The health human risk of inorganic arsenic (As) in groundwater was assessed usingthe skin cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer and the union of bladder cancer and lung cancer were selected as the endpoints. The geometric mean (GM) of arsenic concentrations in groundwater across China was estimated to be in the range of 1.597~6.216μg/L. After adjusting area of each province, the GM of As was 2.773μg/L. The average daily dose (ADDs) for maleand female of As via intake of underground water were estimated to be 0.088μg/(kg bw·d) and 0.093μg/(kg bw·d), respectively. Thus, the expected risk for male raised by As via groundwater exposure was calculated to be 1.32×10-4 for skin cancer, 9.83×10-4 for bladdercancer, 5.88×10-4 for lung cancer, and 1.48×10-3for joint cancer risk (bladder cancer and lung cancer). The cancer risk for female was 1.35×10-4, 9.42×10-4, 1.49×10-3, and 2.31×10-3 for skin, bladder, lung and the joint cancer risk, respectively, higher than those for male. In most provinces, the risk is higher than the acceptable risk level of 10-4 for As set by US EPA.
邓安琪, 董兆敏, 高群, 胡建英. 中国地下水砷健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(9): 3556-3565.
DENG An-qi, DONG Zhao-min, GAO Qun, HU Jian-ying. Health risk assessment of arsenic in groundwater across China. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2017, 37(9): 3556-3565.
Dibner, B. Agricolaon Metals[M]. Norwalk:Burndy Library, 1958:10-25.
[2]
Tseng W P, Chu H. M, How S. W, et al. Prevalence of skin cancer in an endemic area of chronic arsenicism in Taiwan[J]. Natl. Cancer Inst, 1968,40:453-463.
[3]
Cebrian M.E, Albores A, Aquilar M, et al. Chronic arsenic poisoning in the North of Mexico[J]. Hum.Toxicol, 1983,2:121-133.
[4]
Chakra A K, Saha K C. Arsenical dermatosis from tubewell water in West Bengal[J]. Indian J. Med., 1987,85:326-334.
[5]
Zaldivar R. Arsenic contamination of drinking water and food-stuffs causing endemic chronic poisoning[J]. Beitr Pathol, 1974, 151:384-400.
[6]
C-J. Chen, C-W. Chen, M-M. Wu, et al. Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water[J]. Br. J. Cancer, 1992,66:888-892.
[7]
IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). Arsenic and arsenic compounds[EB/OL]. Available from URL:http://www.inchem.org/docum-ents/ehc/ehc/ehc224.html, 2001.
[8]
WHO (World Health Organization). Arsenic in drinking-water:Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality[R]. Switzerland:WHO Press, 2011.
Rasool A, Farooqi A, Masood S, et al. Arsenic in groundwater and its health risk assessment in drinking water of Mailsi, Punjab, Pakistan[J]. Human And Ecological Risk Assessment, 2016,22:187-202.
[12]
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for arsenic (update)[R]. U.S. Atlanta:Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, 2007.
[13]
Brammer H, Ravenscroft P. Arsenic in groundwater:A threat to sustainable agriculture in South and South-east Asia[J]. Environment International, 2009,35(3):647-654.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Toxicological review of inorganic arsenic,In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)[R]. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010.
[16]
Yang L, Peterson P J, Williams P, et al. The relationship between exposure to arsenic concentrations in drinking water and the development of skin lesions in farmers from inner Mongolia, China[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2002,24:293-303.
[17]
Kwok R K, Mendola P, Liu Zhiyi, et al. Drinking water arsenic exposure and blood pressure in healthy womenof reproductive age in Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2007,222:337-343.
[18]
Wade T J, Xia Yajuan, Wu Kegong, et al. Increased Mortality Associated with Well-Water Arsenic Exposure in Inner Mongolia, China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2009,6:1107-1123.
[19]
Rodríguez-Lado L, Sun Guifan, Berg M, et al. Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Throughout China[J]. SCIENCE, 2013,341:866-868.
[20]
Morales K H, Ryan L, Kuo T L, et al. Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water[J]. Environ. Health Perspect., 2000,108:655-661.
[21]
NRC (National Research Council). Arsenic in drinking water (2001update)[R]. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 2011.
[22]
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Recommendations for and documentation of biological values for use in risk assessment[R]. Cincinnati, OH:Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, 1988.
[23]
Aigner E J, Leone A D, Falconer R L. Concentrations andenantiomeric ratios of organochlorine pesticides in soil from the U.S. Corn Belt[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998,32:1162-1168.
[24]
Gordon S M, Callahan P J, Nishioka M G, et al. Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona:Preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs[J]. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol., 1999,9:456-470.
[25]
Kim S K, Oh J R, Shim W J, et al. Geographical distribution and accumulation features of organochlorine residues in bivalves from coastal areas of South Korea[J]. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 2002,45:268-279.
[26]
An Wei, Hu Jian-ying, Yao Fang. A method of assessing ecological risk to night heron, nycticorax nycticorax, population persistence from dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane exposure[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2006,25(1):281-286.
[27]
Zhixiong Ning, Danelle T, et al. Residential exposure to drinking water arsenic in Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2007,222:351-356.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment[R]. 2005,70FR17765-17817.
[33]
Zhaomin Dong, Jianying Hu. Development of Lead Source-specific Exposure Standards Based on Aggregate Exposure Assessment:Bayesian Inversion from Biomonitoring Information to Multipathway Exposure[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012,46(2):1144-1152.