Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2015 Vol.35 Issue.10,Published 2015-10-20

	2883	Characteristics of air pollutant transport channels in Guangzhou region

		Based on the GDAS global meteorological data of NCEP and HYSPLIT model, 72-hour backward trajectories of air flows arriving at Guangzhou were calculated from 2010 to 2012. By using cluster analysis, the vertical structures of pollutant transport channels and the corresponding pollutant concentrations at different channels in Guangzhou were analyzed. Besides, the characteristics of transport trajectories crossing the boundary layer were also discussed in this paper. The results revealed that the pollutant transport channels near the ground (10m) in Guangzhou could be divided into six types, the local, the northeasterly, the northerly, the northwesterly, the easterly and the southerly, respectively. The PM2.5 concentrations varied a lot among different channels. In particular, The PM2.5 concentrations reached the maximum when local and northeasterly channels dominated, followed by northerly and easterly channels, while southerly channel ranked last. In addition, the ratio of coarse particles in PM10 increased obviously in northwesterly channel. The air pollutants arriving at Guangzhou were mainly affected by the southeastern of Hunan province, the central of Jiangxi province and the southeastern of coastal regions. The percentages of trajectories over 1000m were 16.1% while below 500m were 73.1%, concluding that the regional transport of pollutants to the ground level mainly occurred in the boundary layer.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2883-2890 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1245KB] ( 1557 )

	2891	Research on the distribution of the northern region of China aerosol based on A-trian satellite

		The A-train (CALIPSO and MODIS-Aqua) satellite data from January 2007 to October 2007 has been used in this paper to study the aerosol distribution characteristics of space and time on northern China (divided into three parts: the west region-W area, central region-M area, east area region-E). (1) The Aqua - MODIS satellite data can be better reflect the distribution of aerosols in north China region; (2) MODIS and CALIPSO satellite retrievaled the column aerosol optical depth distribution characteristics were basically the same, AOD high value area was distributed in W area-south xinjiang basin and low-lying plain of north China region; (3) MODIS and CALIPSO retrieval of aerosol optical depth distribution characteristics of northern China satellite were basically the same was: W areas AOD of the high value in seasonal distribution characteristic was: spring>summer>autumn, then winter increases slowly; E areas AOD of the high value in seasonal distribution characteristic was: summer>spring, followed by autumn and winter minimum.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2891-2898 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1338KB] ( 1475 )

	2899	Regional differences and meteorological conditions of a low visibility procedure over the Yangtze River Delta Region in winter.

		The regional difference and meteorological condition over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region during a low visibility episode (from 20 February to 22 February 2014) was investigated by using NCEP reanalysis data, MICAPS meteorological data and air quality data from the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Weather situation shows that the surface of the YRD region was under the control of high pressure, surface wind speed was low, which was favorable for the accumulation of pollutants as well as the formation and maintain of low visibility process (fog or haze). The YRD region was divided into 3sub-regions according to the temporal and spatial distributions of fog and haze. Region I covered the most part of Jiangsu province, which was affected by both fog and haze; region II included Shanghai and its surrounding, which was affected by haze; region III covered the most part of Zhejiang province, which was affected by fog. Factors that influence visibility in region I included that stabilized stratification in the lower tropospheric (thermodynamic factors), aerosol hygroscopic growth under high relative humidity conditions (humidity factor), and weak vertical and horizontal diffusion (dynamic factors). However, pollution factors had little effect on visibility in region I. High mass concentration of PM2.5 was the most important factor that influence visibility in region II. Thermodynamic factors, humidity factor, and dynamic factors had little effects on visibility. Thermodynamic factors, which influences visibility in region III, was represented by stabilized stratification in the lower tropospheric layer and temperature inversion in the surface layer. Humidity factor in region III was represented by aerosol hygroscopic growth under high relative humidity condition. Dynamic factors in region III was characterized by low boundary layer height and weakvertical diffusion speed. The explained variance of meteorological factors in each region showed that humidity factor and dynamic factors were more important in region I while humidity factor was the most important in region III..
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2899-2907 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2052KB] ( 1201 )

	2908	Spatial and temporal distrubions and source simulation of PM2.5 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in 2014

		The spatial and temporal distributions of PM2.5, as well as the source characteristic were analyzed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by applying the combination of numerical model CAMx and the direct measurements. The results showed that PM2.5, which had bimodal daily distributions, was characterized with obvious seasonal pattern with higher concentrations in Winter and Autumn and lower concentrations in Spring and Summer. During the heavy polluted days, high concentrations of PM2.5 (>150μg/m3) was normally occurred in the North China Plain (NCP) locating beside the Tihang Mountain, especially to the internal cities of Beijing, Baoding, Shijiazhuang etc. However, mountain areas surrounded had lower PM2.5 concentrations in comparison with the former plain. Totally, 73% of the BTH region had PM2.5 concentration averaged above 150μg/m3, and the contributions from external transport to the particulate mass burden of Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang were 58%, 54% and 39%, respectively. It was found that regional transportation exerted a significant impact to the local PM2.5 loadings during a serious pollution weather induced by the southerly incoming pollutants transported via long distance on 6~12th October 2014.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2908-2916 [Abstract] ( 322 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 944KB] ( 2816 )

	2917	Spatial and temporal variations of ambient PM2.5 source contributions using positive matrix factorization

		Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at 8monitoring sites (Dingling, Chegongzhuang, Shijingshan, Dongsi, Tongzhou, Liangxiang, Yizhuang and Yufa) in Beijing, from August 2012 to July 2013. And positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the sources of PM2.5 based on ambient PM2.5 compositional data including concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), ions and metal elements. Results from PMF indicated that the six major sources of ambient PM2.5 were secondary sources, coal combustion, soil dust, vehicle emission, industrial sources and construction dust, with an annual average contribution of 42%, 19%, 19%, 10%, 6% and 4%, respectively. The contributions of the sources to PM2.5 in Beijing showed significant seasonal variations. Soil dust was the primary source in spring because of the highest frequency of windy weather. Secondary sources became the major contributor in summer, autumn and winter, and even covered 56% in summer. Coal combustion exhibited increased contributions in winter with values of 25%. The contributions of the PM2.5 sources also showed some spatial differences. Coal combustion showed significantly higher contributions in suburban areas than in urban areas ,whereas the secondary sources were regional. And the secondary sources were dominated during the cumulative pollution events, accounting for more than 50% of the PM2.5 mass. Strengthening the controls of gaseous precursors (NOx, SO2 and VOCs) was of great significance for the reduction of PM2.5 in Beijing .
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2917-2924 [Abstract] ( 366 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 712KB] ( 3303 )

	2925	Characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions of PM2.5 in summer at Xianghe

		Chemical characteristics of aerosols in summer were studied during June of 2013 in Xianghe observation station of the Chinese academy of sciences. Mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were recorded by online measurement. The result showed mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were (151.78±82.48) μg/m3and (250.47±106.99) μg/m3with average and standard deviation. SNA (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) accounted for 44.8% of PM2.5, and it mainly enriched in the particles which size range from 0.5 to 2.5 micrometers. The average of SOR and NOR were 0.35, 0.31, respectively. The transformation method of SO2 into SO42- was heterogeneous reaction, and NOx transformed into NO3- was mainly by photochemical reaction during the daytime. The high value of SOR and NOR during haze and mist indicated that there is more SO2 and NOx into SO42- and NO3- in haze and mist favor transformation of sulfur and nitrogen, rather than in clear day. The backward trajectories analysis showed air quality in haze and mist were influenced by air masses mainly passing through Hebei, Shandong, and the north of Jiangsu Province.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2925-2933 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 843KB] ( 1266 )

	2934	Atmospheric emission inventory of typical heavy metals from iron and steel industry in China, 2011

		The current status and distribution characteristics of the atmospheric emissions of six heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Ni) from iron and steel industry in 2011 in China were investigated using a unit-based “bottom-up” method. The national total atmospheric emissions of Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Ni from iron and steel industry in 2011 were estimated at about 18.8, 3745.8, 39.4, 132.2, 241.2, and 105.3t, respectively. Bohai economic circle is identified as the top emission region where iron and steel smelting plants are densely concentrated. Within the iron and steel enterprises, the steel-making process shows higher emissions of the six heavy metals to air than other production processes: the basic oxygen furnace contributes most of As and Pb emissions, while the electric furnace accounts for most of Cd and Ni emissions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2934-2938 [Abstract] ( 337 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 328KB] ( 2315 )

	2939	Monitoring haze events from the MODIS True-Color composite image series: A case study of severe haze pollution event in Zhejiang Province

		MODIS True-Color images downloaded from NASA Worldview website had been successfully used in near real-time global air pollution monitoring. In this paper, we introduced how to grab NASA MODIS 250m True-Color image automatically from the website by using GDAL utilities. Using multiple linear regression, we found a significant relationship between the R, G, B values in MODIS True-Color image and the surface-level particle matter concentrations (AQI, PM2.5 and PM10), with a multiple R value of 0.62, 0.65 and 0.59, respectively. By combining MODIS True-Color image series with stational observation and atmospheric circulation analysis, we established a new operational procedure for haze pollution monitoring and early warming. With such a simple technical method, a severe haze pollution event that occurred in Zhejiang Province from November 9 th to 14 th, 2014 was successfully predicted based on the information two days earlier. The results showed that haze monitoring and early warming based on the MODIS True-Color image series was relatively easy and efficient in operational survey, and the new method had great potential in regional haze pollution monitoring and early warming, especially as an indicator for pollution input from other regions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2939-2949 [Abstract] ( 272 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4745KB] ( 1448 )

	2950	Standardization of meteorological observation data of surface in air regulatory model

		In this study, the acquisition method of meteorological observation data of surface, such as cloud cover, wind speed, wind direction and temperature, was investigated to explore how to regulate the standardized application of meteorological observation data of surface in the model. Combined with the demand for meteorological data of AERMOD model, recommended in the “Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment-Atmospheric Environment” of HJ2.2-2008 promulgated by China, we set up four scenarios. We used measured SO2 data of Shangdu Power Plant as the verification data. In the case of other model input parameters constant, the four scenarios used 10minutes and 1hour meteorological data of surface of experiment station, and replaced opaque sky cover with total cloud amount and low cloud amount respectively. Scene One used 10minutes meteorological data of surface and replaced opaque sky cover with low cloud amount. Compared to Scene One, Scene Two replaced opaque sky cover with total cloud amount, Scene Three used 1hour meteorological data of surface, Scene Four used 1hour meteorological data of surface and replaced opaque sky cover with total cloud amount. In addition to the differences mentioned above, other meteorological data of surface were the same in the four scenarios. The results indicated that FB was closer to 0in Scene Two, Scene Three and Scene Four, less than that in Scene One. The RHCR in Scene Three and Scene Four was 1.33 and 1.41respectively, closer to 1, showing that Scene Three and Scene Four were better than other scenes in the prediction of high value. The RHCR of Scene Two exceeded Scene Three, indicating that wind had a greater effect on the simulation results in model than cloud. Composite analysis of FB and RHCR and Q-Q plots showed that the simulation of Scene Four was closer to the observation, the meteorological data were fully consistent with the standardized data application method recommanded in this study. This scene regulated standardized application of data in model and improved accuracy of the prediction of atmospheric environmental impact assessment.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2950-2957 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 459KB] ( 2027 )

	2958	Inversion research in VOCs source emission of a petroleum refinery

		This study selected a petroleum refinery located in Northern China to calculate its VOCs emission amount, by combing its ambient atmospheric VOCs concentration monitored in March and ISCST-3air quality model. The monitoring results showed the average TVOCs concentration in receptors and in background were 28.6×10-9 and 88.3×10-9 respectively. In addition, there were significant differences between receptors and background in the VOCs chemical composition. Ethane, propane and ethylene were the dominant component in background, but the volume percentage of propylene, isobutane, butane, isopentane, pentane increased significantly in receptor. It was indicated the VOCs emitted from petroleum refinery had a large impact on local environment. The chemical profile of refinery VOCs emissions was obtained by subtracting VOCs in background from those in receptors, and the main compounds included ethane (23.4%), propane (11.8%), butane (10.4%), isobutene (9.0%), pentane (5.3%), isopentane (6.4%), propylene (11.5%), which was similar to the literature results in China. The inversion results of ISCST-3model showed the annual VOCs emission was 2201.6±1011.9t/a, with the VOCs emission factor of 0.73g VOCs/kg crude oil. This result was smaller compared to the researches, possibly due to two reasons: 1, lower ambient temperature in spring resulted in the less evaporation emissions ; 2, the local chemical decay of VOCs was not included in ISCST-3model.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2958-2963 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 793KB] ( 1535 )

	2964	Purification of HCN by catalytic hydrolysis over Cu-Co-Al complex metal oxide under lower temperature

		Cu-Al, Co-Al and Cu-Co-Al complex metal oxide catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation to investigate catalytic hydrolysis performance of HCN gas. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, XPS and H2-TPR to explore the structure and properties of catalysts. The results indicated that the Cu-Co-Al catalyst showed the best catalytic activity. When the reaction was kept for 180min at 200℃, the Cu-Co-Al、Cu-Al and Co-Al catalysts showed 95%, 90% and 10% HCN conversion, respectively. The corresponding concentration of NH3 was 122, 118, 18mg/m3. The excellent low-temperature hydrolysis of HCN was ascribed to its low crystallinity, high dispersion and large specific surface area. Besides, the appropriate amount of surface oxygen, the high Cu2+ and Co3+ content and the excellent redox ability were responsible for the superior low-temperature catalytic hydrolysis performance of HCN on the Cu-Co-Al catalyst.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2964-2971 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 428KB] ( 1459 )

	2972	Detection of the secondary organic byproduct produced from toluene in decomposition of nitrogen by DBD

		To study the formation mechanism and influencing factors of secondary organic byproducts produced in the process of decomposition of organic waste gas by non-thermal plasma, the organic by-products compositions and concentration from the toluene in the decomposition of nitrogen by non-thermal plasma produced by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was detected using real-time online proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF- MS). Further, the formation mechanism of secondary organic byproducts was analyzed and the key factors that affect the generation of secondary organic byproducts were discussed. HCN and CH3CN were the main organic byproducts, and their concentrations of the secondary organic byproducts were related to the mean available energy (J/mol) in the process of decomposition of toluene by non-thermal plasma. Based on the analysis and the test of the mean available energy, the concentration of organic matter had an extreme value under the condition of constant parameters of DBD device, power input, and gas flow rate, and the concentration of organic byproducts would be remarkably increased if the concentration of organic matter exceeded the extreme value. Research showed that the most effective method of reducing organic byproducts under constant parameters of non-thermal plasma device was to control the concentration of organic matter.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2972-2977 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 464KB] ( 1120 )

	2978	Effects of DOC+CDPF on particulate emission from a diesel engine with biodiesel fuel

		Particulate matter (PM) emissions from a heavy duty diesel engine which meets the national V emission regulations were studied, and the engine was equipped with/without diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF), and the test fuels included 20% biodiesel fuel and pure diesel fuel. Results showed that the size distribution of exhaust particulate number from the engine without DOC+CDPF showed double-peak distribution, and the peak diameter of particulate number were about 10nm and 50nm when using B20 fuel, and about 50nm and 200nm when the engine using diesel fuel. The particulate number from the engine with B20 fuel was higher than diesel fuel at the area that particulate diameter was smaller than 120nm. The size distribution of particulate number from the engine with DOC+CDPF showed multi-peak distribution, and the peak diameters of particulate number were about 10nm, 20nm and 60nm respectively. Compared to the engine without exhaust gas aftertreatment, DOC+CDPF could evidently reduce particulate number whether the engine using B20 fuel or diesel fuel, the decreasing range was remarkable when the particulate diameter was between 60~200nm. The purification efficiency of total particulate number from the engine with B20 fuel was higher than that of diesel fuel at the same operating conditions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2978-2984 [Abstract] ( 264 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 526KB] ( 1711 )

	2985	Ozonation characteristics of dissolved effluent organic matter from the secondary effluent of WWTP

		HPLC-SEC coupled with a fluorescence detector was combined with an EEM spectra to study the ozonation characteristics of EfOM. The findings showed that ozonation did not change the molecular weight distribution of the humic-like substances. Furthermore, the HPLC-SEC results indicated that the molecular weight distribution of the humic-like substances was not changed by ozonation. Nonetheless, ozone reacted with the low molecular weight protein-like substances. According to preparative HPLC analysis, the low molecular weight protein-like substances contained large amounts of aromatic or other conjugated structures, which were preferentially ozonated. In addition, XPS analysis revealed that the aromatic structure was oxidized at a low ozone dosage, and the amount of aliphatic organic matter increased correspondingly. With the increasing of ozone dosage, the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups (carbonyl and carboxyl group) increased.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2985-2990 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 822KB] ( 1288 )

	2991	The distribution characteristics of nitrogen element in sewer biofilm under different hydraulic conditions

		The processes of sewer biofilm growth and the distribution of DO, NH4+, NO2-, NO3- inside the mature biofilms cultured under wall shear stersses of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0Pa were measured by microelectrode testing technique. The results show as follows: the thicknesses of biofilms cultured under wall shear stresses of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0Pa are (2.3±0.1), (1.9±0.1), (1.6±0.1)mm, respectively;aerobic area and anoxic area were found in biofilms cultured under wall shear stresses of 1.0Pa and 1.5Pa, which indicates nitrification and denitrification existed inside the above biofilms; only aerobic area was found in biofilm cultured under 2.0Pa, indicating only nitrification existed in that biofilm. Thickness of biofilm affects the distribution of DO in biofilm, subsequently affecting the process of transport and transformation of nitrogen in biofilm.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2991-2995 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 392KB] ( 936 )

	2996	The nitrogen removal performance of granules and flocs in SNAD reactor

		The nitrogen removal performance of granules R1 (1~2.5mm) and flocs R2 (0~0.25mm) retrieved from SNAD (simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidization and denitrification)reactor was investigated by serum bottle batch tests under 30℃. To the granules, the aerobic ammonium and aerobic nitrite oxidation activity were 0.166and 0kgN/(kg VSS×d), respectively. The specific anammox activity, denitrification activity over nitrite, denitrification activity over nitrate were 0.158, 0.105, 0.094kgN/(kg VSS×d), respectively. To the flocs, the aerobic ammonium and aerobic nitrite oxidation activity were 0.180 and 0kgN/(kg VSS×d), respectively. The specific anammox activity, denitrification activity over nitrite, denitrification activity over nitrate were 0.026, 0.096, 0.108kgN/(kg VSS×d), respectively. Both granules and flocs exhibited good partial nitrification activity and denitrification activity. The specific anammox activity of granules was obvious while the flocs showed little specific anammox activity. The SEM indicated that the bacteria in the outer part of the SNAD granule were mainly short rod-shaped and spherical. In the inner part of the SNAD granule, the bacteria were mainly crater-shaped. In flocs, the bacteria were mainly short rod-shaped, spherical and crater-shaped.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 2996-3002 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 580KB] ( 1682 )

	3003	Denitrification of composite carbon filler and character of microbial community

		To study advanced denitrogenation of low C/N ratio effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plant, the composite carbon filler composed of corncob pretreated by alkali, zero-valent iron and activated carbon was made. The performance of composite carbon filler denitrification system was investigated and Miseq high-throughput was also applied to study the microbial community structures. Composite media in denitrification could be effectively used and achieve a higher total nitrogen (TN) removal rate. The TN removal efficiency of the denitrification reactor could be above 95% and the concentration of TOC in the effluent was about 15mg/L when the temperature was about 28℃, the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) was 7.7h and the inflow NO3--N was about 20~30mg/L. The analysis revealed that at the genus level the genera related to denitrifying and degradation of cellulose, was accounted for 40.35% and 29.04% which were related to known bacteria, respectively. So,the masses of denitrifying bacteria and cellulolytic bacterium in the sludge made it feasible to denitrify of composite carbon filler efficiently.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3003-3009 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 484KB] ( 1655 )

	3010	The effect of substrate adding method on performance of sludge alkaline fermentation

		In order to study the effect of adding method on the waste activated sludge(WAS) alkaline fermentation in the low temperature (15±2)℃. The WAS were fermented in the NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and mixed alkalis fermentation systems (pH=10±0.2), and changed the dosing method of WAS after the fermentation system stability(a dosing, average two dosing, average three dosing). Dissolution of organic matters, short volatile fatty acids (SCFAs), soluble protein, soluble polysaccharide and key enzyme (hydrolase and coenzyme 420) were analyzed during sludge anaerobic fermentation process. The acetic acid in the SCFAs was also observed. The batch-mode results showed that the dosing method had a significant impact on performance of the hydrolysis and acidification. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) decreased with WAS dosing times, where soluble protein and polysaccharide increased. The hydrolytic enzyme decreased with WAS dosing times. However, the coenzyme420 increased in the NaOH and KOH conditions, remained about the same in the mixed alkali condition, declined in the Ca(OH)2 condition. The activity of acidification declined with WAS dosing times in NaOH and KOH conditions, but the SCFAs increased in average two dosing and decreased in the average three dosing in the Ca(OH)2 condition. Acidification performance was stable relatively in the Ca(OH)2 condition and the proportion of acetic acid in SCFAs was the optimal which was higher 10% comparing with other conditions.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3010-3017 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 365KB] ( 1254 )

	3018	Characteristics of nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale A/O-MBR with Fermentation Liquid of Food Waste (FLFW) as external carbon sources

		Fermentation liquid of food waste (FLFW) was applied as external carbon to a pilot-scale A/O-MBR to explore the characteristics of nitrogen removal and membrane fouling under different dosage and HRT. Results demonstrated that FLFW and sodium acetate characterized similar specific denitrification rate (SDNR) and COD utilization efficiency, but both of them are higher than that of glucose. It was also found that the FLFW can stimulate the activity of biomass and enhance denitrification processes significantly, which further improved nitrogen removal. The TN removal efficiencies increased with the addition of FLFW. In addition, after adding FLFW, the EPS did not accumulate in reactor and the membrane fouling rate (FR) increased slightly. Chemical clean can effectively remove membrane foulants and recover the permeability. Lengthening the HRT was more advantageous in nitrogen removal and membrane fouling control.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3018-3025 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 838KB] ( 1436 )

	3026	Occurrence and control of filamentous bulking in A2O-BAF denitrifying phosphorus removal process

		In order to effectively control the sludge filamentous bulking in A2O-BAF denitrifying phosphorus removal process when treating domestic wastewater, the effects of sludge load and temperature on sludge filamentous bulking were investigated. The results had shown that the problem of slight sludge filamentous bulking existed when the sludge load was less than 0.30kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d). Serious sludge filamentous bulking got easily happened when the sludge load was higher than 0.55kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d), and sludge filamentous bulking was controlled effectively by changing sludge load. The sludge filamentous bulking also occurred when the temperature was decreased in winter, but the settling ability of activated sludge got recovered after increasing the temperature to original level, and the sludge filamentous bulking was also controlled effectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3026-3031 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 627KB] ( 892 )

	3032	The treatment of acidic mine drainage using limestone ditch and compost constructed wetland system

		In order to evaluate the performance and affecting factors of a limestone ditch-compost wetlands system to treat acidic mine drainage (AMD), a pilot test for six months was conducted with the measurements of effluents quality and plant growth-related parameters. Results show that limestone ditch (LSD) can effectively increase pH, decrease acidity and heavy metals of AMD, but the efficiency declined with the accumulation of metal hydroxides in LSD. The acidity and heavy metals decreased significantly after passing through compost wetlands, the acidity of the effluents decreased continuously and concentrations of Cd, Pb were below the levels of detection, the mean concentrations of Zn, Cu were 1.8mg/L, 2.6μg/L, respectively, which conform to the standards for irrigation water quality. However, much higher concentrations of Cd, Zn were found in the effluents of wetlands without the addition of compost. Sedum alfredii Hance planted in wetlands grew and extracted normally Cd/Zn. Alkalinity production in compost wetlands were inhibited in the presence of Typha angustifolia, and the acidity of the effluents were increased, but heavy metals removals were not significantly affected by planting Typha angustifolia.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3032-3040 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 575KB] ( 970 )

	3041	Influence and mechanism of humic acids on the oxidation of phenol by permanganate

		The influences of fulvic acid and humic acid on phenol oxidation by permanganate were evaluated. The effects of different groups in the model humic acid, the structure of which was proposed by Stevenson, on the kinetics of phenol degradation were examined by batch experiments. The mechanism was explored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Humic acid increased the removal of phenol from 54.6% to 95.3%, while flvic acid only increased that to 79.0%. Both the quinone and phenolic groups in humic acid and fulvic acid accelerated the degradation kinetics of phenol, while the aromatic fatty acid groups, glucose groups and amino acid groups had negligible effects. The FTIR analysis confirmed that humic acid has much more quinone groups and phenolic groups than fulvic acid.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3041-3045 [Abstract] ( 286 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 361KB] ( 2233 )

	3046	Modeling of cadmium speciation in Longjiang River during an emergent environmental incident

		Chemical speciation of metals and their environmental behaviors are of great importance for the emergency responses and damage assessments of emergent environmental incidents caused by industrial releases. Based on the Longjiang river cadmium pollution accident occurred in year 2012 in Guangxi, China, the dissolved Cd speciation in the river for 3 different scenarios were calculated using Visual Minteq 3.1. It was showed that Cd2+ was the dominant Cd specie with a low concentration (0.005mg/L), and it was strongly influenced by DOC content at the background situation. If there were no immediate responding activities in the river after the release of Cd, Cd2+ would cover more than 75% of the total dissolved Cd with a high concentration (0.4mg/L) because of the little buffer ability of the natural aquatic system, which would present serious ecological emergency toxicities. Adding polymeric aluminum and alkali to the river in a proper way could reduce Cd content in the river efficiently and the ratio of Cd2+ also reduced rapidly when pH raise to 9.0 or higher. Cd2+ was sensitive mostly to pH, and secondly DOC, and was not sensitive to temperature. It was suggested that we should pay attention to the re-release of Cd in inorganic polymer flocculation bodies and the influences of pH and DOC.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3046-3052 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 523KB] ( 1658 )

	3053	Volatile characteristics of zinc and cadmium during co-processing hazardous waste in blast furnace

		ZnCl2 and CdCl2×2.5 H2O were chosen to simulate heavy metals in hazardous waste and study the volatile characteristics of zinc and cadmium during co-processing hazardous wastes in blast furnaces. The blast furnace raw materials mixed with ZnCl2 and CdCl2×2.5 H2O were calcined, and the total contents of Zn and Cd in the flue gas and calcined product were analyzed. The results showed that the volatile characteristics of Zn was similar to Cd, and their volatilization ratios increased with the increase of time at the beginning of calcination, but tended to be stable when the calcination time exceeds a certain value. The volatilization ratios of Zn and Cd, when calcinined for 60minutes at 1400℃, were 93.55% and 99.96%, respectively. The volatile rules of Zn and Cd were simulated by chemical reaction kinetic. The apparent activation energy (E) of the volatile reaction of Zn and Cd were 59.37, 49.26kJ/mol, respectively. And the volatile reaction kinetic equations of Zn and Cd were α=f (T, t)=1-exp (-13.60exp (-7141/T) t) and α=f (T, t)=1-exp (-8.35exp (-5925/T)t), respectively.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3053-3058 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 442KB] ( 1015 )

	3059	Inorganic nitrogen forms and related enzyme activity of rhizosphere soils under typical plants in the littoral zone of Pengxi River

		The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), which is the largest water conservancy project ever built in the world, produced a drawdown area of about 348.93km2 due to flooding control. The biological geochemical cycle of the soil in the drawdown zone has been changed as the result of long-term winter flooding and summer drought and vegetation covering. The loss of soil nitrogen in the drawdown zone poses a threat to the water environmental in TGR. Pengxi River, which has the largest drawdown area among all of the tributaries in TGR basin has been selected in present study. The four typical vegetation types, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Anthium sibiricum and Zea mays L as control, were studied to measure nutrient characteristics and nitrogen forms of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The variables included soil physical-chemical proprieties, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N), nitrogen mineralization in 14d (NN) and 7 types N invertase enzymes including protease (PR), urease (UR), nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (SNR), dehydrogenase (DE), glutaminase (GL) and asparaginase (AS). The results showed: 1) pH of rhizosphere soil was generally lower than non-rhizosphere soil under different vegetation in different type soils because of the possible organic acid and H+ released from plant roots and cation absorption differences. All nutrient concentrations in rhizosphere soil were higher than those in non-rhizosphere except potassium (Total K and available K). 2) NH4+-N, NO3--N, NO2--N and NN of rhizosphere soil were generally higher than non-rhizosphere soil, by following the order of Cyperus rotundus＞Cynodon dactylon＞Anthium sibiricum and Zea mays L under different vegetation. 3) All 7 types invertases showed the better activeness in the rhizosphere soil compared with them under non-rhizosphere. UR, SNR, DE and GL in the zone covered by Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon were significantly higher than those in Anthium sibiricum and Zea maysL. 4) There was significant correlation between soil N forms and PR, UR and GL. NO3--N was significantly correlated with SNR. Rhizosphere effects on all N forms and invertase enzyme activity were done to evaluate the incidence of the soil N cycle by different vegetations, and results showed that rhizosphere effects of Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon were greater than those of Anthium sibiricum and Zea mays L. The present research could provide that the drawdown zone covered with different vegetations has different soil processes and function for N cycle, so the vegetation recovery in the drawdown zone should consider the rhizosphere effect of different vegetations on N cycle.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3059-3068 [Abstract] ( 138 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 430KB] ( 1311 )

	3069	Effects of multi-scale control factors on spatial heterogeneity of denitrification in riparian soil: a case study in Liu Xi River of Guangzhou city

		Soil denitrification enzyme activity was measured by a hierarchical sampling approach within the riparian zone of the Liu Xi River tributary of Guangzhou city, and explored and identified multi-scale factors that influenced soil denitrification. The results showed that soil denitrification potential—represented by soil denitrification enzyme activity (DEA)—showed more heterogeneity on a profile-scale than on a cross-sectional scale and landscape-scale in riparian zones; multi-scale factors controlled the degree of spatial variation in soil denitrification. The profile-scale factors, including soil TOC (total organic carbon), TN (total nitrogen) and NO3--N (nitrate nitrogen), were the major direct regulators of the spatial distribution of DEA. The cross-sectional scale factors, including landscape position and vegetation density, and the landscape-scale factors, including TI, elevation and land-use types, indirectly regulated the distribution of DEA. At the profile scale, the highest DEA occurred on the upper soil, but dramatically declined from the soil surface to the deeper layers. At the cross-sectional scale, the highest DEA was observed at the landscape position, with good landscape connectivity and high-density vegetation within the middle part of the riparian zone. At the watershed scale, DEA showed an increasing trend from upstream to downstream except for the sites in urbanized areas.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3069-3077 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 432KB] ( 1339 )

	3078	Metabolic activity effects of glyphosate on homologous gene engineering bacteria of Pseudomonas

		On the basis of microcalorimetric technology, we investigated the effect of glyphosate on metabolic activity of two homologous gene engineering bacteria of Pseudomonas. Glyphosate can serve as nutrients of these two strains.The half inhibitory concentration of glyphosate for P.stutzeri WM 581 and P.stutzeri WM 567 were 47.47mg/L and 43.26mg/L respectively. Both of strains can degrade glyphosate rapidly, and the half-life was approximate 9~17 hours. And as metabolism nutrients of these two strains, the degradation rate of glyphosate as carbon source (64%) is higher than as phosphorus source (43%). Salinity and pH impacted the growth of these two strains remarkably, the relatively optimal condition to degrade glyphosate is: pH = 6, NaCl < 0.5g/L.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3078-3084 [Abstract] ( 148 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 486KB] ( 729 )

	3085	Distribution features of the nitrogen and phosphorus along the depth of deep lake

		In order to explore the response characteristics between the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in water and the depth of water, this paper chose a typical mountain deep lake of Chongqing——Lake Longjing to carry out the experimental study. Concentration of total nitrogen in Lake Longjing was 0.65~3.77mg/L and the total phosphorus was 0.016~0.64mg/L. The total nitrogen concentration and water depth were significantly correlated in the whole lake and the regression equation’s accompanied probability of F value are all less than 0.05; the total phosphorus and water deeps were significantly correlated in 95% areas and the average value of R2 was 0.8734, the accompanied probability of average F value was 0.024. Therefore, the degree of eutrophication can be controlled by adjusting the water depth to regulate the concentration of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the upper water.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3085-3089 [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 477KB] ( 1441 )

	3090	Spatial-temporal modeling of phytoplankton in Lake Hongze using a 2-D hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model.

		The dynamics of algae biomass distribution in Lake Hongze was simulated using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model. Lake Hongze was divided into three zones, i.e., northern zone, eastern zone and western zone. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) was used to represent algal biomass in Lake Hongze. The initial and boundary data for the hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model included hydrological, meteorological and water quality data. The spatial distribution of Chl a, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in January was used as the initial data. The boundary data included daily water flow, temperature and precipitation. Ten most sensitive parameters (e.g., maximum growth rate of phytoplankton) were identified based on sensitivity analysis, and was optimized based on the value ranges from previous study. The calibration results showed good agreement between measured and simulated Chl a (r2=0.281, RMSE = 2.52 μg/L). Based on the calibrated model, the dynamics of Chl a distribution in Lake Hongze during 2012 were simulated. The simulation results generally showed two Chl a peaks in April and August. However, simulation Chl a at central and outlet areas had one peak or no obvious peak. Simulation Chl a at Yanwei station showed many peaks in the year. Simulation Chl a in three spatial zones was significantly different. In western zone, Chl a was low and showed low spatial heterogeneity. Spatial heterogeneity of Chl a in northern zone was low due to the low water flow. Chl a in the nearshore area was relatively higher, and was significantly affected by wind conditions. In eastern zone, spatial heterogeneity of Chl a was high due to the inflow rivers with large discharge, such as River Huai. The model well predicted the overall trend of Chl a in Lake Hongze during 2012. However, the model fits at some stations were relatively low due to the existing model uncertain. The modeling practice in this study improved our understanding of algae dynamics in Lake Hongze, and thus benefited us in controlling algal blooms.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3090-3100 [Abstract] ( 159 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1191KB] ( 1348 )

	3101	Distribution of nitrogen speciation at the sediment-water interface in Longjinggou Catchment Area of Longjinghu Lake

		Longjinghu Lake is a new deep lake based on the original channel with an artificial dam. Before comprehensive improvement, the sewage discharged into Longjinggou upstream is the main source of exogenous nitrogen of Longjinghu Lake. The paper aimed to investigate the space distribution characteristic of nitrogen forms and demonstrate the processes of nitrogen migration and transformation. According to the depth of water and aging age of sediments, sediment samples were collected from the three sampling regions including original channel, bottom region and slope of newly submerged area. Concentration of different nitrogen forms in the overlying water, interstitial water of sediment cores and total nitrogen in the surface sediment were analyzed. The results showed that there were existed similar speciation distribution trends of total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved organic nitrogen in the above samples, and the distribution were: original channel > bottom region> slope area, which similar to the change trend of water depth. The average concentration of total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen in the sediment interstitial water were 33.59, 14.62, 18.06mg/L and 23.01, 8.39, 13.75mg/L and 8.57, 2.81, 5.45mg/L respectively. The concentration change significantly along the slope and higher than that of overlying water, has great release potential. The average content of total nitrogen in the surface sediments from the original channel and the bottom region of newly submerged area were 3789 and 2984mg/kg respectively which was obviously higher than that of slope zone with the concentration of 1287mg/kg. The results could provide fundamentals for the prediction of internal load and the control of inner source pollution.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3101-3107 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1108KB] ( 1182 )

	3108	Characteristics of turbidity in summer in Lake Taihu and its application to the identification of water-sediment interface

		A field investigation was conducted of 61stations in Lake Taihu (summer, 2014). Based on the field measurements of several physical and chemical parameters, we first characterized the turbidity spatial and vertical distribution and analyzed its affecting factors. Then, water-sediment interface was identified using the measured vertical stratification of turbidity at the bottom in Lake Taihu. The results showed that the mean values of turbidity of surface, middle, and bottom layers were (28.3 ± 21.4), (23.0 ± 13.3), (31.7 ± 15.0) NTU, respectively. The maximum turbidity appeared in the northern regions of Lake Taihu, including Meiliang Bay and Gonghu Bay, followed by the southwestern open water. However, East Lake Taihu and Xukou Bay showed the lowest turbidity. The best predictor of turbidity of the surface, middle and bottom layers was the concentrations of chlorophyll a, inorganic suspended matter, and total suspended matter, respectively. The thickness of the water-sediment interface ranged from 45.0to 229.0mm with a mean value of (156.4 ± 53.5) mm. The higher thickness was observed in Gonghu Bay and southwestern open water. In contrast, the lower thickness appeared in East Lake Taihu and Xukou Bay. Significantly positive correlation was found between turbidity and the thickness of the water-sediment interface (R2=0.552). The study suggests that increasing turbidity frequently resulted from strong wind waves would increase the thickness of water-sediment interface. Therefore, the vertical stratification of turbidity can be used to quantitatively identify water-sediment interface thickness, which will provide scientific support for the study of nutrients exchange and material circulation between water-sediment interfaces.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3108-3116 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1103KB] ( 1381 )

	3117	Ecological stability of plankton biomass size structure in Liaodong Bay

		Based on net collection and analyzing of plankton samples over all consecutive seasons during 2012~2014, we investigated the characteristics of plankton population size and structure in northern and southern region of Liaodong Bay by microscope micrometer and biomass size spectrum theory. A stability assessment model of the plankton communities was also established. The results showed that energy transfer efficiencies of plankton in different trophic levels were approximately equal, but the conversion efficiency decreased with increasing trophic level. The stability factor of southern Liaodong Bay was 0.53, while it was 0.47 in northern region. Plankton communities in southern area of the Bay were more stable than those of northern areas and it was more apparent in summer season, which indicated that environmental stress was less for southern area. The average of eutropher coefficient (E) was 1.69 in northern area, suggesting that it was at a high eutropher level, while southern area was at a light eutropher level with the average of E 0.42. The seawater nutritional status analysis contributed that eutrophication was a potential cause of the deviation from steady state in these communities. The stability assessment model developed in this study would also be useful for comparing the health of plankton communities in different bays.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3117-3126 [Abstract] ( 186 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 808KB] ( 1502 )

	3127	Geochemistry of metals in the suspended particles in the lower reach of the Huanghe

		Suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples were collected at Kenli in the lower reach of the Huanghe daily during the water-sediment regulation event (WSRE) in June-July 2009 and monthly from April 2010 to November 2011. The concentrations of metal elements (Al, Fe, Mn, K, Na, Ca, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn) were determined by ICP-AES after digestion. The chemical weathering of suspended particles and the distributions of particulate heavy metals and their pollution status in the lower reach of the Huanghe are presented in this manuscript. Chemical index of alteration (CIA) is widely used to assess the degree of silicate weathering of the particles in the drainage basin. The CIA results in the lower reach of the Huanghe indicate that the chemical weathering of the partilces is moderate and there's nosignificant variation compared with historical data. The concentrations of particulate heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn) were higher in winter than in summer and were lower during the WSRE than the later stage. The seasonal and daily variations were mainly caused by the dilution of resuspended particulate matter and the grain-size effect. Enrichment factor (EF) results showed that Zn was moderate polluted while other heavy metals remained at natural levels. Three factors are extracted to explain the chemical composition of particulate matter, which are chemical weathering, variations of riverine runoff and human activity.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3127-3134 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 486KB] ( 1560 )

	3135	Analysis method and environmental risk assessment of 7aniline compounds of environmental water samples in Yangtze River of Nanjing section

		An analysis method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with positive ionization mode has been developed for measuring of seven aniline compounds in environmental water samples. The target compounds were separated on ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (3.5μm,2.1×150mm) column with mobile phases containing acetonitrile and 2mmol/L aqueous ammonium formate. Analytes confirmations were performed using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) and seven compounds were separated within 7min. The calibration curve was linear in the range 1~1000μg/L. Recovery experiments were performed using MCX extraction cartridge and concentrations varied from 0.8~20μg/L. The recovery rates for target compounds were in the range of 68.5%~102.2%, 71.4%~89.4%, 62.0%~78.3% (RSD < 6.9%, n=3), respectively. Base on the analysis method, the water samples in Yangtze River of Nanjing section at 14sampling site during the flow period (April, 2014), the wet period (August, 2014) and the dry period (December, 2014) were analysed. Four target compounds, including 4-Nitroaniline, 2,6-diethyl-Benzenamine, 3,4-Dichloroaniline and 4-Isopropylaniline, were determined in the water, while 4-Nitroaniline was all determined at 14sampling site during the flow period, the wet period and the dry period. Risk quotient method was utilized to evaluate the environmental risks for 4-Nitroaniline, and the results was low risk levels.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3135-3141 [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 1142 )

	3142	Pollution characteristics and human exposure of PBDEs in offices

		In order to evaluate the pollution status, congener distribution, human exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) at administrative places, twenty air samples were collected from administrative offices in Hangzhou from March to August in 2013. Fourteen congeners were detected using GC-ECD. Results showed that: the average concentration of PBDEs at the sampled offices were 9.57×102pg/m3. Compared with European countries, the pollution level of Hangzhou administrative sites is higher, BDE-209was the predominant congener, which accounted for about 57.4% of the total concentration. This indictes that Deca-bromodiphenyl is the major industrial source. The average concentration of PBDEs in administrative offices was 1.26 times of that in residential housings, and this difference was mainly reflected in BDE-209. The relative percentage of PBDEs in gas-solid phases was 50.0%(i.e., half of the PBDEs existed in gaseous form, and the other half was adsorbed on particulates), which may be caused by unbalanced distribution of PBDEs. In addition, the total intake of BDE-99was 2.03′102pg/(kg×d) for the administrative staff in Hangzhou, which was 21.7% lower than the daily allowable intake proposed by international standards.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3142-3149 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 480KB] ( 1530 )

	3150	Source apportionment and toxicity quantitation of PM2.5-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons obtained from Chengdu, China

		In this study, PM2.5-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in Chengdu, China, during the winter in 2010~2011. A total of 16 priority PAHs were measured, then the source identification, risk assessment and toxicity quantitation were conducted. The results showed that the total concentrations (ΣPAHs) ranging from 22.79 to 215.82ng/m3, with the average concentration 71.38ng/m3. The percentage of high ring (4~6ring) PAHs were in large proportion, ranging from 75.95% to 99.52%. Source apportionment were estimated by EPA PMF5.0 model and five sources were identified, including coal and wood combustion, diesel exhaust emissions and gasoline exhaust emissions. The risk assessment of PAHs was determined by the Equivalent factor (TEF), indicating that the toxicity of PAHs presenting in cute level. Finally, the PMF-TEF model was used to apportion the source contributions to toxicity of PAHs, illustrating that the toxicity contribution of PAHs from coal and wood combustion (12.39%), diesel exhaust emissions (24.78%) and gasoline exhaust emissions (62.83%). The conclusion in this work can provide the useful information in the process of the comprehensive environmental control.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3150-3156 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1019KB] ( 1299 )

	3157	Health risk perception to PM2.5 based on the credibility of information sources

		Risk perception was the foundation of risk communication and risk management. Understanding the characteristics of risk perception and the factors that were able to affect risk perception was conducive to effective risk communication and risk management. This paper investigated the public health risk perception to PM2.5 and the credibility of information sources based on the psychometric paradigm. The result showed that the credibility was just in an intermediate level in general. The credibility of experts and NGOs was higher than the credibility of government. In the aspect of regional comparison, the credibility result based on residents in Beijing was lower than that based on residents in Nanchang, but the risk perception was higher. Then this paper constructed an influence mechanism model of risk perception based on the structural equation model. Result showed that credibility had negative effect on risk perception, and the coefficient of credibility based in Beijing and Nanchang was 0.244 and 0.183, respectively. The individual characteristics could directly and indirectly affect risk perception through credibility, and the total coefficient was 0.222 and 0.214 respectively. The individual characteristics included basic individual information (age, income, occupation), health condition (the number of children and the elderly, their own health condition, suffering from respiratory disease or not), residential location and the way of working.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3157-3165 [Abstract] ( 165 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 373KB] ( 1340 )

	3166	Impact of urbanization on regional energy consumption and residents’ energy consumption in China

		Expanded Logarithmic Mean Decomposition Index (LMDI) method through introducing variables of urbanization and residential consumption. Decomposed regional energy consumption and residential energy consumption into six effects as energy structure, energy intensity, population scale, urbanization, residential consumption, and consumption inhibit. And then, this paper analyzedits influence on the overall regional energy consumption and residential energy consumption. Results show that: From 2003 to 2012, impact of urbanization on regional energy consumption and residential energy consumption of Chinese three areas was significantly higher than population size; The "eastern gathered" phenomenon of population causedeastern region getting the largest Population Scale Effect; Driving force of residential consumption on regional energy consumption and residential energy consumption was much higher than the other five effects; Due to the comparative advantage of residential consumptioncompared with government consumption, investmentand net export, the decrease of ratio of consumptionpromoted the growth of regional energy consumption; The progress of energy utilization technology slowed the growth of regional energy consumption.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3166-3176 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 767KB] ( 1094 )

	3177	Analysis of industrial environmental productivity and growth dynamic in China from the perspective of economic transformation

		In this paper, based on the global DEA directional distance function and MML productivity index, environmental productivity and decomposition variables were measured by resources and environmental constraints of from 2001 to 2012 in China, and the driving factors of green productivity industries were analyzed by the dynamic GMM estimation methods. The main conclusions were as follows. The average growth rate of green productivity of 36 industrial sectors was 2.3% from 2001 to 2012, environmental total factor productivity was mainly due to the progress of green technology progress and scale efficiency. Environmental total factor productivity showed clean production industry, polluting industries, pollution intensive industries in descending order of the different development pattern. Between the technical differences of groups showed reduction in the overall trend. Communications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry and Tobacco industry were pushing the outward expansion of the production frontier in each period. Dynamic analysis showed the scale economy of the input factors in the industrial sector. The reforms of Property Rights of industrial privatization and the adjustment of energy structure were conducive to enhancing the environmental productivity, capital deepening impacted on environmental productivity weakly. FDI inhibited the growth of environmental productivity, there was an inverted U - shaped relationship in environmental productivity efficiency and industry concentration. Heterogeneity of the technology of different groups had led to different effects on the environmental productivity.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3177-3186 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 790KB] ( 2083 )

	3187	An assessment of water quality in the Yellow River estuary and its adjacent waters based on principal component analysis

		Three surveys were conducted in the Yellow River estuary and its adjacent waters in June and July October 2013 for collecting the information on the 14 environmental variables including salinity, nutrients, COD and heavy metals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for analyzing the collected data and the potential driving variables influencing the water quality were evaluated. Four principal components were extracted from the 14 environmental variables, which explained 67.31% of the total variance in the original data set. Principal component analysis demonstrated that DIN, salinity, SiO32--Si and As were the dominating factors influencing the water quality in the Yellow River estuary and its adjacent waters. The PCA analysis indicated that pollution was more serious in the Yellow River estuary than in its adjacent waters, and the pollution in the southern area was more serious than that in the northern area. The most serious pollution occurred in October, followed by July and June. The Yellow River runoff was the main source of the estuary pollution. Management measures should be taken to protect environments along the Yellow River in order to improve the water quality in the Yellow River estuary and its adjacent waters.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3187-3192 [Abstract] ( 318 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 474KB] ( 2922 )

	3193	A two-stage evaluation system to identify optimum emergency disposal technology schemes of sudden water source pollutions

		In order to predict the threat level of sudden pollution on water source for obtaining the optimum emergency disposal technology scheme, the threat-evaluation index system with 10evaluation indexes is established in this study. The weights of the evaluation indicators are determined in accordance to corresponding threat levels. Besides, Group-G1index weighting method based on circling correction is put forward for reflecting the influence of differences among experts on index weights in group decision making. With Spearman rank correlation coefficient as the test criterion, the consensus ranking of evaluation index and experts’ weights are finally obtained through an iterative correction of onefold expert evaluation results with the combined evaluation methods integrating mean value method, Board method and Copeland method, so that the indexes are more accurate. In addition, the feasibility of this synthetic evaluation model has been verified through a sudden cadmium pollution incident that occurred in the Long River in 2012.
		2015 Vol. 35 (10): 3193-3200 [Abstract] ( 193 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 802KB] ( 1340 )

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