基于R语言的非点源颗粒态磷指数构建及应用——以丘陵红壤区小流域为例

苏静君; 赵洪涛; 焦茹媛; 房志达; 杨晓晶; 李叙勇

PDF(1787 KB)

中国环境科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4) : 1868-1877.

环境生态

基于R语言的非点源颗粒态磷指数构建及应用——以丘陵红壤区小流域为例

苏静君¹, 赵洪涛^1,3, 焦茹媛^2,4, 房志达¹, 杨晓晶^1,5, 李叙勇^1,3

作者信息 +

Identifying the critical sources areas of non-point particulate phosphorus based on an index approach in R: A case study in red soil hilly micro-watershed

SU Jing-jun¹, ZHAO Hong-tao^1,3, JIAO Ru-yuan^2,4, FANG Zhi-da¹, YANG Xiao-jing^1,5, LI Xu-yong^1,3

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

以南方丘陵红壤区典型小流域为例，构建了基于R语言的流域非点源颗粒态磷污染指数并进行应用.结果表明，（1）流域土壤侵蚀模数在0.7~15244.2t/（km²·a）之间，超出南方丘陵红壤区容许土壤侵蚀量的区域占流域面积59%；平均非点源颗粒态磷产生强度为0.86kg/hm²，超出非点源磷流失阈值的区域占流域面积14%.流域侵蚀等级以微、轻度为主，但中度及以上强度区域以较小的面积（7.2%）贡献了较大比例的流域侵蚀产生量（35%）和输出量（43%）、以及非点源颗粒态磷输出量（31%）.（2）识别的关键源区占流域面积14%，贡献了65%和58%的侵蚀土壤和颗粒态磷输出负荷；主要分布在近河道的坡地（<25°，水文距离≤800m），林地、耕地、园地是主要土地利用类型组成.（3）过量施肥导致的土壤磷素富集、强降雨条件下低丘缓坡地带的高易蚀性是关键源区形成的主因.研究进一步对关键源区进行分类分区，提出了以水土保持、配方施肥、工程治理为核心的非点源颗粒态磷污染治理组合措施.研究为丘陵红壤区流域非点源颗粒态磷污染的防治提供了较为系统完善的思路.

Abstract

This study developed a watershed-scale non-point source (NPS) particulate phosphorus (PP) index based on R statistical language and applied it in a red soil hilly subbasin. The results indicated that watershed soil erosion rates ranged from 0.7 to 15244.2 t/(km²·a), and 59% of the watershed area exceeded the regional soil erosion threshold. The average watershed NPS PP load was 0.86 kg/hm² and approximately 14% of the watershed area exceeded the NPS P loss threshold. Despite the fact that dominate soil erosions in the watershed were slight to mild, the small areas (7.2%) categorized as moderate to severe erosions contributed considerably larger shares to the total watershed loads of erosion and NPS PP loss (31%~43%). The critical sources areas (CSAs) for soil erosion and NPS PP loss were identified as 6.4 km² in area, mainly consisting of wood land, crop land and orchard land, which were adjacent to streams (≤ 800m) and with low to gentle slopes (<25°). The soil P enrichment due to excessive fertilization, as well as the high erosion potential facilitated the formation of these CSAs. The CSAs were further divided into zones according to land uses, hydrological distances and slopes, on which different management practices and strategies were recommended to target the erosion and NPS PP loss.

导出引用

苏静君, 赵洪涛, 焦茹媛, 房志达, 杨晓晶, 李叙勇. 基于R语言的非点源颗粒态磷指数构建及应用——以丘陵红壤区小流域为例[J]. 中国环境科学. 2021, 41(4): 1868-1877

SU Jing-jun, ZHAO Hong-tao, JIAO Ru-yuan, FANG Zhi-da, YANG Xiao-jing, LI Xu-yong. Identifying the critical sources areas of non-point particulate phosphorus based on an index approach in R: A case study in red soil hilly micro-watershed[J]. China Environmental Science. 2021, 41(4): 1868-1877

中图分类号： X522

参考文献

[1] Nelson N O, Shober A L. Evaluation of phosphorus indices after twenty years of science and development[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2012,41(6):1703-1710.
[2] Sharpley A, Kleinman P, McDowell R, et al. Modeling phosphorus transport in agricultural watersheds:Processes and possibilities[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2002,57(6):425-439.
[3] Pionke H B, Gburek W J, Sharpley A N. Critical source area controls on water quality in an agricultural watershed located in the Chesapeake Basin[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2000,14(4):325-335.
[4] Strauss P, Leone A, Ripa M, et al. Using critical source areas for targeting cost-effective best management practices to mitigate phosphorus and sediment transfer at the watershed scale[J]. Soil Use and Management, 2007,23(s1):144-153.
[5] McDowell R, Srinivasan M. Identifying critical source areas for water quality:2. Validating the approach for phosphorus and sediment losses in grazed headwater catchments[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 379(1):68-80.
[6] Heathwaite A, Dils R. Characterizing phosphorus loss in surface and subsurface hydrological pathways[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2000,251:523-538.
[7] Drewry J, Newham L, Greene R. Index models to evaluate the risk of phosphorus and nitrogen loss at catchment scales[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2011,92(3):639-649.
[8] Heathwaite A, Fraser A, Johnes P, et al. The Phosphorus Indicators Tool:a simple model of diffuse P loss from agricultural land to water[J]. Soil Use and Management, 2003,19(1):1-11.
[9] 周慧平,高超.巢湖流域非点源磷流失关键源区识别.环境科学, 2008,29(10):2696-2702. Zhou H P, Gao C. Identifying critical source areas for non-point phosphorus loss in Chaohu Watershed[J]. Environmental Sciences, 2008,29(10):2696-2702.
[10] 张淑荣,陈利顶,傅伯杰,等.农业区非点源污染潜在危险性评价——以于桥水库流域磷流失为例.第四纪研究, 2003,23(3):262-269. Zhang S R, Chen L D, Fu B J, et al. Assessment of the potential risk of non-point source pollution in agricultural areas:A case study of phosphorus loss in Yuqiao Reservoir watershed[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2003,23(3):262-269.
[11] 张平,高阳昕,刘云慧,等.基于氮磷指数的小流域氮磷流失风险评价.生态环境学报, 2011,20(6):1018-1025. Zhang P, Gao Y X, Liu Y H, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk assessment in a small watershed based on nitrogen and phosphorus indices[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011,20(6):1018-1025.
[12] 王丽华.密云县境内密云水库上游地区磷流失危险性评价[D]. 北京:首都师范大学, 2006. Wang L H. Risk assessment of phosphorus loss in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir in Miyun County, China[D]. Beijing:Capital Normal University, 2006.
[13] 宋月君,吴胜军,杨洁,等.基于GIS技术的农用地非点源磷污染危险性评价[J]. 测绘科学, 2009,34(3):164-166. Song Y J, Wu S J, Yang J, et al. Risk assessment of non-point source phosphorus pollution in agricultural land based on GIS technology[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2009,34(3):164-166.
[14] 李琪,陈利顶,齐鑫,等.妫水河流域农耕区非点源磷污染危险性评价与关键源区识别[J]. 环境科学, 2008,29(1):32-37. Li Q, Chen L D, Qi X, et al. Risk assessment of non-point source phosphorus pollution in Guishui River Basin and identification of key source areas[J]. Environmental Science, 2008,29(1):32-37.
[15] 李娜,郭怀成.农业非点源磷流失潜在风险评价——磷指数法研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2010,11:1360-1367. Li N, Guo H C. Potential risk assessment of phosphorus loss from agricultural non-point sources:Advances in phosphorus index method[J]. Progress in Geography, 2010,11:1360-1367.
[16] 殷培红,耿润哲,裴晓菲,等.以水环境质量改善为核心建立监督指导农业面源污染治理制度框架[J]. 环境与可持续发展, 2019,44(2):10-15. Yin P H, Geng R Z, Pei X F, et al. Establishment of a supervisory and guiding system framework for agricultural non-point source pollution control based on the improvement of water environment quality[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2019,44(2):10-15.
[17] 范晓娟,张丽萍,邓龙洲,等.侵蚀程度差异诱发的坡面产流-产沙-总磷流失特征[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(2):459-468. Fan X J, Zhang L P, Deng L Z, et al. Characteristics of runoff, sediment and total phosphorus loss induced by different degrees of erosion[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2019,39(2):459-468.
[18] 史鹏程,朱广伟,杨文斌,等.新安江水库悬浮颗粒物时空分布,沉降通量及其营养盐效应[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(5):143-154. Shi P C, Zhu G W, Yang W B, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution of suspended particulate matter in the Xin'anjiang Reservoir, China[J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(5):143-154.
[19] Palmer-Felgate E J, Jarvie H P, Withers P J A. Stream-bed phosphorus in paired catchments with different agricultural land use intensity[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystem & Environment, 2009,134(1/2):53-66.
[20] 吴嘉平,荆长伟.支俊俊编制,浙江省县市土壤图集[M]. 长沙:湖南地图出版社, 2012. Wu J P, Jing C W, Zhi J J. Soil Atlas of Zhejiang Province[M]. Changsha:Hunan Cartographic Press, 2012.
[21] Wischmeier W H, Smith D D. Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning[R]. Agriculture Handbook 537. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. USA, 1978.
[22] Renard K G, Foster G R, Weesies G A. Predicting soil erosion by water:a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)[R]. Agricultural Handbook 703. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. USA, 1997.
[23] 杨轩,梁音,方继青,等.基于日降雨信息的月降雨侵蚀力模型[J]. 土壤学报, 2010,47(2):216-222. Yang X, Liang Y, Fang J Q, et al. Monthly rainfall erosivity model based on daily rainfall information[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2010,47(2):216-222.
[24] 何锡君,吕振平,杨轩,等.浙江省降雨侵蚀力时空分布规律分析[J]. 水土保持研究, 2010,6:31-34. He X J, Lv Z P, Yang X, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in Zhejiang Province[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2010,6:31-34.
[25] Williams J R, Renard K G, Dyke P T. EPIC-a new model for assessing erosion's effect on soil productivity[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1984,8:381-383.
[26] 邓威,汪晶晶,白云,等.苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征[J]. 水土保持通报, 2020,40(1):85-90. Deng W, Wang J J, Bai Y, et al.Soil erosion and nutrient loss in the upper reaches of the Kudu River[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020,40(1):85-90.
[27] Moore I D, Grayson R B, Ladson A R, et al. Digital terrain modelling:A review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1991,5(1):3-30.
[28] Conrad O, Bechtel B, Bock M, et al. System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4[J]. Geoscientific Model Development Disscussions. 2015,8(7):1991-2007.
[29] O'Callaghan J F, Mark D M. The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data[J]. Computer Vision Graphics & Image Processing, 1984,28(3):323-344.
[30] Vadas P, Good L,Moore P, et al. Estimating phosphorus loss in runoff from manure and fertilizer for a phosphorus loss quantification tool[J]. Journal of environmental quality, 2009,38(4):1645-1653.
[31] Ferro V, Minacapilli M. Sediment delivery processes at basin scale[J]. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 1995,40(6):703-717.
[32] Hijmans R J. Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling[R package version 2.6-7]. R Package, 2015[Z].
[33] Keitt T, Bivand R, Pebesma E, et al. rgdal:Bindings for the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library[R package version 0.8-13]. R package, 2010[Z].
[34] Pebesma E. Simple Features for R:Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data[J]. The R Journal, 2018,10(1):439-446.
[35] Tennekes M. tmap:Thematic Maps in R[J]. Journal of Statistical Software, 2018,84.
[36] 谢如林,谭宏伟.我国农业生产对磷肥的需求现状及展望[J]. 磷肥与复肥, 2001,16(2):7-9. Xie R L, Tan H W. The current situation and prospect of phosphorus fertilizer demand in agricultural production in China[J]. Phosphate and Compound Fertilizers, 2001,16(2):7-9.
[37] Heckrath G, Brookes P C, Poulton P R, et al. Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1995, 24(5):904-910.
[38] 鲁如坤.土壤磷素水平和水体环境保护[J]. 磷肥与复肥, 2003,18(1):4-6. Lu R K. Soil phosphorus levels and water environmental protection[J]. Phosphorus and Compound Fertilizer, 2003,18(1):4-6.
[39] 孔向军,钭凌娟,钱东南,等.金华义乌红桃主产区土壤养分与其果品内在品质的相关性分析[J]. 园艺与种苗, 2013,(6):20-22,32. Kong X J, Dou L J, Qian D N, et al. Correlation analysis of soil nutrients and fruit quality in Yiwu Red Peach Production Area, Jinhua, China[J]. Horticulture and Seedling, 2013,(6):20-22,32.
[40] GB/SL190-2007土壤侵蚀分类分级标准[S]. GB/SL190-2007 Standard for classification and gration of soil erosion.[S].
[41] Ghebremichae L T, Veith T L, Hamlett J M. Integrated watershed-and farm-scale modeling framework for targeting critical source areas while maintaining farm economic viability[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2013,114:381-394.
[42] 陈思旭,杨小唤,肖林林,等.基于RUSLE模型的南方丘陵山区土壤侵蚀研究[J]. 资源科学, 2014,36(6):1288-1297. Chen S X, Yang X H, Xiao L L, et al. Soil erosion in the southern hilly region based on the RUSLE model[J]. Resources Science, 2014, 36(6):1288-1297.
[43] 李嘉峻,许有鹏,桑银江,等.GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀动态变化研究:浙江一例[J]. 南京大学学报(自然科学), 2005,3:297-303. Li J J, Xu Y P, Sang Y J, et al. Soil erosion dynamics under GIS:A case study in Zhejiang Province, China[J]. Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences), 2005,3:297-303.
[44] 耿润哲,王晓燕,段淑怀,等.小流域非点源污染管理措施的多目标优化配置模拟[J]. 农业工程学报, 2015,31(2):211-220. Geng R Z, Wang X Y, Duan S H, et al. Multi-objective optimal allocation simulation of non-point source pollution management measures in small watershed[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015,31(2):211-220.
[45] 章明奎,王阳,黄超.水网平原地区不同种植类型农田氮磷流失特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2011,22(12):3211-3220. Zhang M K, Wang Y, Huang C. Effects of different cropping types on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in water network plain[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011,22(12):3211-3220.
[46] 廖承彬.浙江省水土流失的时空动态研究[J]. 中国水土保持, 2010, 7:60-63. Liao C B. Spatial and temporal dynamics of soil and water loss in Zhejiang Province[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2010,7:60-63.
[47] 耿润哲.流域非点源污染及管理措施优化配置研究[M]. 北京:首都师范大学, 2012. Geng R Z. Study on the optimal allocation of non-point source pollution and management measures in watershed[M]. Beijing:Capital Normal University, 2012.
[48] 耿润哲,殷培红,马茜.基于关键源区识别的饮用水水源保护区划研究[J]. 环境科学研究, 2017,30(3):329-339. Geng R Z, Yin P H, Ma Q. A study on water source protection regionalization based on key source identification[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017,30(3):329-339.
[49] 耿润哲,殷培红,原庆丹.红枫湖流域非点源污染控制区划[J]. 农业工程学报, 2016,32(19):219-225. Geng R Z, Yin P H, Yuan Q D. Non-point source pollution control regionalization in Hongfeng Lake Watershed[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016,32(19):219-225.
[50] 张汪寿,耿润哲,王晓燕,等.基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价和分区——以北京怀柔区北宅小流域为例[J]. 环境科学学报, 2013, 33(1):258-266. Zhang W S, Geng R Z, Wang X Y, et al. Evaluation and zoning of non-point source pollution based on multi-criteria analysis:A case study of Beizhai watershed in Huairou District, Beijing, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2013,33(1):258-266.
[51] 廖承彬.红壤坡地水土流失过程分析与水土保持措施设计[M]. 浙江大学, 2008. Liao C B. Analysis of Soil and Water Loss Process and Design of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Red Soil Slope[M]. Zhejiang University, 2008.
[52] 童文彬,邱志腾,章明奎.植物有效磷与水溶性磷对土壤磷素积累的响应研究[J]. 农学学报, 2020,10(1):37-42. Tong W B, Qiu Z T, Zhang M K. Effects of plant available phosphorus and water soluble phosphorus on soil phosphorus accumulation[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020,10(1):37-42.