地下水环境背景值研究进展及展望

邓远东; 冶雪艳; 杜新强

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中国环境科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5) : 2530-2545.

水污染与控制

地下水环境背景值研究进展及展望

邓远东^1,2, 冶雪艳^3,4, 杜新强^3,4

作者信息 +

Progress and prospects of research on environmental background value of groundwater

DENG Yuan-dong^1,2, YE Xue-yan^3,4, DU Xin-qiang^3,4

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

确定地下水环境背景值是科学开展地下水污染识别、评价与防治工作的前提与关键.本文回顾了国内外地下水环境背景值研究发展历程,讨论了现有地下水环境背景值计算方法及其优缺点,总结了背景值合理性验证分析与成因分析的研究范式,最后指出了现有地下水环境背景值研究中存在的问题并展望了未来发展趋势.当前国内外学者对地下水环境背景值的命名与定义并不一致,虽均考虑了人类活动对地下水化学组分的影响,但如何定量确定概念中“人类活动影响较小”的阈值仍是难题.确定地下水环境背景值的方法大致分为数理统计方法、基于模型方法和其他方法.各方法均有优劣性,结合水化学与数理统计的组合方法成为目前地下水环境背景值计算的代表性组合方法之一,但对于微量组分与痕量组分的环境背景值计算方法还需进一步发展.通常结合异常点的周边污染源情况、污染百分比指数、水文地质条件、土地利用类型、岩性、稳定同位素结果等方面来综合判断环境背景值的合理性.区域地质与水文地质条件、沉积环境、含水层介质特征宏观控制地下水环境背景值,生物地球化学作用主导地下水环境背景值微观富集机制.基于环境背景值,可判断地下水污染程度、科学划定污染风险区,为环境监管与污染修复目标阈值提供参考值.未来应尽快建立全国地下水环境背景值数据库、重视地下水环境背景值的应用、科学利用大数据,对气候变化与人类活动影响下的全球地下水资源保护与污染防控措施优化具有重要意义.

Abstract

The determination of environmental background values for groundwater was recognized as a prerequisite and key step for the scientific identification, evaluation, and prevention of groundwater pollution. In this paper, the development history of groundwater environmental background value research was reviewed both domestically and internationally. Existing calculation methods for groundwater environmental background values were discussed along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The research paradigm for background value reasonableness validation analysis and cause analysis was systematically summarized. Finally, existing problems in current groundwater environmental background value research were identified, and future development trends were projected. It was observed that inconsistencies in naming and definitions of groundwater environmental background values persisted among scholars worldwide. Although the influence of human activities on groundwater chemical components had been considered, quantitative determination of the "low human activity impact" threshold in conceptual frameworks remained challenging. Methods for determining environmental background values were generally categorized into mathematical-statistical approaches, model-based methodologies, and other alternative techniques. Each method was found to possess distinct advantages and limitations. The combination of hydrochemical analysis with mathematical statistics was demonstrated to emerge as one of the representative integrated approaches for calculating groundwater environmental background values, though methodologies for trace and micro-component analysis were noted to require further development. The reasonableness of environmental background values was typically assessed through comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors including surrounding pollution sources, hydrogeological conditions, lithological characteristics, land use patterns, pollution percentage indices, and stable isotope results. Regional geological settings and hydrogeological conditions were identified as primary controllers of groundwater environmental background values, while biogeochemical processes were determined to dominate micro-enrichment mechanisms. Based on established environmental background values, groundwater pollution levels were effectively evaluated, pollution risk areas were scientifically delineated, and reference thresholds were provided for environmental regulation and remediation targets. Future priorities were emphasized to include the urgent establishment of a global groundwater environmental background value database, enhanced application of existing background value data, and strategic utilization of big data analytics. These measures were proposed to optimize global groundwater resource protection and pollution control strategies under combined pressures of climate change and anthropogenic impacts.

导出引用

邓远东, 冶雪艳, 杜新强. 地下水环境背景值研究进展及展望[J]. 中国环境科学. 2025, 45(5): 2530-2545

DENG Yuan-dong, YE Xue-yan, DU Xin-qiang. Progress and prospects of research on environmental background value of groundwater[J]. China Environmental Science. 2025, 45(5): 2530-2545

中图分类号： X52

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