Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of mercury in Tibetan Plateau-Examples from typical marine glacial small watersheds
WU Fei1, ZHANG Fu-dong1, WANG Xun2, LI Qiu-hua1, JIANG Fan1
1. Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
Abstract：In this study, Hg and its speciation in snow, ice and streamflow in three typical tibetan marine glaciers were investigated to understand the controlling factors during Hg transport processes. Results show that THg (total Hg) concentrations of snow and ice samples in Gongga Glacier were slightly higher than the values of global background, while values in Mingyong Glacier and Midui Glacier were at the global background levels. The average THg concentrations of all snow, ice and water samples of three glaciers were (4.78±5.99) ng/L, (1.72±1.15) ng/L, (1.31±0.91) ng/L, respectively. The variation of THg concentration was in snow > in ice > in water. Such trend was mainly controlled by the processes of sedimentation of particulate Hg and the volatilization of gaseous elemental Hg. The THg concentration in the streamflow of Gongga was the highest in June (7.48±2.22) ng/L and the lowest in November (1.39 ±0.27) ng/L. The HgP was significantly correlated to the THg, and HgP/THg was the highest in snow, followed by ice, and the lowest in streamflow. The variation of HgP/THg and monthly average THg output in the streamflow of Gongga Mountain were controlled by streamflow and rainfall intensities. Principal component analysis further indicates that the THg concentration in snow and ice was mainly affected by atmospheric particulate deposition and monsoon transport. Compared with the other two glaciers, Gongga Glacier was more susceptible to influence by human activities because of much closer to the intensive populated areas.
吴飞, 张福栋, 王训, 李秋华, 江帆. 青藏高原中汞的分布特征及影响因素——以典型海洋性冰川小流域为例[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(11): 4776-4784.
WU Fei, ZHANG Fu-dong, WANG Xun, LI Qiu-hua, JIANG Fan. Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of mercury in Tibetan Plateau-Examples from typical marine glacial small watersheds. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2019, 39(11): 4776-4784.
Krabbenhoft D P, Sunderland E M. Global Change and Mercury[J]. Science, 2013,341(6153):1457458.
[2]
Canário J, Branco V, Vale C. Seasonal variation of monomethylmercury concentrations in surface sediments of the Tagus Estuary (Portugal)[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2007,148(1):0-383.
[3]
Gorski P R, Armstrong D E, Hurley J P, et al. Influence of natural dissolved organic carbon on the bioavailability of mercury to a freshwater alga[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2008,154(1):0-123.
[4]
Berg T, Sekkes?Ter S, Steinnes E, et al. Springtime depletion of mercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2003,304(1-3):43-51.
[5]
Brooks S B, Saiz-Lopez A, Skov H, et al. The mass balance of mercury in the springtime arctic environment[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006,33(13):L13812.
[6]
Schroeder W H, Anlauf K G, Barrie L A, et al. Arctic springtime depletion of mercury[J]. Nature, 1998,394(6691):331-332.
[7]
Steffen A, Lehnherr I, Cole A, et al. Atmospheric mercury in the Canadian Arctic. Part I:A review of recent field measurements[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2015,509-510:35.
[8]
Grinsted, A. An estimate of global glacier volume[J]. The Cryosphere, 2013,7(1):141-151.
[9]
Yao T, Thompson L G, Mosbrugger V, et al. Third pole environment (TPE)[J]. Environmental Development, 2012,3(1):52-64.
[10]
Beniston M. Climatic change in mountain regions:A review of possible impacts[J]. Climatic Change, 2003,59(1/2):5-31.
[11]
Sondergaard J, Tamstorf M, Elberling B, et al. Mercury exports from a High-Arctic river basin in Northeast Greenland (74°N) largely controlled by glacial Lake outburst floods[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2015,514:83-91.
[12]
Fisher J A, Jacob D J, Soerensen A L, et al. Riverine source of Arctic Ocean mercury inferred from atmospheric observations[J]. Nature Geoscience. 5:499-504.
[13]
Sun X, Wang K, Kang S, et al. The role of melting alpine glaciers in mercury export and transport:An intensive sampling campaign in the Qugaqie Basin, inland Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,220:936-945.
[14]
Paudyal R, Kang S, Huang J. Insights into mercury deposition and spatiotemporal variation in the glacier and melt water from the central Tibetan Plateau.[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,599-600:2046.
[15]
Huang J, Kang S, Guo J, et al. Mercury distribution and variation on a high-elevation mountain glacier on the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014,96:27-36.
[16]
秦大河,效存德,丁永建,等.国际冰冻圈研究动态和我国冰冻圈研究的现状与展望.应用气象学报, 2006,17(6):649-656. Qin Dahe, Xiao Cunde, Ding Yongjian, et al. Progress on cryospheric studies by international and Chinese communities and perspectives[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2006,17(6):649-656.
[17]
姚檀栋,朱立平.青藏高原环境变化对全球变化的响应及其适应对策[J]. 地球科学进展, 2006,21(5):459-464. Yao Tandong, Zhu Liping. The response of environmental changes on Tibetan Plateau to global changes and adaptation strategy[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2006,21(5):459-464.
[18]
刘宗香,苏珍,姚檀栋,等.青藏高原冰川资源及其分布特征[J]. 资源科学, 2000,22(5):49-52. Liu Zongxiang, Su Zhen, Yao Tandong, et al. Resources and distribution of glaciers on the Tibetan plateau[J]. Resources Science, 2000,22(5):49-52.
[19]
郑本兴,赵希涛,李铁松,等.梅里雪山明永冰川的特征与变化[J]. 冰川冻土, 1999,21(2):14550. Zheng Benxing, Zhao Xitao, Li Tiesong, et al. Characteristics and changes of Mingyong Glacier in Meili Snow Mountain[J]. Journal of glaciology and geocryology, 1999,21(2):14550.
[20]
Xu P, Zhu H F, Shao X M, et al. Tree ring-dated fluctuation history of Midui glacier since the little ice age in the southeastern Tibetan plateau[J]. Science China:Earth Sciences, 2012,55(4):521-529.
[21]
US EPA. Method 1631:Mercury in water by oxidation, purge and trap, and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry[M]. Revision E. Office of Water, Washington, DC (EPA-821-R-02-19), 2002.
[22]
阎海鱼,冯新斌,商立海,等.天然水体中痕量汞的形态分析方法研究[J]. 分析测试学报, 2003,22(5):103. Yan Haiyu, Feng Xinbin, Shang Lihai, et al. Study on Speciation Analysis Method of Trace Mercury in Natural Water[J]. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2003,22(5):103.
[23]
孙学军,王康,郭军明,等.青藏高原内陆典型冰川区"冰川-径流"汞传输过程[J]. 环境科学, 2016,37(2):482-489. Sun Xue-jun, WANG Kang, GUO Jun-ming, et al. Mercury Transport from Glacier to Runoff in Typical Inland Glacial Area in the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental Science, 2016,37(2):482-489.
[24]
梅露,王训,冯新斌,等.青藏高原贡嘎山冰川区水体中Hg的空间分布及其源汇特征[J]. 环境化学, 2016,35(8). Mei Lu, Wang Xun, Feng Xinbin, et al. Spatial distribution and source/sink characteristic of mercury in the water samples from the Mt.Gongga area in the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2016,35(8).
[25]
Beal S A, Osterberg E C, Zdanowicz C M, et aL. Ice core perspective on mercury pollution during the Past 600 Years[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015,49(13):7641-7647.
[26]
Eyrikh S, Eichler A, Tobler L, et al. A 320-year ice-core record of atmospheric Hg pollution in the Altai, Central Asia[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51:115971606.
[27]
Kang S, Huang J, Wang F, et al. Atmospheric mercury depositional chronology reconstructed from Lake sediment and ice cores in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50:2859-2869.
[28]
Schuster P F, Krabbenhoft D P, Naftz D L, et al. Atmospheric mercury Deposition during the Last 270Years:A Glacial Ice Core Record of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2002,36(11):2303-2310.
[29]
Bourtron C F, Vandal G M, Fitzgerald W F, et al. A forty year record of mercury in central Greenland snow[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998,25(17):3315-3318.
[30]
Zheng, Jiancheng. Archives of total mercury reconstructed with ice and snow from Greenland and the Canadian High Arctic[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2015,509-510:13344.
[31]
Zdanowicz C M, Krümmel E M, Poulain A J, et al. Historical variations of mercury stable isotope ratios in arctic glacier firn and ice cores.[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2016,30:1324347.
[32]
Jitaru P, Infante H G, Ferrari C P, et al. Present century record of mercury species pollution in high altitude alpine snow and ice[J]. Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings), 2003,107:683-686.
[33]
Li C, Kang S, Shi G, et al. Spatial and temporal variations of total mercury in Antarctic snow along the transect from Zhongshan Station to Dome A[J]. Tellus B, 2014:66.
[34]
Lahoutifard N, Sparling M, Lean D. Total and methyl mercury patterns in Arctic snow during springtime at Resolute, Nunavut, Canada[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005,39(39):7597-7606.
[35]
Sun S, Kang S, Huang J, et al. Distribution and transportation of mercury from glacier to Lake in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016:S1001074216000127.
[36]
Jiang H, Feng X, Dai Q, et al. The distribution and speciation of mercury in Wujiang river[J]. Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings), 2003,107:679-682.
[37]
Zheng W, Kang S C, Feng, et al. Mercury speciation and spatial distribution in surface waters of the Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibet[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010,55(24):2697-2703.
[38]
Fu X, Feng X, Zhu W, et al. Elevated atmospheric deposition and dynamics of mercury in a remote upland forest of southwestern China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2010,158(6):2324-2333.
[39]
Loewen M, Kang S, Armstrong D, et al. Atmospheric transport of mercury to the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007,41(22):7632-7638.
[40]
Zhang Q, Huang J, Wang F, et al. Mercury distribution and deposition in glacier snow over Western China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012,46(10):5404-5413.
[41]
Pirrone N, Cinnirella S, Feng X, et al. Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources[M]. Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere. Springer US, 2009.
[42]
Streets D G, Hao J, Wu Y, et al. Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005,39(40):7789-7806.
[43]
Pacyna E G, Pacyna J M, Steenhuisen F, et al. Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(22):4048-4063.
[44]
Wang S, Zhang L, Li G, et al. Mercury emission and speciation of coal-fired power plants in China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2009,10(3):1183192.
[45]
Fu X, Feng X, Zhu W, et al. Total particulate and reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air on the eastern slope of the Mt. Gongga area, China[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2008,23(3):0-418.
[46]
Fu X, Feng X, Wang S, et al. Temporal and spatial distributions of total gaseous mercury concentrations in ambient air in a mountainous area in southwestern China:Implications for industrial and domestic mercury emissions in remote areas in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2009,407(7):2306-2314.
[47]
Yin X, Kang S, Foy B D, et al. Multi-year monitoring of atmospheric total gaseous mercury at a remote high-altitude site (Nam Co, 4730m a.s.l.) in the inland Tibetan Plateau region[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2018,18(14):1-44.
[48]
Fu X, Feng X, Zhu W, et al. Total gaseous mercury concentrations in ambient air in the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, South-Eastern fringe of the Tibetan plateau, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(5):970-979.
