image velocimetry (PIV). The results indicated that the effect of the coagulation with PAC was improved obviously after CTS was added, and its change tendency was consistent with that of adding PAC only. It was improved that hydraulic conditions is the key restricting factor of the coagulation efficiency; and adding coagulant aid is helpful to reduce the dependence on the hydraulic condition and improve the stability of coagulation process.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1096-1102 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 864KB] ( 535 )
1103 Analysis of spectra of effluent from DC reactor for treating traditional Chinese medicine wastewater
SU Cheng-Yuan, LI Wei-Guang, WANG Kai-Yao
The characteristics of effluent of a novel double circle (DC) reactor for treating the wastewater from traditional Chinese medicine were investigated at different operation conditions. The analytical techniques including 3D excitation- emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were adopted, which could provide new thoughts for effective monitoring of anaerobic reactor performance. The results showed that when HRT was 24h, the DC anaerobic reactor could achieve the COD removal efficiency of 94%, and the methane production rate of 0.37m3CH4/kg.COD. At the same time, the absorption peak of coenzyme F420 (Ex/Em = 420/470nm) appeared obviously in the EEM spectra of the effluent. When HRT reduced to 12h, although the COD removal rate was 90%, the absorption peak coenzyme F420 decreased, whereas the absorption peak of fulvic acid-like appeared, indicating that HRT should not be reduced further. When the temperature was reduced from to 30℃ to 20℃, the characteristics of anaerobic sludge were influenced by the variation of temperature. The absorption peak at 3400cm-1changed from blunt peak to sharp peak in the FTIR spectra of the effluent. Particularly, the addition of rhein in the influent caused the accumulation of organic acids in the reactor. Hence, the methanogens activity was severely inhibited. Meanwhile, the absorption peaks of humic acid and fulvic acid-like were significantly enhanced in the EEM spectra of the effluent.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1103-1108 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1497KB] ( 482 )
1109 Efficient removal of silver from aqueous solution with vermiculite modification by 2-aminoethanethiol
CHEN Li-Xiang, WU Ping-Xiao, YANG Lin, ZHU Ya-Jie
In this study, raw vermiculite has been modified by 2-aminoethanethiol (MEA) to obtain organo-vermiculite as adsorbent for the removal of silver ions in aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the raw and modified vermiculites were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and BET analysis, which indicated that MEA was successfully grafted onto the vermiculite. Additionally, batch adsorption experiments involving initial pH, adsorbent dosage, time and temperature demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of Ag+ onto MEA-VER was improved highly compared with that of raw vermiculite. The optimum adsorbent dosage was 2.0g/L, the adsorbents presented a high removal efficiency of Ag+ in a wide range of initial pH values (6-12). The kinetics studies showed that the adsorption process was described well with pseudo-second-order model and the equilibrium was achieved at about 200min of contact time. The adsorption isotherm of Ag+ onto vermiculites fitted the Langmuir model well. All these results indicated that the adsorption process onto vermiculites was taken place mainly by coordination and electrostatic adsorption .
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1109-1115 [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 444KB] ( 670 )
1116 Optimization of preparation conditions of novel macromolecule chelating-flocculant by response surface methodology.
DU Feng-Ling, WANG Gang, XU Min, TIAN Hong-Ye, CHANG Qing
A novel macromolecule chelating-flocculant dithiocarboxyl chitosan (DTCTS) was synthesized by grafting a dithiocarboxylic group onto chitosan. Taking removal rate of Cd (Ⅱ) in water samples as the main indicator, the optimal conditions for preparing DTCTS were investigated with central composite design and response surface methodology (RSM) based on single-factor experiments. A quadratic polynomial regression model was established to predict the removal efficiency. The results showed that the regression of this model was significant while the lack of fit was not significant. The determination coefficient (R2) was 0.9829, which demonstrated the model had good agreements with experimental data. Determined by optimized response surface, the optimum conditions for the preparation of DTCTS were as follows: the molar ratio of CTS/CS2/NaOH was 1:1.5:2, pre-reaction time was 30min, and main-reaction temperature was 60℃. Under the optimum conditions, the removal rate of Cd(Ⅱ) could be reached 99.52%. The relative deviation between experimental and predicted value was only 0.05%, which proved the model was reasonable and feasible.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1116-1122 [Abstract] ( 163 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 821KB] ( 639 )
1123 Performance and mechanism for DON in algae cells removed by MIEX? pretreatment from source water
LIU Cheng, WANG Jie, CHEN Bin, CHEN Wei
Bench-scale tests were conducted to study the removal efficiency of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in high algae-containing raw waters by the MIEX? resins. Molecular weight distribution and two-dimensional electrophoresis were determined to explore the mechanisms. The results showed that MIEX? pretreatment could remove DON effectively and enhance the effect of coagulation. When the dose of resin was 15mL/L, the removal efficiency was increased by 20% as compared with coagulation alone. More than 230 proteins were found in the raw waters with Microcystis aeruginosa as dominant species. Those proteins were mainly in the acidic end and their molecular weight were between 15~40Ku and 65~75Ku, which were prone to be removed by MIEX?. In conclusion, MIEX? pretreatment is one of the applicable methods for removing DON in high algae-containing raw waters.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1123-1128 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 412KB] ( 550 )
1129 Catalytic performance of laccase in mixed reversed micelle system
MA Yu-Jie, YUAN Xing-Zhong, PENG Xin, LIU Huan, BAO Shan, WU Xiu-Lian, ZENG Guang-Ming
A mixed reversed micelle system had been developed to investigate the catalytic performance of laccase. The anionic biosurfactant Rhamnolipid and nonionic surfactant Tween-80 were used to construct the mixed reversed micelle system, while the isooctane and short-chain alcohols (1:1, V/V) were used as oil phase and cosurfactant, respectively. UV spectrum was analysed to find out how the molar fraction Tween-80, water content, pH, ionic strength and cosurfactant stype affected enzyme activity of laccase in the mixed reversed micelle system. And it has been found that while the molar fraction Tween-80 was 30%, water content was 20, pH was 4.5, the concentration of KCl was 70mmol/L, cosurfactant stype was n-hexanol, the optimal condition of mixed reversed micelle system could be reached. In optimum catalytic conditions, the catalytic activity was higher 1.44 times in the mixed reversed micelle than that in the single Rhamnolipid reversed micelle system, and higher 4.35 times than that in water. The research indicated mixed reversed micelle has huge potential in micellar enzymology.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1129-1134 [Abstract] ( 130 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 352KB] ( 453 )
1135 Study on influence factors of remediation area of in-situ reaction zone injected with modified nanoiron
LI Hui, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, HAN Zhan-Tao
In order to realize the formation rules of in-situ reaction zone (IRZ) of sucrose-modified nanoscale zero valent iron (SM-NZVI) in underground aquifer, simulated IRZ was set up in two-dimensional slot, and the influence of particle size of silica sand, groundwater velocity, slurry concentration, injection volume and injection approach on the remediation area of IRZ were invesgated. The results showed that the reaction zone was wider as the medium size and groundwater velocity increased, and the zone in coarse sand was 3times as wide as that in fine sand; when the groundwater velocity increased from 0.1m/d to 1.0m/d, the width expanded by 14.9% and 106.4%, respectively. Injecting slurry into underground gradually by several times could let the initial zone width increase by 19.8%. Moreover, lower slurry concentration contributed to the expansion of the zone in both directions of groundwater flow and vertical aquifer.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1135-1141 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 617KB] ( 558 )
1142 Effect of calcium ions on secondary iron minerals formation in sulfate-rich acidic environment
LIU Fen-Wu, GAO Shi-Ying, CUI Chun-Hong, LIANG Jian-Ru, ZHOU Li-Xiang
Secondary iron minerals were synthesized by A. ferrooxidans in the iron- and sulfate-rich acidic environment through shake flask incubation experiment in this study. The effect of 0, 50, 100, 200, or 400mg/L Ca2+ on pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), Fe2+ oxidation efficiency, total Fe precipitation efficiency, and secondary iron minerals phase in A. ferrooxidans incubation systems were investigated. The results showed that variation of pH, ORP, Fe2+ oxidation efficiency, and total Fe precipitation efficiency were similar during 0~24h incubation for all treatments. In the period of 24~108h, the more Ca2+ added in systems, the faster Fe2+ oxidation rate and the higher total Fe precipitation efficiency. When Ca2+ was added at 0, 50, 100, and 200mg/L, Fe2+ oxidation efficiency reached 100% at 84h and the corresponding total Fe precipitation efficiency was 27.0%, 29.7%, 33.9%, and 36.9%, respectively. While a complete oxidation was achieved in the presence of 400mg/L Ca2+ at 72h and total Fe precipitation efficiency reached up to 39.1 % at 108h. In this study, secondary iron minerals harvested from different systems were the mixture of schwertmannite and jarosite. The data obtained from this study will offer constructive meanings for understanding the secondary iron minerals bio-synthesis mechanism in the iron- and sulfate-rich acidic environment with Ca2+ existing.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1142-1148 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 583KB] ( 882 )
1149 Lab and pilot scale studies of chlorinated new POPs destruction using base-catalyzed dechlorination method
HUANG Hai, JIANG Jian-Guo, XIAO Ye, SONG Ying-Chun
Base-catalyzed dechlorination (BCD) is a mature non-incineration method for the detoxification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, little research has focused on the destruction of chlorinated new POPs with this method. In this study, endosulfan was used as a case compound to investigate the influences of temperature, NaOH and paraffin oil amounts on the removal and dechlorination efficiencies (RE and DE) in NaOH/paraffin oil BCD system. The optimal condition obtained from the lab-scale experiments was further verity in a pilot-study. Laboratory study results indicated that the influences of temperature, NaOH and paraffin oil amounts on DE were more obvious than RE. When the optimal mass ratio of endosulfan: NaOH: paraffin oil was 1:3:6~10 and incubated at 250℃ for 3h, the RE and DE was over 99.99% and 99.9%, respectively. The optimal condition was applied to pilot-experiment, with a treatment capacity of 15kg/batch. In addition to endosulfan, dechlorane plus was also used in the pilot-experiment. After heating at 250~300℃ for 3~10h, the RE of endosulfan and dechlorane plus was higher than 99.9%, which implied the wastes were effectively destructed. The successful performance of the pilot scale study would technically support the obligation of Stockholm Convention of country.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1149-1155 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 507KB] ( 448 )
1156 Characteristics phosphate adsorption onto biochars derived from dairy manure and its influencing factors
MA Feng-Feng, ZHAO Bao-Wei, ZHONG Jin-Kui, DIAO Jing-Ru, ZHANG Yi
Characteristics phosphate adsorption onto biochars derived from dairy manure was investigated by batch adsorption experiments, and the influences of pH, coexisting anions, temperature, dosage of biochar, and pyrolysis temperature on the phosphate adsorption were studied. The results indicate that the optimal initial pH value for phosphate adsorption was 7.0, and low temperature favored the adsorption of phosphate. The coexisting anions had little effect on the adsorption and the optimal dosage of biochar for removing phosphate was 0.1g. The adsorption kinetic was well described by Pseudo-second kinetic model, whereas adsorption isotherm results elucidated that Langmuir-Freundlich (R2=0.9705) and Temkin (R2=0.9556)model provided the best fit for the equilibrium data. Furthermore, with regard to thermodynamic parameters, it was found that Gibbs free energy change or adsorption energy (ΔG0), -17.43at 25℃, -15.98at 35℃, and -15.89kJ/mol at 45℃ is negative indicating the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1156-1163 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 1814 )
1164 Technological optimization of sludge conditioned by Fenton’s reagent combined with surfactant
XING Yi, WANG Zhi-Qiang, HONG Chen, LIU Min, SI Yan-Xiao
Dewatering performance of sludge modified by Fenton’s reagent combined with surfactant (DDBAC) in various pH values was investigated in this study. Capillary suction time (CST) and water content of filtered cake (WC) were used to evaluate the sludge dewaterability and single factor experiment was conducted to obtain the optimum range of pH and reagent dosage. Then the quadratic polynomial prediction models of WC and CST reduction efficiency were established by a Box-Behnken experimental design based on response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain the optimum of the influencing variables. The results indicated that the optimum values for Fe2+, H2O2, DDBAC and pH were respectively 40mg/g(dry solids), 40mg/g, 60mg/g and 4, at which the WC of 60.26% and the CST reduction efficiency of 89.89% could be achieved in the conditioning process. Meanwhile, verifying experiment was done under optimal conditions and the results agreed with that predicted by an established polynomial model. Therefore, the optimum parameters which were obtained by RSM were accurate and reliable, and had certain guiding significance for sludge treatment and condition optimization.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1164-1172 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1846KB] ( 527 )
1173 Abundance of the tetracycline resistance genes in a paddy soil after continuous application of composted swine manure for 6 years
PENG Shuang, WANG Yi-Ming, LIN Xian-Gui
In the present study, the occurrence and abundance of tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) were investigated in a paddy soil after continuous application of composted swine manure (9.0t/hm2 and 4.5t/hm2) for 6years. Nine classes of TRGs (tetW, tetB(P), tetO, tetS, tetC, tetG, tetZ, tetL, and tetX) was detected in the soil applied with composted swine manure, among which the absolute abundance of tetG, tetL, tetB(P), tetO, tetW were significantly increased, and there were significantly more copies of tetB(P), tetW, tetO in the soil treated with 9.0t/hm2 composted swine manure than with 4.5t/hm2, while the absolute abundance of tetZ, tetC and tetS was not influenced. There was no significant difference in the relative abundance of detected TRGs distributed with a depth of 0~5cm, 5~10cm, and 10~20cm in the same treatment. The relative abundance of tetG, tetL, tetB(P) and tetO was significantly increased in the soils treated with composted swine manure, but only tetO was influenced by the application weight of the manure. The results suggested that the residual TRGs in the composted swine manure shed further influence on the TRGs pool in soils with rice-wheat crop rotation, absolute and relative abundance of tetG, tetL, tetB(P) and tetO being significantly increased after continuous application of composted swine manure. Therefore, optimization of composting strategies is urgently needed to efficiently reduce the content of antibiotic resistance genes in the composted swine manure.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1173-1180 [Abstract] ( 163 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 400KB] ( 522 )
1181 Simulation study on effects of thermal discharge from an electric power plant on Microcystis aeruginosa
ZHANG Lu, HUANG Ying-Ying, CHEN Xue-Chu, PENG Xin, GU Shi-Yong
The influence of elevated temperature and residual chlorine of power plant thermal discharges on Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated. Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the growth and photosynthetic response of M. aeruginosa to a range of temperatures and chlorine concentrations. The results showed that temperature rise favored the growth of M. aeruginosa, especially at a lower ambient temperature. On the other hand, M. aeruginosa was very sensitive to free residual chlorine. When the chlorine concentration exceeded 0.1mg/L, the photosynthetic activity was greatly reduced, indicating the inhibitory growth effects. The inhibition was compensated by increasing water temperature at a chlorine concentration of less than 0.2mg/L. Our results suggest the growth of M. aeruginosa, near outlets of power plants, would be greatly inhibited with severely damaged cells. Moreover, with continuous addition of chlorine, the growth of M. aeruginosa was negatively affected at a chlorine concentration of 0.1mg/L.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1181-1186 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 415KB] ( 436 )
1187 Migration and transformation of phosphorus forms under dual effect of sediment resuspension and the addition of algae
WU Xiao-Fei, LI Da-Peng, WANG Ming, WANG Ren, CHEN Jun
Migration and transformation of phosphorus forms was investigated under repeated sediment resuspension with and without the addition of algae. The sediments and overlying water were obtained from Meiliang Bay of Tai Lake. The results show that the concentrations of dissolved total phosphorus (P) in the overlying water increased by 75%, 62.5% and 18.8% under static conditions, sediment resuspension and sediment resuspension with the addition of alge, the concentrations of dissolved inorganic P under sediment resuspension and sediment resuspension with the addition of alge increased by 300% and 100%, the Ca-P decreased by 9mg/kg DW and 31mg/kg DW under sediment resuspension and sediment resuspension with the addition of alge, indicating that the release of dissolved total P and dissolved inorganic P depends on the reduction of Fe/Al-P and Ca-P in the sediments. It was attributed to sediment resuspension and algae assimilation. However, under low algae concentration, the assimilation of algae in P is lower than the readsorption of reoxidized Fe or other P binding matter, such as clays and CaCO3particles. This result was confirmed by the increase in algae available P (AAP) under sediment resuspension conditions with and without the addition of algae. Although it is difficult to measure the formation and reduction rate of AAP, AAP is a good predicator of the bioavailability of sedimentary P. The estimation of bioavailable P (BAP) in the sediments can be presented by the sum of NH4Cl-P, AAP, and %Ca-P at certain concentrations of algae owing to the assimilation of Ca-P under sediment resuspension conditions with the addition of algae.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1187-1196 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 512KB] ( 463 )
1197 Correlation analysis of macroinvertebrate community and habitat factors in the middle reaches of Mudan River
WANG Hao-Ran, CHEN Yong-Can, LIU Zhao-Wei, ZHU De-Jun, DUAN Ya-Fei
In October 2013, a field investigation was done in 3rivers (Mudan River, Hama River and Wolong stream) in the middle reaches of Mudan River Basin. A total of 18benthic macroinvertebrates species were collected from 20samping sites, which belonged to 3phyla, 5classes, 11orders, 16families and were dominated by Insecta, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was further applied to reveal relationship between macroinvertebrate community and the main habitat factors in the sampling sites. Multiple biodiversity indices including Shannon-Wiener index were applied to assess the impact of river orders on the biodiversity. The study demonstrated that flow velocity, dissolved oxygen, gravel substrates were the most important habitat factors influencing the composition and distribution of macroinvertebrates across the sites, and river orders could also affect the macroinvertebrate community. The biodiversity of macroinvertebrates in Mudan River was higher than that in its tributaries, while the average density was lower than its tributaries. The significance of this principle was increased along with the river orders.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1197-1204 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 597KB] ( 627 )
1205 Effects of farmland on macrobenthic community in Taizi River
SHEN Hong-Yan, CAO Zhi-Hui, WANG Bing, ZHAO Yue, GAO Ji-Xi, WANG Wen-Huan, ZHANG Yuan
To study the effects of farmland on macroinvertebrates, macroinvertebrates were collected from the north and south tributaries of Taizi River. And their response to farmland was discussed using non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMS) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The results show: The north tributary of Taizi River species composition mainly was Chironomidae, followed by Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera, and Hymenoptera in less relative abundance; while the south of tributary mostly were Ephemeroptera, Hymenoptera and Trichoptera, and the relative abundance of Chironomidae declined. Meanwhile, the main functional feeding groups of the north tributary were collector-gatherers and collector-filterers, scrapers and predator were less, almost no shredders; but the south tributary had various functional feeding groups, collector-gatherers and scrapers were more. There were significant differences on water temperature, pH, conductivity, suspended solids (SS), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total nitrogen (TN) between the north and south tributaries of Taizi River. Water temperature, conductivity and TDS of the north tributary were significantly higher than that of the south tributary; the water of two tributaries was all alkalescent water, and the average pH of the south tributary was higher than that of the north tributary; the SS and TN of the north tributary were slightly higher than that of the south tributary. Using CCA to carry out the land use factors impact on water quality, the result showed that farmland area ratio on the first axis of the contribution rate was highest in reach scale and river corridor scale, respectively -0.76 and -0.79; and the correlation between water quality factors and land use was 0.84 on river corridor scale and 0.71 on reach scale. From the CCA analysis between land use types and species can be seen, on the directions of farmland, beach and residential land mostly were tolerance and moderate tolerance groups, but fewer species distribution along the direction of farmland. On the contrary, in the fourth quadrant opposite of the dry land axis mostly were Baetidae (such as B.bicaudatus) and other sensitive groups.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1205-1215 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 699KB] ( 587 )
1216 Analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of nitrogen pollution in Qingshan Lake basin based on SWAT model
CHEN Dan, ZHANG Bing, ZENG Yi-Fan, ZHANG Hai-Ping
A nitrogen load model has been constructed for Qingshan Lake Basin based on SWAT model. The model was calibrated and verified using the runoff measurements during 2005to 2011and water quality measurements during July 15to August 4, 2011. Main nitrogen sources include fertilizer use, domestic sewage, livestock, urban point source and wet deposition, among which fertilizer use is the biggest contributor to TN concentration at the outlet of the basin, amounting to 34.3% of the total. Temporal and spatial characteristics of the nitrogen load distribution have been analyzed using the model. The results show that seasonal characteristics of NO3--N loss are distinct, with 62.5% of the yearly total loss concentrated on the period of June to September; highest in the middle region and lowest in the northern west region (covered mostly by natural forest); overland flow is the main loss route for NO3--N; the highest loss of organic nitrogen is found in the middle region of the basin where farmland is the dominant land-use type. The results of the present study can contribute to the management and study of nitrogen pollution in basins.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1216-1222 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 801KB] ( 586 )
1223 Bioavailability and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Chaohu
KONG Ming, DONG Zeng-Lin, CHAO Jian-Ying, ZHANG Yi-Min, YIN Hong-Bin
Surface sediment samples were taken from Lake Chaohu, total and fractions of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb) were studied. The pollution of heavy metals were evaluated by the potential ecological risk index (RI) and risk assessment code (RAC). Heavy metal distribution of surface sediment indicated a higher degree of contamination in the west regions, and then the east regions, the content of heavy metals in Nanfei inflow river area are higher from 1.09to 1.21times than the whole lake. Fractions of heavy metals analysis showed that Cr, Ni and Cu existed mainly in residual fraction (82.99%, 63.63% and 54.25%) and the weak acid soluble fraction was the dominant for Cd and Zn (55.96% and 35.84%), while Pb was found mainly in the reducible fraction and oxidizable fraction (39.66% and 24.56%). Potential ecological risk assessment showed that High pollution level regions were distributed in Nanfei inflow river area (351.54~381.17). The risk assessment code showed that Cd had very high risk level, Zn had high risk level, Cu and Ti were between low risk and medium risk level, Pb was between no risk and low risk level, Cr posed no risk. Therefore, emergent management measures must be taken to control pollution of Cd and Zn in Nanfei inflow river area.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1223-1229 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 883KB] ( 742 )
1230 The pollution and potential ecological risk assessment of the heavy metals in household dusts from mineral areas
LI Liang-Zhong, HU Guo-Cheng, ZHANG Li-Juan, YU Yun-Jiang, CHEN Mian-Biao, XIANG Ming-Deng, HUANG Chu-Shan, HAN Qian, CAO Zhao-Jin, WANG Qiang, ZHONG Ge-Mei
Household dust is important exposure routs of heavy metals for human health. In the present study, Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg in 102 household dusts from three villages around the mineral areas, Southwest of China were analyzed and assessed the potential ecological risk. The results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals in household dusts from three villages were w(Pb)>w(Cr)>w(Cd)>w(As)>w(Hg). Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg in household dusts accumulated in different degree. Cumulative coefficients of Cd, Pb and Hg in the household dusts were higher than those of Cr and As. Cd had the highest cumulative coefficient of 226.30, followed by Pb and Hg. The cumulative coefficients of Cr and As were less than 1. Correlation analysis indicated that significant correlation among Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg has been found in household dusts of village A and village B, respectively. However, there was no significant correlation among the heavy metals in household dusts of village C. According to principal component analysis, Cd, Pb and Hg contamination mainly from outdoor, including the metal smelting and mining as well as vehicle exhaust gas emissions, waste and so on. The potential ecological risk index indicated that comprehensive potential ecological hazards of heavy metals in household dusts of village A, B and C had reached a very strong level.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1230-1238 [Abstract] ( 186 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 548KB] ( 626 )
1239 Dissolving characteristics of inhalable ultrafine quartz dusts in the conditions of simulated body fluid
GENG Ying-Xue, DONG Fa-Qin, SUN Shi-Yong, TANG Jun, LI Wei-Min, HUO Ting-Ting, ZHAO Yu-Lian
The Ultrafine quartz dust is one of the main types of mineral particles in atmospheric PM2.5. In the presented study, the dissolving characteristics of ultrafine quartz dusts with d50of 2.8 μm in the simulated human body conditions were measured for estimating their potential health risks by using Gamble solution. The Silicon concentration in Gamble solution were increased with the dissolving time continuance, but inhabited in some certain extents at strong acidic environment. SEM obervations showed that presented concave erosion and peeling phenomenon in the surface of quartz particles, but their interior surface remained intact. FTIR spectra showed that the Si-O-Si antisymmetric stretching vibrationoccurs changed in a certain degree. The results of XRD mieral phasemeasurements showed that the characteristic peaks and intensities of ultrafine silica dusts were not significantly changed. The results by Rietveld refinement method suggested that the crystalline lattice parameters (a, b, c and volume of the unit cell) of quartz regularly decreased in acidic environment. The presented results suggest that ultrafine quartz dusts are significant eroded in simulate body fluids not keeping interact crystal structure and pH value increases and tends to be stable in alkaline environment. Our study indicates that inhalable ultrafine quartz dusts with the exposed freshly surface and combines with dissolved Silicon in body fluid has potential threat to human health.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1239-1246 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1025KB] ( 853 )
1247 Study on health risk of potentially toxic metals in near-surface urban dust in Changchun City
YANG Zhong-Ping, WANG Lei, DI Hang, ZHAO Jian-Jian, LU Wen-Xi
An extensive survey was conducted to evaluate the health risk of potentially toxic heavy metals in near-surface urban dust environment of Changchun, P.R.China. 232samples were collected, using a systematic sampling strategy with a sampling density 3~5 composite dust samples (about 1.5m above the ground surface) per km2in urban sit. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry (AFS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) were employed to analyze the Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, As, Hg and Cd concentration of urban dust, respectively. The results indicated that the mean concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in the near-surface urban dusts of Changchun was 23.26, 0.62, 94.53, 68.41, 0.24, 93.63 and 416.71 mg/kg, respectively, which are significant higher than the value of Changchun topsoils, meanwhile, which also shows that the urban dust in Changchun was polluted. The results of health risk assessment showed that children has had greater health risks than adults, the exposure doses for children were 7.3 times higher than those for adults, except for As which is 7.9 times higher. The exposure pathway which resulted in the highest level of risk for human exposed to near-surface dust was ingestion of this material, which was followed by dermal contact. As for the aggregate non-carcinogenic health risk (HI), As was of most concern regarding the potential occurrence of health impact, which was followed by Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Hg. The average non-carcinogenic health risk index for children and adults were 1.11 and 0.14, respectively. Of the three carcinogenic metals concernedin present study As, Cr and Cd, As was of most concerned. The average aggregate carcinogenic health risk index (RISKt) was 6.35×10-5, which was higher than the EPA advised values. However, except for some locations, risk values of both cancer and non-cancer health risk obtained in present study were in the receivable range on the whole.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1247-1255 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 521KB] ( 666 )
1256 The implementation mechanisms of the regional environmental health investigation
QIAN Yan, WANG Xian-Liang, GUO Chen, 吕Zhan-Lu , LIANG Bao, WU Jia-Bing, ZHANG Jin-Liang, WAN Yue
A rational implementation mechanism is critical for the work efficiency and final results of a large regional environmental health investigation. It is known that the environmental health investigation is an interdisciplinary research, a complex and overlapping process. Based on understanding the essence of environmental health chain, we explored how to efficiently organize the participators and the technology strength as well as other particular implementation procedure in an environmental health risk investigation. By summarizing experiences of the national scale environmental health investigations, we proposed all the investigators participating in the regional environmental health investigation belong to four parts based on their responsibilities and role delineations and the investigation can be conducted according to a technique process with “nine steps”, which may shed light on the theory support for investigation of regional environmental health issues.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1256-1260 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 826KB] ( 501 )
1261 Environmental health chain is the key for investigation and exploration of regional environmental health problems.
GUO Chen, WANG Xian-Liang, 吕Zhan-Lu , QIAN Yan, LIANG Bao, WU Jia-Bing, ZHANG Jin-Liang, WAN Yue
To explore the fundamental theory and improve the quality of investigation scheme on environmental health problems, consider of the working features and actual demand of environmental protection administration in China and based on our experiences originated from participating several national scale regional environmental health problems investigations and explorations of the basic theories and technologies of environmental health problems research, we proposed the environmental health chain plays an important role in designing an investigation scheme for the regional environmental health issues.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1261-1265 [Abstract] ( 175 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 904KB] ( 507 )
1266 How to recognize the main six features of environmental health chain
吕Zhan-Lu , WANG Xian-Liang, GUO Chen, QIAN Yan, LIANG Bao, WU Jia-Bing, ZHANG Jin-Liang, WAN Yue
The characters of environmental health chain are based on the actual situation in different environmental pollution area. The main six features of environmental health chain, including prominent pollutants, target regions, contaminated media, potential exposure pathways, affected population and negative health endpoint, are different in variable contaminated situations. Recognizing the six features of environmental health chain is the key of analysis the regional environmental pollution situation and identify the characters in a specific regional environmental pollution problem, which provide the technological base for not only design an environmental health risk survey scheme but also resolve an environmental health risk issue.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1266-1270 [Abstract] ( 150 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 293KB] ( 485 )
1271 Dynamic disequilibrium and restoration mechanism of Beijing’s water resources in a supply-demand perspective
CAO He-Ping, GU Xing-Guo, GUO Lai-Xi
The shortage of water resources restricts Beijing’s global city position in the 21th Century. With the assistance of the definition of a quasi-nature process of water dynamics by a metro-population body, this paper presents a construct chain consisting of water-genesis structure, water conservation structure and water-consumption structure, which enabling the authors to argue that the dynamic disequilibrium of the chain is caused by the metro-sized urbanization. With the analysis of Beijing’s water supply-demand cycle over half a century, the authors indicate that: The marginal reservation of water resources is roughly equal to variation of the precipitation, and both decrease relative to their long-term levels; the consumption in 2001~2012 was up to a higher level than the annual amount the local could supplied, a dynamic disequilibrium of water ecological system. Through regressions, the authors, then, reveals that there exists a correlation between the climate change and human activities, and points out the behavioral pattern of metro population body is a contribution factor of the disequilibrium. In the end, the authors raises up some advice for reform and projects inversing the disequilibrium.
2015 Vol. 35 (4): 1271-1280 [Abstract] ( 116 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 554KB] ( 557 )
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