Laser split point shift in measuring carbon components of fugitive dust by thermal-optical method
WANG Jing1,2, XU Bo3, GUO Li-yao2, LI Li-ming2, MA Yin-hong2, LIANG Han-dong1, YANG Wen2, BAI Zhi-peng2
1. Beijing); 2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences; 3. Environmental Monitoring Center of Zibo
Abstract:In order to study the characteristics and causes of laser split point shift(LSPS) of Organic Carbon(OC) and Elemental Carbon(EC) in fugitive dust by thermal-optical method(IMPROVE_A TOT), and to propose two data processing methods, we collected 607 fugitive dust samples(road dust, urban dust, soil dust) from number of cities, including Xining, Shenyang, Zibo,Shiyan, and areas of Xinjiang Wu-Chang-Shi. We used resuspension chamber to collect PM2.5 filter samples from the fugitive dust.The results showed:road dust and urban dust samples mainly occurred early split of EC/OC, and the proportion was less than 10%.Carbonate carbon(CC) and metal/mineral elements were the main influencing factors. When the proportion of CC to total carbon(TC) was more than 9%, CC could be removed by adding acid. The soil dust samples mainly occurred late split of EC/OC, and the proportion was between 40% and 90%. The reason was that its EC was low(EC/TC<10.7%), resulting in the interference of laser by the remaining heat resistant Fe2O3 was greater than the absorption of laser by EC. We proposed two data processing methods to correct LSPS:(1) Setting OPC to zero(OPC0); or(2) a replaced value(OPCre). Based on the comparison with the reference values,the relative deviations of OC were 0.1%~10.3% and 2.1%~52.5%, and EC were 0.1%~2.9% and 0.1%~20.6%. They were much lower than the relative deviations caused by LSPS:0.6%~13.8% and 66.6%~149.6%. And the OPCre was better than OPC0.
王静, 徐勃, 郭丽瑶, 李丽明, 马银红, 梁汉东, 杨文, 白志鹏. 热光法测量扬尘碳组分的激光分割点偏移[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022, 42(3): 1073-1081.
WANG Jing, XU Bo, GUO Li-yao, LI Li-ming, MA Yin-hong, LIANG Han-dong, YANG Wen, BAI Zhi-peng. Laser split point shift in measuring carbon components of fugitive dust by thermal-optical method. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2022, 42(3): 1073-1081.
薛凡利,牛红亚,武振晓,等.邯郸市PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征及来源解析[J].中国环境科学, 2020,40(5):1885-1894.Xue F L, Niu H Y, Wu Z X, et al. Pollution characteristics and sources of carbon components in PM2.5 in Handan City[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(5):1885-1894.
[2]
王莉华,董华斌,闫才青,等.气溶胶OCEC切割点确定方法改进及应用[J].中国环境科学, 2012,33(9):2946-2952.Wang L H, Dong H B, Yan C Q, et al. Improvement and application of the Method for determination of OCEC split[J]. China Environmental Science, 2012,33(9):2946-2952.
[3]
国纪良,姬亚芹,马妍,等.盘锦市夏冬季PM2.5中碳组分污染特征及来源分析[J].中国环境科学, 2019,39(8):3201-3206.Guo J L, Ji Y Q, Ma Y, et al. Pollution characteristics and sources of carbon components in PM2.5during summer and winter in Pan jin city[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(8):3201-3206.
[4]
吴琳,冯银厂,戴莉,等.天津市大气中PM10、PM2.5及其碳组分污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学, 2009,29(11):1134-1139.Wu L, Feng Y C, Dai L, et al. Characteristics of PM10, PM2.5 and their carbonaceous species in Tianjin City[J]. China Environmental Science,2009,29(11):1134-1139.
[5]
Chan T W, Huang L, Banwait K, et al. Inter-comparison of elemental and organic carbon mass measurements from three North American national long-term monitoring networks at a co-located site[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2019,12(8):4543-4560.
[6]
Giannoni M, Calzolai G, Chiari M, et al. A comparison between thermal-optical transmittance elemental carbon measured by different protocols in PM2.5 samples[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,571:195-205.
[7]
Han Y M, Chen L W A, Huang R J, et al. Carbonaceous aerosols in megacity Xi'an, China:Implications of thermal/optical protocols comparison[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,132:58-68.
[8]
Angel T B, Preciosa C B P, Flora L S, et al. Intercomparison between NIOSH, IMPROVE_A, and EUSAAR_2protocols:Finding an optimal thermal-optical protocol for Philippines OC/EC samples[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2015,6(2):334-342.
[9]
Karanasiou A, Minguillón M C, Viana M, et al. Thermal-optical analysis for the measurement of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in ambient air a literature review[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 2015,8(9):9649-9712.
[10]
Ammerlaan B A J, Jedynska A D, Henzing J S, et al. On a possible bias in elemental carbon measurements with the Sunset thermal/optical carbon analyser caused by unstable laser signal[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,122:571-576.
[11]
Han Y M, Chen A, Cao J J, et al. Thermal/optical methods for elemental carbon quantification in soils and urban dusts:equivalence of different analysis protocols[J]. Plos One, 2013,8(12):1-13.
[12]
Cheng Y, Duan F, He K, et al. Intercomparison of thermal-optical method with different temperature protocols:Implications from source samples and solvent extraction[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012,61:453-462.
[13]
Cavalli F, Viana M, Yttri K E, et al. Toward a standardised thermaloptical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon:the EUSAAR protocol[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2010,3(5):79-89.
[14]
Subramanian R, Khlystov A Y, Robinson A L. Effect of peak inert-mode temperature on elemental carbon measured using thermaloptical analysis[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2006,40:763-780.
[15]
Joseph M C, Donna B K, Scott A W, et al. Paulsen. Optimizing thermal-optical methods for measuring atmospheric elemental (black) carbon:A response surface study[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology,2003,37(9):703-723.
[16]
Chow J C, Watson J G, Pritchett L C, et al. The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system:description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies[J]. Atmospheric Environmental,1993,27A (8):1185-1201.
[17]
Bian Q, Alharbi B, Shareef M M, et al. Sources of PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018,18(6):3969-3985.
[18]
Wang M, Xu B Q, Zhao H B, et al. The influence of dust on quantitative measurements of black carbon in ice and snow when using a thermal optical method[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology,2012,46(1):60-69.
[19]
Henrike B, Johannes S, Elena D K, et al. Impact of Fe content in laboratory-produced soot aerosol on its composition, structure, and thermo-chemical properties[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology,2012,46(12):1337-1348.
[20]
Jung J S, Kim Y J, Lee K Y, et al. The effects of accumulated refractory particles and the peak inert mode temperature on semi-continuous organic carbon and elemental carbon measurements during the CARE Beijing 2006campaign[J]. Environment, 2011,45(39):7192-7200.
[21]
郇宁,曾立民,邵敏.气溶胶中有机碳及元素碳分析方法进展[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2005,41(6):957-964.Xun N, Zeng L M, Shao M. Review of measurement techniques about organic carbon and elemental carbon in atmospheric particles[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2005,41(6):957-964.
[22]
Khan B, Hays M D, Geron C, et al. Differences in the OC/EC ratios that characterize ambient and source aerosols due to thermal-optical analysis[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2012,46(2):127-137.
[23]
Sandradewi, Prévôt ASH, Szidat, et al. Using aerosol light absorption measurements for the quantitative determination of wood burning and traffic emission contributions to particulate matter[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2008,42(9):3316-3323.
[24]
Birch M E, Cary R A. Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 1996,25(3):221-241.
[25]
Novakov T, Corrigan C E. Thermal characterization of biomass smoke particles[J]. Mikrochimica Acta, 1995,119(1/2):157-166.
[26]
Karanasiou A, Diapouli E, Cavalli F, et al. On the quantification of atmospheric carbonate carbon by thermal/optical analysis protocols[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2011,4(25):2409-2419.
[27]
Perrone M R, Piazzalunga A, Prato M, et al. Composition of fine and coarse particles in a coastal site of the central mediterranean:Carbonaceous species contributions[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(39):7470-7477.
[28]
Chow J C and Watson J G. PM2.5 carbonate concentrations at regionally representative interagency monitoring of protected visual environment sites[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2002,107(D21):1029-2001.
[29]
Koulouri E, Saarikoski S, Theodosi C, et al. Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the Eastern Mediterranean[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(26):6542-6550.
[30]
生态环境部.环境空气颗粒物来源解析监测技术方法指南[EB/OL].https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/sthjbsh/202005/t20200514_779089.html2020-05-14.Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Guide to technical methods for Source Apportionment and monitoring of ambient air particulate matter[EB/OL]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/sthjbsh/202005/t20200514_779089.html2020-05-14.
[31]
周睿智,闫才青,崔敏,等.山东省大气细颗粒物来源解析的研究现状与展望[J].中国环境科学, 2021,41(7):3029-3042.Zhou R Z, Yan C Q, Cui M, et al. Research status and prospects on source apportionment of atmospheric fine particulate matter in Shandong Province[J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(7):3029-3042.
[32]
窦筱艳,陆炳,孔少飞,等.西宁市典型开放源颗粒物粒径组成特征分析[J].中国环境监测, 2013,29(2):113-119.Dou X Y, Lu B, Kong S F, et al. Analysis on particle size distribution of typical open-Sources in Xining[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2013,29(2):113-119.
[33]
Yu H, Zhao X Y, Wang J, et al. Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2020,95(9):217-224.
[34]
Demir T, Yenisoy-KarakaşS, KarakaşD. PAHs, elemental and organic carbons in a highway tunnel atmosphere and road dust:Discrimination of diesel and gasoline emissions[J]. Building and Environment, 2019,160:106-166.
[35]
Rutter A P, Snyder D C, Schauer J J, et al. Contributions of resuspended soil and road dust to organic carbon in fine particulate matter in the Midwestern US[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45(2):514-518.
[36]
郭清源,白雯宇,赵雪艳,等.淄博市道路尘细粒子载带金属元素的来源与健康风险评价[J].环境科学, 2021,42(3):1245-1254.Guo Q Y, Bai W Y, Zhao X Y, et al. Source and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound metallic elements in road dust in Zibo city[J]. Environmental Science, 2021,42(3):1245-1254.
[37]
Liu E, Yan T, Birch G, et al. Pollution and health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban road dust in Nanjing, a mega-city of China[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2014,476-477(apr.1):522-531.
[38]
Nicolosi E, Quincey P, Font A, et al. Light attenuation versus evolved carbon (AVEC)-A new way to look at elemental and organic carbon analysis[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017,175:145-153.
[39]
MassabòD, Altomari A, Vernocchi V, et al. Two-wavelength thermal-optical determination of light-absorbing carbon in atmospheric aerosols[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2019,12(6):3173-3182.
[40]
Yu H, Yu J Z. Modal characteristics of elemental and organic carbon in an urban location in Guangzhou, China[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2009,43(11):1108-1118.
[41]
Conrad B M, Johnson M R. Split point analysis and uncertainty quantification of Thermal-Optical organic/elemental carbon measurements[J]. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2019,(151):1-12.
[42]
王冠,马丽娟,王阳阳,等.上海市街道尘埃中碳组分污染特征[J].中国环境科学, 2019,39(4):1405-1411.Wang G, Ma L J, Wang Y Y, et al. Pollution characteristics of carbon components in street dust in Shanghai[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(4):1405-1411.
[43]
Cao J J, Chow J C, Watson J G, et al. Size-differentiated source profiles for fugitive dust in the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(10):2261-2275.
[44]
陈魁,白志鹏.颗粒物再悬浮采样器研制与应用[J].环境工程,2006,24(5):67-68.Chen K, Bai Z P. Development and application of particle resuspension sampler[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2006,24(5):67-68.
[45]
付爱瑞,陈庆芝,罗治定,等.碱熔-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定大气颗粒物样品中无机元素[J].岩矿测试, 2011,30(6):751-755.Fu A R, Chen Q Z, Luo Z D, et al. Quantification of inorganic elements in aerosol samples by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry with alkali melting[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2011,30(6):751-755.
[46]
赵雪艳,杨文,王静,等.典型物流城市2016年冬季2次污染过程PM2.5污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学, 2019,40(3):1052-1061.Zhao X Y, Yang W, Wang J, et al. Source apportionment and pollution characteristics of PM2.5during the two heavy pollution episodes in the Winter of 2016 in a typical logistics city[J].Environmental Science, 2019,40(3):1052-1061.
[47]
Chow J C, Watson J G, Chen L W A, et al. Refining temperature measures in thermal/optical carbon analysis[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2005,5:4477-4505.
[48]
QX/T 508-2019大气气溶胶碳组分膜采样分析规范[S].QX/T 508-2019 Specifications for carbon analysis of atmospheric aerosol by filter sampling[S].
[49]
胡敏,邓志强,王轶,等.膜采样离线分析与在线测定大气细粒子中元素碳和有机碳的比较[J].环境科学, 2008,29(12):3297-3303.Hu M, Deng Z Q, Wang Y, et al. Comparison of EC/OC in PM2.5between filter sampling off-line analysis and in situ on-line measurement[J]. Environmental Science, 2008,29(12):3297-3303.
[50]
Cao J J, Lee S C, Zhang X Y, et al. Characterization of airborne carbonate over a site near Asian dust source regions during spring2002 and its climatic and environmental significance[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005,110:1-8.
[51]
Lin C, Friedlander S K. A note on the use of glass fiber filters in the thermal analysis of carbon containing aerosols[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1988,22(3):605-607.
[52]
Huang X F, Yu J Z, He L Y, et al. Size distribution characteristics of elemental carbon emitted from Chinese vehicles:results of a tunnel study and atmospheric implications[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006,40(17):5355-5360.