Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2015 Vol.35 Issue.5,Published 2015-05-20

	1281	Characterization of atmospheric aerosol semi-volatility in Shenzhen using the thermal denuder
		LI Yuan-Yuan, HUANG Xiao-Feng, ZENG Li-Wu, HUANG Cong-Ni, CAO Li-Ming, HE Ling-Yan
		The aerosol semi-volatility had become a key issue in the field of atmospheric chemistry. Here, a newly-developed thermal denuder-aerosol mass spectrometer (TD-AMS) system was utilized to measure atmospheric fine particles in Shenzhen, China, continuously during August 2013, focusing on the quantification of aerosol semi-volatility. The results showed that, nitrate had the highest semi-volatility, with 63% of the total mass evaporating into the gas phase at a heating temperature of 50℃, while sulfate was the most stable component, with almost 90% of its mass remaining in the particle phase. Organic matter showed a middle level of semi-volatility between nitrate and sulfate. When heated to 200℃, each component had a similar semi-volatility level, with 20%~30% mass remaining in the particle phase. In addition, the semi-volatilities of organic matter, nitrate and sulfate at 50℃, which was the closest to the ambient temperature, showed different trends as the function of the particle pollution level. This study suggested that the aerosol in Shenzhen in summer had a significant semi-volatility level, which was worthy of further study.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1281-1287 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 609KB] ( 707 )

	1288	Characteristics of particle mass concentrations and aerosol optical properties during a fog-haze event in Shenyang
		ZHAO Hu-Jia, MA Yan-Jun, WANG Yang-Feng, ZHU Yi-Ming
		Data of visibility, particulate mass concentration (PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0) and the aerosol optical properties retrieved by CE318sun-photometer were analyzed together with surface meteorological elements (relative humidity, wind speed, temperature) during a fog-haze event in Shenyang, China, from October 2011 17 to 22. The results indicated that the higher relative temperature and the lower wind speed as well as the accumulation of mass concentrations are the main factors resulting the poor visibility and the fog-haze weather. The mass concentration of ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(PM1.0) are about 138.8μg/m3, 103.3μg/m3, 94.9μg/m3, respectively, which were 2 times higher than those on non fog-haze days. The average ratio of PM2.5/PM10 and PM1.0/PM10 were about 74.7% and 68.6%, respectively. There is a strong correlation (R2>0.90) between visibility and PM mass concentration when the relative humidity was lower than 80%. However, the correlation was decreased when the relative humidity was higher than 80%. The AOD500nm and Angstrom exponent on fog-haze days were higher than those on non fog-haze conditions. The values of AOD at 500 nm and Angstrom exponent on non fog-haze days are about 0.82 and 0.94 while during the haze-fog episodes, these two parameters increased to 1.42 and 1.25, respectively. The aerosol size distribution comes from the addition of fine aerosol particles on haze day were 2 times higher than those on non-haze days which indicating the predominance of fine particles on fog-haze days to further affect the aerosol optical characteristics.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1288-1296 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 926KB] ( 731 )

	1297	Size-resolved mass concentrations of elemental carbon and inorganic water-soluble ions in South China
		LIAO Bi-Ting, WU Dui, CHEN Jing, LI Fei, TAN Hao-Bo, DENG Tao
		126 groups of size-segregated aerosol samples collected from Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Haikou and some other regions in South China during 1998~2010 were utilized to characterize the temporal-spatial variations of size-resolved mass concentrations of AEC and inorganic water-soluble ions. Notable regional differences were displayed, the mass concentrations of Na+ and Cl- at different sites presented the characteristics of island > coastal > rural > urban. To the contrary, mass concentrations of other major ions and AEC were in the order of urban > rural > coastal > island sites. During different observation periods, size-resolved mass concentrations of AEC showed a similar bimodal pattern for all sites, with the prominent peak located in the range of 0.43~0.65μm and the smaller peak distributed in a larger size range (4.7~5.8μm). The vertical distributions of AEC and inorganic water-soluble ions can be categorized into three types according to the corresponding size-resolved mass concentrations. Specifically, the secondary ions (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+) showed a distinct three-peak pattern, double-peak structures were found in the results of F-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and Cl-, both K+ and AEC displayed a significant single peak in the fine-particle mode. The mass concentrations of AEC and inorganic water-soluble ions varied with the variation of height. Precipitations played a crucial role in the removal of aerosol particles larger than 1μm, especially on the size bins of 1.1~2.1μm. In local aerosol pollution episodes, the size-resolved mass concentration of AEC had a pronounced unimodal pattern within the submicron size ranges.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1297-1309 [Abstract] ( 170 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 961KB] ( 747 )

	1310	The variation characteristics and influence factors of atmospheric visibility and extinction effect in Beijing
		WANG Ying, LI Ling-Jun, LI Cheng-Cai
		To well understand the long-term variation characteristics and influence factors of atmospheric visibility and extinction characteristics, data of extinction effect, visibility, relative humidity, and PM2.5 concentrations, had been analyzed in Beijing. It was found that the atmospheric extinction effect in Beijing showed a slow decreasing trend during 1954 to 1967, an increasing trend from the mid- 1960s to 1970s, and then especially since the 1990s a slow downward trend. The variation of visibility was opposite to that of extinction effect. Atmospheric extinction effect over the mountainous regions was lower than that over the plain. Within the plain area, the extinction coefficient in the south was higher than that in the north, but the gap was reduced in the last 10years. Summer was the season with the lowest visibility and winter with the highest in recent years. But it was the opposite before the 1980s. It might result from the change in pollution emission and aerosol chemical components. The visibility reached its peaks at 09:00and 21:00LT, and the valley value of visibility appeared at 06:00and 16:00LT. Atmospheric extinction was affected by both aerosol concentration and relative humidity. The strong atmospheric extinction was generally associated with high RH and high PM concentration, while small extinction effect occurred when RH and PM concentration were low. There was a linear relation between extinction coefficient and PM2.5 mass concentration when RH was lower than 70%. When RH was higher than 70%, the response of extinction coefficient to PM2.5 mass concentration was not observable.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1310-1318 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 539KB] ( 1055 )

	1319	Characterization and performance of Mn-Co/MCM-41 for elemental mercury removal from simulated flue gas
		ZHANG An-Chao, ZHANG Hong-Liang, SONG Jun, SHENG Wei, ZHENG Wen-Wen
		Aiming at the difficulty of Hg0 removal from flue gas due to its indissolubility in water, a series of studies on the performance of elemental mercury (Hg0) removal from simulated flue gas were carried out with a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor using the Mn-Co/MCM-41 mesopore molecular sieve prepared by the wet impregnation method. The adsorbents were characterized by a variety of techniques such as N2 adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), hydrogen gas temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). The results showed that the additions of Mn and Co significantly enhanced the efficiency of Hg0 removal. With a Mn/Co molar ratio of 3/1, the Hg0 removal efficiency reached as high as 90% at 150℃. Compared with the single Mn or Co supported MCM-41 adsorbent, the presence of Co could not only lead to better dispersions of Mn and Co over MCM-41, but also promote the conversion of Mn3+ and Mn2+ to Mn4+ and the reduction abilities of Mn-Co/MCM-41 adsorbents, which would play important roles in promoting Hg0 removal.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1319-1327 [Abstract] ( 170 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 927KB] ( 603 )

	1328	Variation characteristics of atmospheric CO2 concentration of surface layer over the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert in winter
		LIU Yue-Hui, MAI Mai-Ti-Ai-Li- × Mai-Mai-Ti-Yi-Ming, HE Qing, YANG Fan, YANG Xing-Hua
		By using Li-8150 automated soil CO2 flux system and gradient tower system over the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert, this paper collected surface layer atmospheric CO2 profiles data and meteorological data in winter, which analyzed the variation characteristics of surface layer atmospheric CO2 concentration. The results showed that variation of surface layer CO2 concentration took on single peak curve and the mean CO2 concentration of daytime was higher than night; The daily variation of CO2 concentration ranged from 371.6μmol/mol to 387.1μmol/mol; The surface layer CO2 concentration had good response to soil respiration and also showed significant positive correlation with air temperature; The wind speed was notable to CO2 concentration at 1m above surface layer, but relatively not at 0.5m level above surface layer; CO2 concentration were jointly controlled by soil respiration and weak meteorological conditions over the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1328-1334 [Abstract] ( 166 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1042KB] ( 581 )

	1335	Effects of pharmaceuticals on the removal of NDMA and NDMA total precursors in an anaerobic/ anoxic/ oxic system
		吕Juan , SHEN Jing, CAO Xian-Zhong, LI Yong-Mei
		Chlorpheniramine and ranitidine were added to an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/A/O) nutrient removal system, and the influences of these two pharmaceuticals with dimethylamine group on the removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and NDMA total precursors were investigated. The results show that the removals of chlorpheniramine and ranitidine in the A/A/O system were low (32% and 58%, respectively), and they were mainly removed by anaerobic processes. Total nitrogen removal efficiency decreased from 58% to 24% due to chlorpheniramine addition, and concentration of ammonia in the effluent increased obviously. Ranitidine addition caused obvious inhibition of NDMA removal, resulting in its decrease from 90% to 66%. However, the removal of NDMA had no necessary correlation with the removal of total nitrogen in A/A/O system. Due to their high NDMA formation potentials, addition of chlorpheniramine and ranitidine resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of NDMA total precursors; correspondingly, removal efficiencies of NDMA total precursor declined obviously (from 70% to 31%~33%).
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1335-1342 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 523 )

	1343	Characteristics of adhesive layer on the surface of catalyzed iron coupled with biotreatment processess
		LIANG Xue-Ying, MA Lu-Ming, ZHANG Zhi-Yong
		The catalyzed iron coupled with biotreatment process is a unique and effective technology for wastewater treatment. During operation period, adhesive layer was easily formed on the surface of catalyzed iron to affect the interface reaction significantly. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and infrared spectra were used to characterize and analyze the physical and chemical properties of adhesive layer, such as morphologies, microstructure, elements and speciation. Fe, C and O were major elements of the adhesive layer in varied coupling processes. Under aerobic conditions of pure catalyzed iron process, the unconsolidated adhesive layer identified was mainly hydroxyl iron oxides. In the coupled process for phosphorus removal, the compact adhesive layer was amorphous iron corrosion products and easy to adhere organisms. In coupled process for denitrification, the adhesive layer was granular and flocculent, identified for complex iron minerals. The participation of microorganisms promoted the non-crystallization of adhesive layer and enhanced the ability of catalytic iron on organics adsorption. Aeration accelerated the oxidation of iron and the surface renewal rate. Anaerobic condition was favorable to microorganism adhesion.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1343-1350 [Abstract] ( 163 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 954KB] ( 614 )

	1351	Partial nitritation and phosphorus removal in improved SBR process treating domestic wastewater
		ZHOU Yuan-Zheng, LI Dong, SU Dong-Xia, ZHANG Gong-Liang, ZHANG Xiao-Jing, LIANG Yu-Hai, ZHANG Jie
		The stable operation of dephosphorization-nitrosation was realized by a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with improved operating strategy at normal temperature (20~25℃). The operating strategy include water loading, anaerobic mixing, aeration mixing, settling, drainage, selective sludge discharging and sludge bed anoxic mixing. In addition, the sludge age was 20d and the dissolved oxygen was 0.2~0.5mg/L. The results showed that the TP removal rate was 95.9%~97.1% and the volumetric load of ammonium removal during aeration phase was 0.242kg N/ (m3×d).The effluent of dephosphorization-nitrosation with the TP was 0.1~0.4mg/L and the ratio of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen was about 1:1, which was appropriate for the influent of anaerobic ammonium oxidation process.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1351-1358 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 585KB] ( 671 )

	1359	Effect of sludge freezing/thawing on electricity generation and organic degradation in different types of cathode MFCs
		CHEN Yue-Jia, ZHAO Qing-Liang, LIU Cheng-Cai
		To investigate electricity generation and organic matter degradation in different types of cathode microbial fuel cells, a pair of two-chambered ferricyanide MFC and biocathode MFC were constructed. The changes of voltage and power density and degradation of sewage sludge organic matter in those two systems were studied. The results indicated that, with freeze/thaw treated sludge as substrate, the ferricyanide MFC achieved a stable voltage of 0.726V after running 8h, SCOD peaked at 3771.4mg/L in 6d and a maximum power density of 10.3W/m3was obtained, and the TCOD removal efficiency was 70.3% at the end of the cycle (20d). The biocathode MFC achieved a stable voltage of 0.76V after running 3d and then declined after operation of 22days, SCOD peaked at 4538.0mg/L in 15~20d and achieved a maximum power density of 13.7W/m3, and 80.6% of TCOD was removed at the end of cycle (30d). Compared with the two-chambered ferricyanide MFC, the two-chambered biochathode MFC could promote sewage sludge organic matter dissolution and electricity generation, the use of soluble carbohydrates and the degradation of organic matter were more complete, and at the same time the biocathode MFC was in favor of long-term stable operation.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1359-1367 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 740KB] ( 709 )

	1368	Adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ)from aqueous solution by modified waste newspaper fiber
		LIU Jian, LI Yao-Wei, WANG Gang, HE Chun-Yan
		A novel quaternary amine-modified waste newspaper fiber (CWNF) was prepared with epichlorohydrin and trimethylamine and characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET surface area analysis. The adsorption property of CWNF for Cr (VI) from aqueous solution was studied. Results showed that the adsorption equilibrium time was about 60min, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 38.66mg/g at pH 1and increased about 59.88% compared to that of waste newspaper fiber (WNF) (24.18mg/g). The adsorption of Cr (VI) on the CWNF was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetics equation and agree well with both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1368-1374 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1657KB] ( 616 )

	1375	Structural characteristics of DOM and its effects on the photodegradation of 17β-estradiol
		REN Dong, YANG Xiao-Xia, MA Xiao-Dong, GU Li-Peng, HUANG Bin, PAN Xue-Jun
		Elemental analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance were used to characterize the humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA), which were extracted from the sediments, collected from Dianchi Lake, by the methods recommended by International Humic Substance Society (IHSS). Optical and structural characteristics of the two dissolved organic matter (DOM) were compared with that of the humic acid purchased from Sigma Aldrich (SAHA), and their effects on the 17β-estradiol (E2) photodegradation were also studied. It was found that HA and FA has similar element composition with SAHA, and the value of (N+O)/C was 0.50, 0.82 and 0.55 for HA, FA and SAHA, respectively. The polarity index analyzed by 13C NMR was 0.32 for HA, 0.42 for FA and 0.33 for SAHA, which was consistent with the result of elemental analysis. HA and FA are endogenous DOM with higher nitrogen content and associative aromatic cycles than SAHA, whereas the SAHA is an extrinsic DOM with higher aromaticity. HA, FA and SAHA all can promote the photodegradation of E2 when compared with that in ultrapure water (k = 0.0071h-1). The rate constant is 0.0597, 0.1178 and 0.2048h-1 when mediated by 5mgC/L HA, FA and SAHA, respectively. The HO?, contributing approximate 70% to the photodegradation of E2, is an important reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the irradiated humic substances. The promoting ability of the three humic substances is controlled by the oxygen-containing functions and aromatic structures. These humic substances, at lower concentration, can significantly promote the photodegradation of E2, whereas the higher concentration DOM could inhibit the photodegradation of E2 by quenching the ROS and filtering the incident light.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1375-1383 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 788KB] ( 884 )

	1384	Kinetic study for removal of soluble Cr(VI) by prepared surfactant-modified zeolites supported zero-valent iron composite
		DU Pei-Wen, DANG Hong-Yu, ZHANG Yong-Xiang
		Based on the sol-gel transition property of sodium alginate, a kind of composite that: zero valent iron (ZVI) powder was immobilized on the surface of SMZ was prepared so that the composite would have both the adsorption capacity of SMZ and the reducibility of ZVI. The composite was scanned by scanning electron microscope, which indicated that iron powder was uniformly entrapped in a thin calcium-alginate film on the SMZ surface, besides the film did not impede the contact between Cr (VI) and SMZ. The batch experiments aimed to test the capability of removing soluble Cr (VI) by the composite and showed that: removal efficiency of composite, SMZ, ZVI was74.1%,38.4%,9.1%, respectively. The reacted composites was also scanned by X-Ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), it revealed that Cr3+, Cr6+ were both on the surface of the composite, which verified the composite owned the adsorption and the reducing ability. The reaction between the composites and Cr (VI) can be expressed by pseudo-second order kinetic model. The changing trend of qe and k was opposite. The composite with a 5.4% iron content showed better performance: its qe was 0.96mg/g, and k was 0.011g/(mg×h). And it still showed good performance when the concentration of Cr (VI) was 70mg/L. It has a qe of 1.29mg/g, and a k of 0.0094g/(mg×h).
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1384-1390 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 964KB] ( 703 )

	1391	Kinetics of the reduction of hexavalent chromium with Gallic acid
		CHEN Zi-Fang, JIAO Wei-Qi, BAI Jing, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, DU Peng-Cheng
		The objective of this work was to determine the effect of pH, temperature and initial Cr (VI) concentration on kinetics of Cr (VI) reduction, and to develop two kinetics models for the rate constants upon pH and temperature, respectively. Results indicated that the redox reaction of gallic acid and hexavalent chromium was the pseudo-first-order kinetics reaction at pH 2.0~5.0; because H+ is insufficient, the reaction was not pseudo-first-order at pH 6.5. The rate constants (103kobs) were 951.6, 103.6, 17.3and 7.5h-1respectively when pH was from 2.0to 5.0. At pH 2.5, increasing temperature could increase the kobs, and the kobs increased by 0.61 and 2.68 times when temperature was adjusted from 10℃ to 20℃ and 30℃. The rate constants of Cr (VI) reduction were gradually decreased with increasing initial concentration ratio of Cr (VI) and gallic acid. The kinetics equation of the rate constants and [H+] was obtained through a weighted least-squares linear regression method, and Arrhenius formula was used to develop the kinetics equation of the rate constants and temperature. These provided a model reference for analysis and forecast the reaction rates and Cr (VI) concentration on reaction of Cr (VI) reduction with gallic acid.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1391-1396 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 431KB] ( 702 )

	1397	The behaviors of photoinduced electrons on the degradation of the p-benzoquinone in TiO2 based photoelectrocatalytic process
		LI Ming-Yu, ZHAO Qian, ZENG Xiao-Long, DIAO Zeng-Hui, SONG Lin
		Photoinduced electrons were formed by transferring from the TiO2/Ti thin film anode to the cathode under an anode bias potential supply. In this paper, the chemical behaviors of as formed photoinduced electrons were investigated in the cathodic solution, and the generated reactive oxygen species were identified by a spectrophotometric method using salicylic acid as the molecular probe. Additionally, the effects of initial pH, constant current value, and ion exchange membrane on the p-benzoquinone degradation efficiency of cathode compartment were also investigated, respectively. Experimental results shows that H2O2 and ·OH could be gradually formed by reduction from between the dissolved oxygen and as-formed photoinduced electrons under an acid condition. The degradation of p-benzoquinone could reach 82.3% within 60min under the following optimum conditions: the initial pH=2.0, constant current value=3.5 mA, and using a cation membrane as the connected model between anode and cathode compartment.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1397-1402 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 401KB] ( 1399 )

	1403	Influence of solution chemistry on the interaction forces between membranes and carboxyl groups
		WANG Lei, TIAN Li, MIAO Rui, WANG Xu-Dong, 吕Yong-Tao
		To further clarify the effects of pH and ionic strength on the interaction forces between typical membrane materials and the carboxyl group, which is a typical functional group of membrane foulants, the interaction forces between the PVDF or EVOH membrane and carboxyl group were measured by atomic force microscopy in conjunction with a self-made carboxyl colloidal probe. Results show that the PVDF-carboxyl and EVOH-carboxyl adhesion forces weakened with increasing pH, whereas they firstly increased and then decreased with an increase in ionic strength. The interaction forces between membranes and carboxyl groups increased with an increase at low ionic strength (0~10mmol/L). However, the forces decreased with an increase at high ionic strength (10~500mmol/L). Moreover, the PVDF-carboxyl adhesion force was much stronger than the EVOH-carboxyl interaction force for given solution conditions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1403-1409 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 432KB] ( 754 )

	1410	Influence of humic acid on the aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in aquatic systems
		FANG Hua, SUN Yu-Xin, YU Jiang-Hua, FANG Ruo-Yu, JING Jie
		The aggregation behaviour of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in aquatic systems was investigated in the presence of humic acid (HA). Results indicated that MWNTs could be effectively suspended in aqueous solution using the surfactant SDS with sonication. Addition of electrolytes induced MWNTs aggregation by the mechanism of compressing electric double layer, and this process was in good agreement with the classic Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey- Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The stability of MWNTs in water would be improved through the enhanced steric repulsion and hydrophily in the presence of humic acid. However, the particle size of MWNTs could be increased through the function of complexing-bridging between humic acid molecule and Ca2+, which in turn resulted in the enhancement of aggregation. The findings elucidated that the aggregation and dispersion of MWNTs in water were affected by the properties of organic matters, electrolyte species and other complex factors.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1410-1415 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 392KB] ( 507 )

	1416	Performance of the combined EGSB-MBR reactor treating fermentation wastewater
		GAO Jing-Wei, HE Ting-Ting, CHENG Xiang, FENG Li, ZHANG Li-Qiu
		The fermentation wastewater was treated by a lab-scale process combined with anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) and membrane bioreactors (MBR). The performance of the combined treatment process was studied in this paper, including methane gas production, the pollutants removal efficiency. The results showed that EGSB was effective in removing the organic pollutants of the fermentation wastewater under mesophilic condition (35±1℃) and the pH 6.0. COD removal rate reached 75.6% and the methane volumetric gas production rate was 0.48m3/(m3·d) when the influent COD was around 2250mg/L. The MBR system adopted continuously-fed and aeration-stir alternate operation to treat the fermentation wastewater after being disposed by the EGSB reactor. The simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) was realized under dissolved oxygen (DO) 1~2mg/L. The best performance for TN removal was achieved under the aeration 3h-stirring 1h operating conditions, while the NH4+-N and TN removal efficiency were 85.13% and 58.57% respectively. Finally the COD remove efficiency of the combined treatment process was about 85%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1416-1422 [Abstract] ( 129 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 633KB] ( 657 )

	1423	Biosorption and biodegradation mechanisms of trichlorobiphenyl by Ensifer adhaerens
		CHEN Xiong, WEI Yi-Yang, LI Hui-Xin, LIANG Ming-Xiang, XU Li
		This study was aimed to investigate the bio-dissipation mechanisms of 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl (2,4,4′-TCB, PCB28) by Ensifer adhaerens, and explore the variation of the biosorption and biodegradation with the changes of time, pH, temperature, optical density, metal ions (Ca2+、Mg2+). The removal mechanism of 2,4,4′-TCB by dead E. adhaerens was biosorption, the adsorption efficiency reached a plateau after 2h incubation,which was 85.97%. Both biosorption and biodegradation contributed to the removal of 2,4,4′-TCB by live E. adhaerens in water, and in this experimental period biosorption was dominated. The adsorption efficiency and degradation efficiency were 60.59% and 12.90% respectively. The highest adsorption efficiency of live strain was occurring at pH of 6.0, temperature of 35℃, OD of 0.8, cell pretreated with 1mol/L metal ion. The optimal degradation efficient of live strain was under the condition of 7.5pH, 30℃, biomass pretreated with 0.05mol/L metal ion.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1423-1428 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 424KB] ( 595 )

	1429	Simulation of ultrasound cavitation bubble and numerical/experimental analysis of flocs breakage process
		GUO Xuan, YANG Yan-Ling, LI Xing, ZHOU Zhi-Wei, MA Chang-Hong, ZHANG Yang
		In order to explore the sonication condition for the ideal cavitation effect and to find out the breakage mechanism of flocs exposed to ultrasound, a model of cavitational bubble and two sorts of simplified models of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) floc breakage were established and simulated based on Matlab. The practical flocs breakage patterns were verified through experimental analysis. The results indicated that the cavitation effect decreased as the ultrasonic frequency increased. The increase of ultrasonic density led to the increscent amplitude of cavitation bubble, when the sonication density was 7W/mL, the radius of cavitation bubbles can be enlarged to 200 times longer and the cavitation effect was fairly good. When the flocs were treated at low energy density (0.03~3W/mL) and low frequency (25~40kHz) ultrasonication, surface erosion dominated the breakage effect, which was reflected by decreased radius and increased fractal dimension of flocs. When the energy density exceeds 3W/mL or the frequency surpasses 40kHz, the large scale fragmentation was the main mechanism, leading to the smaller flocs size and looser structures. The sonication of the frequency of 40kHz is more beneficial to flocs breakage, with the experimental result that 10minutes’ ultrasonication can lead to a dinimutioin rate of 9.8% of the radius and a fractal dimension of 1.394, and the structure of the flocs were more compact.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1429-1435 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 689KB] ( 575 )

	1436	Effect of grease on acid fermentation of kitchen waste by single phase anaerobic methods
		WANG Quan, JIANG Jian-Guo, ZHANG Hao-Wei, LI Meng-Lu
		Under the optimum reaction conditions (pH 6.0, the temperature of 35 ℃), batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of grease content on volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and composition during anaerobic acidogenesis of kitchen wastes. The grease content was controlled at 0.0g/L, 5.0g/L, 15.0g/L, and 25.0g/L. The results showed that, the effect of grease on VFA concentration was significantly, and maximum VFA concentration decreased with the amount of grease improved. When the amount reached 5.0g/L,15.0g/L and 25.0g/L, VFA maximum concentration reached 38.84g/L,33.88g/L and 23.22g/L, which was only 92.5, 80.7and 55.3percent of not adding grease. Second, the grease may arrest acid production, under the grease content of 5.0g/L, 15.0g/L and 25.0g/L, the half of highest VFA concentration required 49.4h, 56.4h, 58.8h, which was lag 27.1h, 34.1h, 36.5h relative to the group without adding grease. Also grease can affect the proportion of each component of VFAs. It changed acid-type from butyric acid type fermentation to propionic acid type fermentation with improving the propionic acid content. When the amount of grease reached 5.0, 15.0 and 25.0g/L, the proportion of propionic acid reach up to 32.2%, 23.0% and 20.5%, which was only 8.7percent in control experiment.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1436-1441 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 394KB] ( 631 )

	1442	Experimental study on composting of dewatered sewage sludge by addition of low ratio lime mixture
		FENG Rui, YIN Yi, LI Zi-Fu, ZHANG Jian, LIU Xuan, ZHOU Xiao-Qin
		With addition of lime, rapid sludge dewatering and sludge stabilization could be achieved. However, high cost and high pH are occurred due to the increase of lime usages (> 5%), and the utilization possibility of the final product is greatly limited due to the high pH values. The effect of co-composting by addition of low ratio lime mixture (￡5%) during the sludge composting process was studied. Four laboratory scale composting trials were set up, in which the lime mass fraction of 1%, 5% and 5% were mixed with sludge as compost raw materials respectively, and in the trial 3some matured compost materials were also added, and the trial CK without lime was used as control. Oxygen-temperature control system was applied to control ventilation with real-time feedback. The results showed that pH values of sludge mixtures significantly decreased from 9.06, 12.17 and 12.34to weak alkaline level (<8.3) and volatile solid of sludge decreased from 57.35%、45.97%、44.59% to 44.20%、39.28%、38.42% respectively after composting processes. The over 50% of weight reduction in three trials could be achieved, while there was no significant difference for reduction rate except trail 2. In addition, heavy metal concentrations in the leachates were strongly influenced by pH. Moreover, Cu, Ni, Zn concentrations in the leachates with 5% lime addition were lowest. For practical application, lime mass fraction of 5% mixing with a certain amount of matured compost materials for sludge composting is recommended in order to improve composting efficiency and product quality.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1442-1448 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 497KB] ( 665 )

	1449	Studies on microbial community of different materials and anaerobic fermentation
		LI Hai-Hong, BA Qi-Yue, YAN Zhi-Ying, LIU Xiao-Feng
		PCR-DGGE analysis was used to study the diversity of the microbial community in different anaerobic fermentation systems using chicken dung, pig manure, cow dung and straw as substrate respectively. Methane biogas production and methane concentration were measured daily. Slurry was sampled at different fermentation stage and used for DGGE analysis. The results showed that the overall trend of daily biogas production appeared pig> chicken> straw> cow dung and their average biogas production was 2.67, 2.24, 0.99, 0.49L. Daily methane concentration of pig, chicken manure and straw was above 50% during the whole fermenting period, while the methane concentration of cow was less than 30% most of the time. Dominant bacterial groups were Bacteroidetes, Treponema, Anaerolineaceae and the newly developed bacterial groups were Clostridium, Desulfobulbus, Lachnospiraceae and Acetivibrio. Dominant archaeal groups were Methanobacteriaceae, Methanosarcina and Methanosarcinales. A newly developed group was Methanosphaera stadtmanae.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1449-1457 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 669KB] ( 1507 )

	1458	Electrokinetic remediation of an electroplating contaminated soil with different enhancing electrolytes
		FAN Guang-Ping, ZHU Hai-Yan, HAO Xiu-Zhen, CANG Long, WANG Yu-Xia, ZHOU Dong-Mei
		Effect of addition of complex, organic and inorganic acid (EDTA, lactic acid, citric acid and nitric acid) in catholyte on the electrokinetic remediation (EK) of an electroplating contaminated soil with heavy metals was studied in laboratory-scale experiments. The addition of enhancement agents significantly enhanced the migration and removal of Cu, Pb, Ni and Cr6+ in soil and EK process favored the heavy metals transferring into exchangeable species. The addition of lactic acid in the catholyte resulted in the highest Cu removal as high as 78.7%. Adding EDTA in the anolyte/catholyte during the electrokinetic treatment, the removal efficiency of heavy metals was about 30% and most of heavy metals were accumulated in the soil column section near the cathode. Citric acid was effective for the removal of Cu, Ni and Cr6+ from soil and in which the removal rates were 68.5%, 53.3% and 52.9%, respectively. Nitrate was the most effective reagent for Cr6+ with a removal rate of 93.3%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1458-1465 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 474KB] ( 852 )

	1466	Net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in the tidal marsh soils of the Yellow River Estuary
		MOU Xiao-Jie, SUN Zhi-Gao, LIU Xing-Tu
		The dynamics of inorganic N pool, N net mineralization/nitrification rates, and their affecting factors in the tidal marsh soils in the Yellow River Estuary were investigated by an in situ incubation approach with top-closed PVC tubes. Results showed that soil inorganic N concentrations in the high marsh (LW), middle marsh (JP1) and low marsh (JP2) had significantly dynamic characteristics. The NH4+-N concentrations were the highest in LW, in the order of LW＞JP1＞JP2, while NO3--N concentrations presented JP1＞LW＞JP2. The soil N net mineralization/nitrification rates in the three marshes showed a clear seasonal dynamics. The net mineralized N in LW, JP1 and JP2 in the growing season were 27.81, 11.90 and 0.33kg/hm2, the net nitrified N were 12.09, 15.99 and 1.19kg/hm2, and the percentage of nitrified N in mineralized N were 43.47%, 100.00% and 100.00%, respectively. The net mineralized N was significantly correlated with soil water content, while the net nitrified N was significantly correlated with soil pH. The inorganic N-maintaining capacity of the three marshes presented LW＞JP1＞JP2, suggesting that, from the standpoint of N cycling, the high marsh was more stable, while the stability of low marsh were the lowest.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1466-1473 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 427KB] ( 707 )

	1474	Study on allelopathic effects of Eleocharis dulcis to Microcystis aeruginosa
		LI Jiang, LIU Yun-Guo, ZENG Guang-Ming, ZHU Zhi-Lin, CAI Xiao-Xi, LIU Shao-Bo, YIN Yi-Cheng, LIU Si-Mian, HU Xin-Jiang, TAN Xiao-Fei
		Three cultural modes including Eleocharis dulcis planting water, aqueous extract of Eleocharis dulcis and Eleocharis dulcis co-culture with Microcystis aeruginos were studied to explore the effects of Microcystis aeruginosa growth. It is found that Eleocharis dulcis planting water, aqueous extract of Eleocharis dulcis and Eleocharis dulcis co-culture with Microcystis aeruginosa had inhibited the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa, and the inhibitory effects was caused by allelopahty. The inhibitory ratio of aqueous extract of Eleocharis dulcis with 100% concentration was 91.40%, and the ratio of co-culture mode was 86.83%. According to this research, it can be found that Eleocharis dulcis has a certain application prospect in the field of ecological algal inhibition as an emergent plant.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1474-1479 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 400KB] ( 866 )

	1480	Responses of morphological and physiological characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling roots to its uptake of CuO nanopaticles
		LIU Tao, XIANG Lei, YU Zhong-Xiong, MO Ce-Hui, LI Yan-Wen, ZHAO Hai-Ming, CAI Quan-Ying, LI Hui
		Responses of morphological and physiological characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling roots to its uptake of nano-CuO (10, 100mg/L) were investigated using hydroponic experiments by setting micron oxide copper (micron-CuO) and copper ions (Cu2+) as control. Results showed that total copper contents in roots and shoots (roots 351~1444mg/kg dw; shoots 351~1444mg/kg dw) of rice seedlings in nano-CuO treatments (10, 100mg/L) were higher than those in micron-CuO treatments (roots 248~817mg/kg dw; shoots 1.57~1.60mg/kg dw) and Cu2+ treatments (roots147~220mg/kg dw; shoots 14~26mg/kg dw), and furthermore, nano-CuO was observed in TEM images of both root and stem cells, indicating rice seedling can uptake and transfer nano-CuO by the form of nano-CuO. A large amount of nano-CuOs observed in endosomes of rice seedling cells indicated that nano-CuO mainly relied on endocytic pathways to enter cell. The nano-CuO had toxic effects on rice seedling roots and the inhibitory rates on roots morphologies of nano-CuO ranged from 28% to 74%, and root length, root volume and root specific surface area were most sensitive indicators for nano-CuO toxicity. Both nano-CuO bioaccumulation in rice and nanoeffects resulted in toxicities of nano-CuO to rice seedling roots. Under low concentration of nano-CuO strees (10mg/L), root activities of rice seedlings significant improved but no significant differences were observed in its total roots absorbing area and actively absorbing area, compared with the control. Under high concentration of nano-CuO strees (100mg/L), root activities and total roots absorbing area of rice seedlings significantly decreased, compared with control.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1480-1486 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1497KB] ( 668 )

	1487	Polyamines response to Cd2+ stress and their physiological roles in Skeletonema Costatum
		LUAN Hong-Yan, ZHAO Wei-Hong, MIAO Hui
		Culture experiments were carried out about the effects of Cd2+ stress on the growth of Skeletonema costatum, in the meanwhile, the activity of dismutase (SOD), diamine oxidase (DAO), polyamine oxidase (PAO), and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and various forms of polyamines extracted from algae cells were monitored. It aimed to explore the response and physiological roles of polyamines to the heavy metal stress in microalgae. The results showed that Cd2+ inhibited the growth of Skeletonema costatum, and the greater the concentration was, the stronger the inhibition would be. With the enhancement of Cd2+ stress, MDA content in the Skeletonema costatum cell increased slightly, SOD activity reduced significantly and DAO, PAO activity enhanced respectively. As the effect of Cd2+ stress strengthen, the contents of free putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) decreased firstly and increased subsequently; conjugated Put, Spd and Spm contents increased at first and then decreased. However, bound Put, Spm and Spd as well as total Put and total Spm kept increasing. It suggested that Cd2+ stress caused oxidative damage to Skeletonema costatum cells. Meanwhile, the enhancement of DAO and PAO activity as well as the increasement of free Put, bound Spd and Spm, total Put and total Spm would enhance the resistance ability of Skeletonema costatum to Cd2+ stress.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1487-1494 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 505KB] ( 553 )

	1495	Influence of anaerobic and aerobic processes on bottom oxygen dynamic and exchange process across sediment- water interface
		GU Xiao-Zhi, ZHANG Qi-Chao, SUN Shu-Yun, CHEN Kai-Ning
		To quantify impacts of oxygen distribution dynamic on exchange process between surface sediment and overlying water, we employed O2 penetrating microelectrode system (Unisence Ltd., Denmark) to obtain multiple high resolution microprofiles of in-situ O2, calculated O2 exchange rate using Fick First Law. Besides, we also investigated the influence of anaerobic and aerobic processes (microaeration air bubbles, microaeration nitrogen bubbles, injection CaO2 suspension into surface sediments) on mineralization of soil organic matter. In the present study, the results showed that diffusive boundary layer (DBL) thickness containing significant chemical gradients, which greatly limited oxygen exchange between bottom water and topsoil, is dependent on oxygen levels in the benthic overlying water. In anaerobic conditions by means of nitrogen microbubbles, DBL ranged from 0.2 to 0.4millimeters in thickness. However, DBL thickness increased dramatically between 0.4~0.7mm (P<0.05) compared to treatments with bubbling air or injection CaO2 suspension into surface sediments. Also, O2 exchange was accelerated in the case of enough oxygen supply. O2 benthic diffusive flux were (5.31±0.66) and (17.14±3.15) mmol O2/(m2·d) in bubbling air treatment, injection CaO2 suspension into surface sediments, increased by 9% and 250% in relation to (4.87±0.92) mmol O2/(m2·d) in control, respectively. An obvious tendency for increasing O2exchange was observed with temperature rise.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1495-1501 [Abstract] ( 158 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 505KB] ( 712 )

	1502	Ammonium retention and uptake kinetics process in an agricultural headwater stream based on TASCC approach
		LI Ru-Zhong, DONG Yu-Hong, QIAN Jing
		In the present work, instantaneous additions of conservative (NaCl) and non-conservative nutrient (NH4Cl) tracers were conducted to characterize ammonium retention dynamics and uptake kinetics in a typical agricultural draining canal, in Nanfeihe River of Chaohu Lake basin. Furthermore, tracer additions for spiraling curve characterization (TASCC) and nutrient spiraling metrics were used to describe retention dynamics, while the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model was utilized to characterize uptake kinetics. Results showed that the ambient uptake length (Sw-amb) of the study reach ranged from 93.94to 295.54m with an average of 177.41m, the ambient uptake velocity (Vf-am) from 0.16to 0.38mm/s averaging 0.26mm/s, and the ambient areal uptake rate (Uamb) from 0.16to 0.38mg/(m2×s) averaging 0.26mg/(m2×s). The Michaelis-Menten kinetic modeling identified the maximum uptake (Umax) of 0.59~1.38mg/(m2×s), and half-saturation constants (Km) of 1.10~5.03mg/L. Dynamic variations of Sw-add-dyn, Utot-dyn and Vf-tot-dyn from ambient to saturation demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of TASCC approach for characterization of retention dynamics and uptake kinetics in an agricultural headwater stream.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1502-1510 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1021KB] ( 532 )

	1511	Spatial analysis on diffuse pollution and algal bloom characteristic with remote sensing in Chao Lake Basin
		WANG Xue-Lei, WANG Xin-Xin, ZHU Li, MA You-Hua, WU Chuan-Qing, WANG Qiang, FENG Ai-Ping, CHEN Min-Peng
		Based on the monitoring with MODIS data, the DPeRS model and algae bloom (AB) information were extracted and were used to assess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) diffuse pollution (DP) and AB characteristics at pixel scale. Results showed 1) the yearly production of total nitrogen was 1900.3t in 2010 and 846.5 t were discharged. The total phosphorus production was 244.1t and the discharge load was 76t. 2) Agriculture contributes mostly the N-DP, and the water loss and soil erosion had great effect on P-DP. 3) The spatial-temporal feature analysis on N/P-DP loads and AB frequency confirmed that the N/P-DP related to AB. The AB happening lagged the DP firstly and after AB reaching the maxim. The DP and AB had the same temporal trend. The spatial distribution of AB matched well with DP. The correlation coefficient of bloom areas and NP loads was 0.45. 4) The scenarios analysis was analyzed with DPeRS model due to the dependency between DP and AB . The four scenarios could reduce N/P-DP 50% with reducing the fertilizer application 30%, improving the decontamination rate of urban and livestock refuse to 80% and rural life to 60%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1511-1519 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3867KB] ( 1602 )

	1520	Effect of pH and clay density on the algae-removing efficiency using chitosan-modified flocculant
		XIANG Si, LIU Shi-Chang, ZHAO Yi-Jun, CHENG Kai
		The effects of the pH of chitosan-modified flocculant and the pH of Microcystis aeruginosa culture on the algae-removingl efficiency were studied in the present work. The results indicate that: 1)The final pH after flocculation was the key factor affecting the flocculation efficiency for both indoor cultured M. aeruginosa and field M. aeruginosa blooms, the final pH should be adjusted to 7.0~7.3 to obtain the best flocculantion effect; 2) clay density should be increased for the efficient sedimentation of high-buoyancy cyanobacterial blooms. These results suggest that the composition of chitosan-modified flocculant must be changed according to the pH of water-body and the algal biomass to obtain the best algae-removing efficiency, and the flocculation process should be carried out when the pH of water-body is low and the algal biomass is small.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1520-1525 [Abstract] ( 137 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 401KB] ( 513 )

	1526	Internally LED-illuminated flat plate photobioreactor for microalgae cultivation-carbon-fixation and production of lipid in Chlorella vulgaris cultured in photobioreactor.
		WANG Yue-Jie, MENG Fan-Ping, LI Yong-Fu, CUI Hong-Wu
		In order to improve the utilization efficiency of light by microalgae within a photobioreactor (PBR), an internally LED-illuminated flat plate PBR with volume of 3L was constructed and used for Chlorophyta (Chlorella vulgaris) in this study. Effects of the concentration of inlet CO2 on the biomass production (BP), fixation efficiency of carbon ( ) and the production of lipid (LP) were evaluated. Biomass of microalgae in each treatment with concentration of CO2 ranging from 1% to 10% was higher than that of control with air (0.04% CO2) aeration in the cultures after 10-days growth. High levels of BP [0.258 and 0.263g/(L?d)], [1.18 and 1.00gCO2/(L?d)] and average FCO2 [0.57 and 0.62gCO2/(L?d)] during the exponential growth stage were obtained under the concentration of CO2 at 1% and 2.5%, respectively. The cell density and biomass of microalgae were inhibited by the higher concentrations of CO2 (5% and 10%) during the initial growth stage because of acidification in cultures. Significant effects of CO2 concentrations on the production of lipid (17.81% ~ 23.13%) were not found here. The highest productivity of lipid [60.71mg/(L?d)] was obtained under the concentration of CO2 at 2.5%. The present results suggested that the PBR used here was useful to improve CO2 biofixation and the production of lipid of microalgae.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1526-1534 [Abstract] ( 159 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 657KB] ( 767 )

	1535	Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in rivers and streams of Lake Taihu Basin and environmental determinants
		ZHANG You, LIU Ling, CAI Yong-Jiu, YIN Hong-Bin, GAO Jun-Feng, GAO Yong-Nian
		We investigated macroinvertebrate communities at 93 sampling sites across Lake Taihu Basin in October 2012 to reveal the patterns of community structures and the possible determinants. A total of 104 macroinvertebrate taxa from 85 genera, 46 families, 19 orders, 8 classes, 4 phyla were recorded. Total abundance of macroinvertebrate varied greatly between 1.33 and 39080 ind./m2. More taxa were found in the western hills than the eastern plains, and the diversity indices in the western hills were significantly higher than the eastern plains. The benthic communities in the eastern plains were mainly dominated by pollution-tolerant taxa, such as Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Bellamya aeruginosa, while the dominant species in western hills included the sensitive taxa (aquatic insects from Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera). ANOSIM analysis showed that macroinvertebrate assemblages differed significantly between the two ecoregions, and B. aeruginosa was primarily responsible for the dissimilarity, followed by L. hoffmeisteri, Neocaridina denticulata, Parafossarulus eximius, and Branchiura sowerbyi. CCA showed that the most important factors regulating the assemblage structure were mainly habitat diversity, trophic state, and substrate heterogeneity. The results of Goodnight-Whitley and BPI indices indicated that rivers in the western hills were mostly at status of slight polluted, and rivers in the eastern plains were mostly at status of slight or intermediate polluted, with several severely polluted sites.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1535-1546 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2368KB] ( 891 )

	1547	The corresponding of microbial diversity on water quality and environmental variables of Guanting Reservoir
		SUN Yu-Jiao, CHEN Cheng, DING Ai-Zhong, ZHAO Xiao-Hui, ZHANG Hui-Chun
		The water quality and environmental factors of Beijing Guanting Reservoir in different seasons were analyzed based on the characterization of the data from six sampling sites. Generally, the concentrations of the nutrients including carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were in the orders of: summer > autumn > spring > winter, and the outbreaks of water-blooms occurred in summer and autumn. The water quality in the upstream (Gui River), was better than that of the downstream (reservoir area), especially in summer and autumn. In summer, the average concentrations of total carbon, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus in upstream were 26.5, 0.95, 0.55, 0.077mg/L respectively, while that of downstream were 111.47, 4.27, 3.16, 0.25mg/L respectively. Microbial community of the water was analyzed employing PCR-DGGE technique. The result showed that bacterial community structures varied considerably between the upstream and the downstream. The upstream water behaved the higher level of bacterial community diversity and richer degree than that of downstream water serious bloom area. In addition, CANOCA software was used to explore the response relationship between microbial community and environmental factors in summer and autumn bloom periods. The result showed strong correlation in response of bacterial community structure with environmental factors (T, pH, DO, NFR, TP, Fe). For upstream water, the better water quality was in the bacterial community structures mainly affected by the temperature and DO factor; while for the downstream, the poor water quality was with the bacteria community structures effected mainly by environmental factors of pH, TP and NFR.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1547-1553 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 486KB] ( 721 )

	1554	Isolation and characterization of metabolic activity of Fe(II)-oxidizing denitrifying bacteria from anaerobic river sediments
		XIE Xiao-Lan, YU Guang-Wei, ZHONG Yun-Xiao, LONG Xin-Xian
		Several Fe(II)-oxidizing denitrifying bacteria (FODBs) were isolated from iron-rich anaerobic river sediments using the conventional cultivation method, and one of the FODBs named strain FX-Fe5was selected for further study. Based on the observation of gram staining, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, and identification by 16s rRNA sequencing, strain FX-Fe5 was as gram-negative bacillus and was most closely related to Raoultella sp., which was the first time to be reported as FODBs. Strain FX-Fe5could efficiently oxide ferrous iron within 24h, when ferrous and acetic acid were supplied as electron donor separately or jointly. The oxidation rates of Fe(II) (%) in different electron donor systems were 89.77±0.47(ratio of ferrous to acetate was 1:1), 87.01±0.22 (ratio of ferrous to acetate was 3: 1), 86.96±0.07 (ferrous only) and 72.97±0.53(ratio of ferrous to acetate was 1:3), respectively. The oxidation rates of Fe(II) were all higher than those of pure isolates reported by other studies. In addition, the concentration of ferrous and acetic acid decreased simultaneously, when both of them were supplied as electron donor during the process of denitrification. However, the Fe oxidation process was limited when ferrous was used as a single electron. Furthermore, during the denitrification process driven by strain FX-Fe5, only N2O gas was observed, without nitrite and ammonium accumulation in the reaction system. Otherwise, the highest content of N2O gas was less than 0.5% (5000×10-6), and varied largely with different electron donor systems. Carbon source metabolism analysis using Biolog EcoplateTM confirmed that strain FX-Fe5 had a higher preference to use monosaccharide, indican and polymerization sugars as carbon source.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1554-1562 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 697KB] ( 594 )

	1563	DNA damage induced by monocrotophos pesticide and the underlying mechanism in hepatic cells of goldfish (Carassius auratus)
		ZHAO Fei, WANG Bai, ZHANG Xiao-Na, TIAN Hua, WANG Wei, RU Shao-Guo
		Types of the DNA damage in hepatic cells and the underlying mechanism in goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to monocrotophos were investigated in this study. Results showed that DNA damage in hepatic cells of goldfish was significantly increased by exposure of 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00mg/L monocrotophos for 24, 48, 96, and 168h, and reached maximum at 48h. Alkali-labile sites rather than single- or double-strand breaks were found, by using the alkaline, pH 12.1, and neutral comet assay, to be the main type of DNA damage induced by monocrotophos at 48h. Further, oxidative damage in DNA bases was verified by using the alkaline comet assay combined with Endo III or FPG enzyme. At 24h, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities significantly decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations significantly increased and exhibited peak values, indicating an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at short exposure duration (24h). However, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and GSH-Px activities significantly increased at 96~168h, and MDA concentrations showed a decreasing trend compared with those at 24h, suggesting a gradually decrease of ROS at 96~168h in the liver tissues. Accordingly, our results suggest that DNA damage induced by monocrotophos in hepatic cells of goldfish is possibly due to the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activities and ROS scavenging.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1563-1569 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 488KB] ( 743 )

	1570	Spatial-temporal distribution and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters along the coast of Hainan Island
		YU Zi-Ling, LIN Qin, SUN Run-Xia, GU Yang-Guang, KE Chang-Liang, SHI Feng-Qiong
		Levels, spatial and temporal trends of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oyster Crassostrea rivularis along the Hainan Island coast were investigated from 2009 to 2014. Results showed that the total concentrations of PAHs in oysters ranged from 289 to 2426ng/g with an average of 856.7ng/g on a dry weight basis. The PAHs levels from Hainan Island coast fell within moderate levels compared with those from other coastal areas in the world. The average concentrations of PAHs exhibited definite spatial differences and decreased in the order : Basuo Harbor> Yulin Harbor> Maniao Harbor>Dongzhai Harbor. Based on Mann–Kendall test, only Basuo Harbor showed a significant increasing trend (P<0.05). The composition of PAHs was characterized by 2~3rings of PAHs (ranging from 62.3%~92.5%). PAHs may originate mainly from petroleum and combustion of oil. Risk assessment suggested that the cancer risks in oysters from Basuo Habor exceeded the maximum acceptable risk (10-5), but did not reach the serious cancer risk level (10-4), while the cancer risks in other sites were acceptable. Further assessment suggested that daily intake of edible oyster tissue from Basuo Habor and other areas of Hainan Island should not exceed 56g and 67g, respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1570-1578 [Abstract] ( 260 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 610KB] ( 34143 )

	1579	COD environmental capacity of different zones of the Bohai Sea with the consideration of self-purification
		YU Tiao-Lan, WANG Nuo, LIU Zhong-Bo, LI Hui
		To determine the partial water quality, it is essential to divide large water area into smaller partitions according to the geographical structure. In present paper, China’s Bohai Sea was divided into four zones (i.e., Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and the center of Bohai Sea). The hydrodynamic induced mass convection and diffusion and the chemical degradation were considered, the former was used to compute the diffusion capability of cumulative chemical oxygen demand (COD) in different zones, and the latter was applied to solve COD decreasing property, thus the degradation ability could be estimated. After the comprehensive consideration of these two parts, the COD environmental capacity was obtained with different water quality standards considered. The result shows that COD capacity is different in these four areas. For Laizhou Bay, the COD concentrations could satisfy the standard of “relatively clean”, and the environmental capacity has additional 26% to reach the standard; For Laizhou Bay, the COD concentrations was very close to the standard of “light pollution”, and the environmental capacity only has 5% left. For Liaodong Bay, COD concentrations met the standard of “relatively clean”, and the environmental capacity remained 88%.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1579-1585 [Abstract] ( 162 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 781KB] ( 669 )

	1586	Analysis of spatial equilibrium of environmental industry development based on the environmental protection input: A case study of the period between 2004 and 2011
		LU Yuan-Tang, WU Shun-Ze, ZHAO Yun-Hao, LI Yang-Yang, GAO Jun
		Environmental industry is an important part of China’s strategic emerging industries. In recent years, the environmental industry has been growing with the rate over 30% and become a new growth point of local economy. By extending the connotation of Gini coefficient, the concept of Gini coefficient of the environmental protection industry was introduced. In this paper, the Gini coefficients of China’s environmental industry in 2004 and 2011were calculated and the Industry Contribution Coefficient (ICC) is presented for assessing the equilibrium. The results, 0.35 in 2004 and 0.42 in 2011, showed that the Gini coefficient of China’s environmental industry increased in recent years, inferring that the regional difference of the development environmental industry is increasingly large and the industry distribution tends to be more centralized. The key regions and policies for the development of environmental industry were recommended based on the analysis of ICC and considering the environmental protection input and need of different regions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1586-1591 [Abstract] ( 125 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 563KB] ( 655 )

	1592	Life cycle inventory analysis of fossil energy in China
		DING Ning, YANG Jian-Xin
		This paper makes the life cycle inventory analysis of fossil energy in China by implementing the calculation model in context of such primary energy as coal, oil and natural gas, as well as second energy like petrol oil, coke. It will be helpful to identify the environmental performance of energy production in China and to make a life cycle assessment of other industrial processes and products. The inventory analysis shows that 97% of energy consumption in China is contributed by industrial process, only 3% by transportation. Based on the comparison of the results of referenced literature in 2002, it shows that the inventory of China’s fossil energy varies to some extent. The fossil energy input and environmental emissions from energy production is higher than that of advanced countries.
		2015 Vol. 35 (5): 1592-1600 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 537KB] ( 1300 )

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