Estimation of coal-burning contamination emissions in mountain areas during winter season based on DEM: A case study of Mentougou, Beijing
LIU Shuang1, ZHANG Xiao1, ZHAO Wen-ji1, LI Shan-shan2, JIANG Lei2
1. College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China;
2. Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
At present, the research on coal pollution emissions has focused on plain areas and has largely ignored mountainous areas.In this paper the mountainous region of Mentougou in Beijing was selected as the research study area as it has 98.5% of its area covered by mountains. A stereo model was constructed to extract a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) using forward-looking and backward-looking ZY-3 images. Classification and a regression tree model (CART) combined with an object-oriented method were used to extract residential areas from GF-2 remote sensing images. Imagery interpretation along with statistical records of the residential areas were used to derive a coefficient of burning coal in a mountainous area. A statistical model was then developed to estimate coal consumption in a mountain area. A literature search helped us to determine emission factors and to estimate the specific emissions of PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SO2, and CO. With the help of remote sensing and a DEM this study demonstrates that the emission of coal-fired pollutants in mountainous areas can be measured efficiently and effectively. Terrain had a significant effect on coal combustion in winter. The derived coefficient of burning in a deep mountainous area was 12.5kg/m2 while the shallow mountain area exhibited a value of 9.375kg/m2. In the mountain region of Mentougou in 2017 the area of coal-fired residential buildings was 5.68km2. The derived coefficient of burning in a deep mountainous area was 12.5kg/m2 while the Shallow mountain area exhibited a value of 9.375kg/m2. The coal consumption was 0.0652 million tons in the winter, but the emission of air pollutants varied greatly among the towns in the mountainous areas.
刘爽, 张笑, 赵文吉, 李珊珊, 江磊. 基于DEM的山区冬季燃煤污染物排放遥感测算——以北京市门头沟区为例[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(10): 4270-4278.
LIU Shuang, ZHANG Xiao, ZHAO Wen-ji, LI Shan-shan, JIANG Lei. Estimation of coal-burning contamination emissions in mountain areas during winter season based on DEM: A case study of Mentougou, Beijing. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2019, 39(10): 4270-4278.
Zhang J F, Smith K R. Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China:Measurements, health Impacts, and interventions[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007,115(6):848-855.
[2]
刘丹,解强,张鑫,等.北京冬季雾霾频发期VOCs源解析及健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2016,37(10):3693-3701. Liu D, Xie Q, Zhang X, et al. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of VOCs during the haze period in the winter in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science, 2016,37(10):3693-3701.
[3]
张恒德,张庭玉,李涛,等.基于BP神经网络的污染物浓度多模式集成预报[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(4):1243-1256. Zhang H D, Zhang T Y, Li T, et al. Forecast of air quality pollutants' concentrations based on BP neural network multi-model ensemble method[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(4):1243-1256.
[4]
Wang Y, Yao L, Wang L, et al. Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2014,57(1):14-25.
[5]
张银晓,卢春颖,张剑,等.民用燃煤排放细颗粒中金属元素排放特征及单颗粒分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(9):3273-3279. Zhang Y X, Lu C Y, Zhang J, et al. Emission characteristics and individual particle analysis of metals in fine particles emitted from residential coal burning[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(9):3273-3279.
[6]
韩美丽,刘世杰,刘敏,等.京津冀民用燃煤减排对大气中BaP污染影响评估[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(9):3262-3272. Han M L, Liu S J, Liu M, et al. Assessment of the effect of the reduction of the residential coal combustion on the atmospheric BaP pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(9):3262-3272.
[7]
何绪文.民用燃煤大气污染物控排技术对策[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2017,23(4):12-17. He X W. Countermeasure of air pollutant controlled pollutation for civilian coal[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2017,23(4):12-17.
[8]
Wang L, Zhang N, Liu Z, et al. The influence of climate factors, meteorological conditions, and boundary-layer structure on severe haze pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region during January 2013[J]. Advances in Meteorology, 2014,2014:1-14.
[9]
Sun Y, Jiang Q, Wang Z, et al. Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze pollution in Beijing in January 2013[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2014,119(7):4380-4398.
[10]
Yang L, Cheng S, Wang X, et al. Source identification and health impact of PM2.5 in a heavily polluted urban atmosphere in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013,75(2013):265-269.
[11]
Wang H B, Tian M, Chen Y, et al. Seasonal characteristics, formation mechanisms and source origins of PM2[J]. Atmopheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018,18:865-881.
[12]
王彦超,蒋春来,贺晋瑜,等.京津冀大气污染传输通道城市燃煤大气污染减排潜力[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(7):2401-2405. Wang Y C, Jiang C L, He J Y, et al. Air pollutant emissions reduction potential from burning coal in cities of air pollution transmission channel in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(7):2401-2405.
[13]
王春兰,许诚,徐钢,等.京津冀地区天然气和热泵替代燃煤供暖研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(11):4363-4370. Wang C L, Xu C, Xu G, et al. Studies on replacing coal with natural gas and heat pump for heating in Jing-Jin-Ji region[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(11):4363-4370.
[14]
武娟妮,程亮,逯元堂,等.散煤采暖清洁化替代方式的生命周期清单分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(4):1570-1578. Wu J N, Cheng L, Lu Y T, et al. Life cycle inventory analysis of clean alternatives to scattered coal heating[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(4):1570-1578.
[15]
Cheng M, Zhi G, Tang W, et al. Air pollutant emission from the underestimated households' coal consumption source in China[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2017,580:641-650.
[16]
支国瑞,杨俊超,张涛,等.我国北方农村生活燃煤情况调查、排放估算及政策启示[J]. 环境科学研究, 2015,28(8):1179-1185. Zhi G R, Yang J C, Zhang T, et al. Rural Household Coal Use Survey, Emission Estimation and Policy Implications[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2015,28(8):1179-1185.
[17]
谢卧龙,张怀德,刘鑫,等.山西省农村地区燃煤采暖情况入户调查及排污量估算[J]. 环境科学研究, 2018,31(4):642-647. Xie W L, Zhang H D, Liu X, et al. Sampling survey and air pollutants emission estimation of coal combustion for heating in rural areas of Shanxi Province[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2018,31(4):642-647.
[18]
牛宏宏,王宝庆,刘博薇,等.乌鲁木齐市散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单及时空分布特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2019,32(1):135-141. Niu H H, Wang B Q, Liu B W, et al. Emission inventory and temporal-spatial distribution of air pollutants from residential coal combustion in Urumqi City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2019,32(1):135-141.
[19]
严茹莎,侯勇,陆建宇,等.长三角区域燃煤排放污染物现状及其环境影响[J]. 环境影响评价, 2016,38(6):66-72. Yan R S, Hou Y, Lu J Y, et al. Current situation of coal-fired emissions and its environmental impacts within Yangtze River Delta[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment, 2016,38(6):66-72.
[20]
赵文慧,徐谦,李令军,等.北京平原区城乡结合部燃煤散烧及污染物排放量估算[J]. 环境科学研究, 2015,28(6):869-876. Zhao W H, Xu Q, Li L J, et al. Estimation of air pollutant emissions from coal burning in the semi-rural areas of Beijing Plain[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2015,28(6):869-876.
[21]
张立坤,李令军,姜磊,等.北京市农业大棚冬季燃煤散烧污染排放估算[J]. 环境科学研究, 2017,30(5):654-662. Zhang L K, Li L J, Jiang L, et al. Estimation of air pollutant emissions from coal burning for agricultural greenhouses in winter in Beijing[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017,30(5):654-662.
[22]
赵文慧,姜磊,张立坤,等.北京平原区平房冬季燃煤量及污染物排放估算[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(3):859-867. Zhao W H, Jiang L, Zhang L K, et al. Estimation of coal consumption and related contamination emission in the plain area around Beijing during winter season[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(3):859-867.
[23]
刘茜,李泓,曹磊,等.北京市朝阳区城乡过渡带冬季采暖燃煤及大气污染物排放量估算[J]. 科技创新与应用, 2018,31(4):1-4. Liu Q, Li H, Cao L, et al. Estimation of coal-fired and atmospheric pollutant emissions from Urban-Rural Transition Zone in Chaoyang District of Beijing in winter[J]. Technology Innovation and Application, 2018,31(4):1-4.
[24]
孙建伟,王超,王娜,等.基于CART决策树的ZY-3卫星遥感数据土地利用分类监测[J]. 华中师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 50(6):937-943. Sun J W, Wang C, Wang N, et al. Research on land use classfication monitoring through the Remote Sensing data of ZY-3sate; ite based on CART decision tree[J]. Journal of Central China Normal University (Nat.Sci.), 2016,50(6):937-943.
[25]
李强,张景发.基于CART决策树提取高分辨率遥感影像建筑物信息[J]. 地震, 2013,33(2):96-102. Li Q, Zhang J F. Extraction of Building Information from High Resolution Images Based on CART Decision Tree[J]. Earthquake, 2013,33(2):96-102.
[26]
张森,陈健飞,龚建周.面向对象分类的决策树方法探讨_以Landsat-8OLI为例[J]. 测绘科学, 2016,41(6):117-121. Zhang S, Chen J F, Gong J Z. Object-oriented classification based on C5.0 algorithm[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2016,41(6):117-121.
[27]
胡芬,金淑英,李明. ZY-3卫星异轨立体影像DSM提取精度分析[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2016,39(11):17-21. Hu F, Jin S Y, Li M. Accuracy analysis of DSM extracted from ZY-3 Cross-track Stereo-imageries[J]. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2016,39(11):17-21.
[28]
李鹏程,曾毓敏,张梦.一种改进的Harris角点检测算法[J]. 南京师大学报(自然科学版), 2014,37(2):49-54. Li P C, Zeng Y M, Zhang M. An improved Harris corner detection[J]. Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2014, 37(2):49-54.
[29]
葛盼盼,陈强,顾一禾,等.基于Harris角点和SURF特征的遥感图像匹配算法[J]. 计算机应用研究, 2014,31(7):2205-2208. Ge P P, Chen Q, Gu Y H, et al. Algorithm of remote sensing image matching based on Harris corner and SURF feature[J]. Application Research of Computers, 2014,31(7):2205-2208.
[30]
黄艳,张丽,纪松,等.基于SGM的多分辨率影像匹配方法[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2016,33(6):588-592. Huang Y, Zhang L, Ji S, et al. Multi-resolution image matching method based on SGM[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2016,33(6):588-592.
[31]
吴亚文,鲁铁定.利用有理函数模型的几何定位仿射变换方法[J]. 测绘科学, 2015,40(4):48-52. Wu Y W, Lu T D. A affine transformation method of geometric positionong based on RFM[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2015,40(4):48-52.
[32]
高旭娜,刘瑞军,葛海军,等.基于PCI2012系统的WorldView-2立体影像DEM自动提取方法研究[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2014, 37(1):138-140+144. Gao X N, Liu R J, Ge H J, et al. The method of DEM automatic extraction from world view-2 stereo images based on PCI-2012[J]. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2014,37(1):138-140+144.
[33]
李庆鹏,王志刚,等.基于RPC模型区域网平差技术的立体影像DSM提取[J]. 航天器工程, 2011,20(3):126-130. Li Q P, Wang Z G, et al. Extraction of DSM from syreo images using block-adjustment technology based on RPC Model[J]. Spacecraft Engineering, 2011,20(3):126-130.
[34]
周启鸣,刘学军,等.空间数据的增值——以数字地形分析为例[J]. 地理信息世界, 2006,12(3):4-13. Zhou M Q, Liu X J, et al. Adding Valueto Spatial Data -Taking digital terrain analysisasan example[J]. Geomatcs World, 2006,12(3):4-13.
[35]
汪思妤,艾明,吴传勇,等.高分辨率卫星影像提取DEM技术在活动构造定量研究中的应用——以库米什盆地南缘断裂陡坎为例[J]. 地震地质, 2018,40(5):1000-1017. Wang S Y, Ai M, Wu C Y, et al. Application of DEM generation technology from high resolution satellite image in quantiative active tectonics study:A case study of fault scarps in the southern margin of KUMISHI basin[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2018,40(5):1000-1017.
[36]
赵文慧,李令军,鹿海峰,等.2015~2017年北京及近周边平房燃煤散烧及其污染排放遥感测算[J]. 环境科学, 2019,(4):1-15. Zhao W H, Li L J, Lu H F, et al. Estimation of coal consumption and the emission of related contaminants in the plain area around beijing during 2015~2017[J]. Environmental Science, 2019,(4):1-15.
[37]
潘涛,薛亦峰,钟连红,等.民用燃煤大气污染物排放清单的建立方法及应用[J]. 环境保护, 2016,144(6):20-24. Pan T, Xue Y F, Zhong L H, et al. The methodology for air pollutants emission inventory from residential coal combustion and its application[J]. Environmental Protection, 2016,144(6):20-24.
[38]
中华人民共和国环境保护部.民用煤大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)[S]. 2016:14-34. Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China. Technical guidelines for the compilation of air pollutant emission inventory from civil coal (trial implementation)[S]. 2016:14-34.
[39]
国务院第一次全国污染源普查领导小组,第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册[EB/OL]. 2008:2-23. http://www.topsage.com. The State Council Leading Group for the First National Pollution Source Census. Handbook for the first national pollution source census on urban domestic source production and discharge coefficient[EB/OL]. 2008:2-23. http://www.topsage.com.
[40]
叶建东,章永洁,蒋建云,等.农村型煤替代散煤采暖对比分析[J]. 建筑节能, 2016,44(11):102-103. Ye J D, Zhang Y J, Jiang J Y, et al. Comparison and analysis about mould coal and raw coal for rural heating[J]. Building Energy Conservation, 2016,44(11):102-103.
[41]
Li Q, Li X, Jiang J, et al. Semi-coke briquettes:towards reducing emissions of primary PM2.5, particulate carbon and carbon monoxide from household coal combustion in China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016,6(1):19306.
[42]
北京市统计局,国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴:[M]. 北京:中国统计出版社, 2018. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Survey Office of the National Bureau of Statistics in Beijing. Beijing statistical yearbook[M]. Beijing:China Statistical Publishing House, 2018.
