Abstract:With a panel dataset of 23 provinces from 2002 to 2018, a two-way fixed effects estimator was used to evaluate the impacts of pesticide use on local elders’ medical expenditure as well as on that of elders located in downstream provinces. According to the results, a 1% increase in local per capita pesticide usage led to an increase of approximately 15.26 yuan in per capita medical expenditure for the local elders, while the effect of local pesticide use for elders located in downstream provinces was statistically insignificant. Heterogeneous effects were observed based on drinking water sources. In particular, a 1% increase in local per capita pesticide use led to an increase of approximately 179.50 yuan on medical expenditure for elders who relied on non-tap water sources. These results suggested that local governments should continue to implement agricultural and environmental policies that reduce local pesticide usage, address pesticide pollution within province, and increase tap water accessibility for elders in rural areas.
张红亮, 赵临轩, 马书琪, 吴健, 徐上. 水体农药污染对老年群体的医疗支出的影响分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023, 43(6): 3203-3210.
ZHANG Hong-liang, ZHAO Lin-xuan, MA Shu-qi, WU Jian, XU Shang. The impact of pesticide use on elders’ medical expenditure through water pollution. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2023, 43(6): 3203-3210.
Sun B, Zhang L, Yang L, et al. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China:causes and mitigation measures[J]. Ambio, 2012,41(4):370-379.
[2]
Centanni M, De Girolamo A M, Romano G, et al. A review of modeling pesticides in freshwaters:current status, progress achiedved and desirable improvements[J]. Environmental pollution, 2019,316:120553.
[3]
Jayasiri M, Yadav S, Dayawansa N D K, et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of water quality for pesticides and other agricultural pollutants in Deduru Oya river basin of Sri Lanka[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022,330:129897.
[4]
刘维屏,季 瑾.农药在土壤-水环境中归宿的主要支配因素——吸附和脱附[J]. 中国环境科学, 1996,(1):25-30. Liu W P, Ji J. One of the most important factors affecting the fate of pesticide in soil-water environmental:sorption and desorption[J]. China Environmental Science, 1996,(1):25-30.
[5]
Gilevska T, Masbou J, Baumlin B, et al. Do pesticides degrade in surface water receiving runoff from agricultural catchments? combining passive samplers (POCIS) and compound-specific isotope analysis[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,842:156735.
[6]
刘国恩,蔡春光,李 林.中国老人医疗保障与医疗服务需求的实证分析[J]. 经济研究, 2011,46(3):95-107,118. Liu G W, Cai C G, Li L. Medical insurance and medical care demand for the elderly in China[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2011,46(3):95-107,118.
[7]
王晓峰,冯园园.人口老龄化对医疗卫生服务利用及医疗卫生费用的影响——基于CHARLS面板数据的研究[J]. 人口与发展, 2022, 28(2):34-47. Wang X F, Feng Y Y. The Influence of population aging on utilization of medical services and medical service cost——a research based on the CHARLS panel data[J]. Population and Development, 2022, 28(2):34-47.
[8]
Rola A C, Pingali P L. Pesticides, rice productivity, and farmers' health:an economic assessment[M]. IRRI CABI, 1993.
[9]
Huang J, Qiao F, Zhang L, et al. Farm pesticides, rice production, and human health in China[M]. EEPSEA, Singapore, SG, 2001.
[10]
孙肖瑜,王 静,金永堂.我国水环境农药污染现状及健康影响研究进展[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2009,26(7):649-652. Sun X Y, Wang J, Jin Y T. Advances in research on pesticide pollution to the aquatic environment and health impact in China[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2009,26(7):649-652.
[11]
Ding G, Bao Y. Revisiting pesticide exposure and children's health:focus on China[J]. Science of the total environment, 2014,472:289-295.
[12]
胡雄星,夏德祥,韩中豪,等.苏州河水及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与归宿[J]. 中国环境科学, 2005,(1):125-129. Hu X X, Xia D X, Han Z H, et al. Distribution characteristics and fate of organochlorine pesticide in water-sediment of Suzhou River[J]. China Environmental Science, 2005,(1):125-129.
[13]
邵 阳,杨国胜,刘韦华,等.北京地区地表水中OCPs和PCBs的污染分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016,36(9):2606-2613. Shao Y, Yang G S, Liu W H, et al. The study of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface water around Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(9):2606-2613.
[14]
王建伟,张彩香,潘真真,等.江汉平原地下水中有机磷农药的分布特征及影响因素[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016,36(10):3089-3098. Wang J W, Zhang C X, Pan Z Z, et al. Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of organophosphorus pesticides in Jianghan plain groundwater[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(10):3089-3098.
[15]
刘 静,路 凤,杨延钊,等.南四湖农业面源污染现状及控制措施[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2011,21(S1):292-295. Liu J, Lu F, Yang Y Z, et al. Current status and control measures of agricultural non-point source pollution in Nansi Lake watershed[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011,21(S1):292-295.
[16]
Dickie M, Gerking S. Benefits of reduced morbidity from air pollution control:a survey[J]. Studies in Environmental Science, 1989,36:105-122.
[17]
Zmirou D, Deloraine A, Balducci F, et al. Health effects costs of particulate air pollution[J]. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 1999:847-856.
[18]
Quah E, Boon T L. The economic cost of particulate air pollution on health in Singapore[J]. Journal of Asian Economics, 2003,14(1):73-90.
[19]
Zhu B, Pang R, Chevallier J, et al. Including intangible costs into the cost-of-illness approach:a method refinement illustrated based on the PM2.5 economic burden in China[J]. The European Journal of Health Economics, 2019,20(4):501-511.
[20]
Dwight R H, Fernandez L M, Baker D B, et al. Estimating the economic burden from illnesses associated with recreational coastal water pollution-a case study in Orange County, California[J]. Journal of environmental management, 2005,76(2):95-103.
[21]
Ali G, Bashir M K, Abbas S, et al. Drinking-water efficiency, cost of illness, and peri-urban society:an economic household analysis[J]. Plos one, 2021,16(9):e0257509.
[22]
Lai W. Pesticide use and health outcomes:Evidence from agricultural water pollution in China[J]. Journal of environmental economics and management, 2017,86:93-120.
[23]
Liu J, Schelar E. Pesticide exposure and child neurodevelopment:summary and implications[J]. Workplace health & safety, 2012,60(5):235-242.
[24]
Ntzani E E, Ntritsos G C M, Evangelou E, et al. Literature review on epidemiological studies linking exposure to pesticides and health effects[J]. EFSA Supporting Publications, 2013,10(10):497E.
[25]
Fu S, Viard V B, Zhang P. Trans-boundary air pollution spillovers:physical transport and economic costs by distance[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2022,155:102808.
[26]
Wang Q, Fu Q, Shi Z, et al. Transboundary water pollution and promotion incentives in China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 261:121120.
[27]
Talukder B, Hipel K W. Diagnosis of sustainability of trans-boundary water governance in the Great Lakes basin[J]. World Development, 2020,129:104855.
[28]
Yu X. Transboundary water pollution management:lessons learned from river basin management in China, Europe and the Netherlands[J]. Utrecht Law Review, 2011,7(1):188-203.
[29]
Lu J. Can the central environmental protection inspection reduce transboundary pollution? Evidence from river water quality data in China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022,332:130030.
[30]
Jo C. Cost-of-illness studies:concepts, scopes, and methods[J]. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2014,20(4):327-337.
[31]
Jeyaratnam J. Acute pesticide poisoning:a major global health problem[J]. World health statistics quarterly 1990;43 (3):139-144.
[32]
Alavanja M C R, Hoppin J A, Kamel F. Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure:cancer and neurotoxicity[J]. Annual review of public health, 2004,25:155-197.
[33]
Li L W, Zhang J, Liang J. Health among the oldest-old in China:which living arrangements make a difference?[J]. Social science & medicine, 2009,68(2):220-227.
[34]
Gu D, Zhang Z, Zeng Y. Access to healthcare services makes a difference in healthy longevity among older Chinese adults[J]. Social science & medicine, 2009,68(2):210-219.
[35]
Peng R, Ling L, He Q. Self-rated health status transition and long-term care need, of the oldest Chinese[J]. Health Policy, 2010,97(2/3):259-266.
[36]
闫慧敏,刘纪远,曹明奎.中国农田生产力变化的空间格局及地形控制作用[J]. 地理学报, 2007,(2):171-180. Yan H M, Liu J Y, Cao M K. Spatial pattern and topographic control of China's agricultural productivity variability[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007,(2):171-180.
[37]
吴 见,王帅帅,谭 靖.基于安徽省土地利用变化的地形梯度效应分析[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2016,25(2):239-248. Wu J, Wang S S, Tan J. Analysis on land use terrain gradient pattern changes in Anhui province[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2016,25(2):239-248.
[38]
Deryugina T, Heutel G, Miller N H, et al. The mortality and medical costs of air pollution:evidence from changes in wind direction[J]. American Economic Review, 2019,109(12):4178-4219.
[39]
Jiang W. Have instrumental variables brought us closer to the truth[J]. The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 2017,6(2):127-140.
[40]
中国农业农村部.农业部关于印发《到2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》和《到2020年农药使用量零增长行动方案》的通知[Z]. 2015. http://www.zzys.moa.gov.cn/gzdt/201503/t20150318_6309945.htm. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Notice from the ministry of agriculture on issuing "the action plan for zero growth in chemical fertilizer use by 2020" and "the action plan for zero growth in pesticide use by 2020"[Z]. 2015. http://www.zzys.moa.gov.cn/gzdt/201503/t20150318_6309945.htm
[41]
中国农业农村部.农业现代化辉煌五年系列宣传之二十六:化肥农药使用量零增长行动取得明显成效[Z]. 2021. http://www.ghs.moa.gov.cn/ghgl/202107/t20210716_6372084.htm Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Glorious five years of agricultural modernization series promotion part 26:achieving significant results in the action of zero growth in chemical fertilizer and pesticide use[Z]. 2021. http://www. ghs.moa.gov.cn/ghgl/202107/t20210716_6372084.htm.
[42]
人民日报.国家统计局:60岁及以上人口比重达18.7% 老龄化进程明显加快[Z]. 2021. http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2021/0511/c1004-32100026.html. People's Daily. National Bureau of Statistics:Proportion of population aged 60 and above reaches 18.7%, aging process accelerates significantly[Z]. 2021. http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2021/0511/c1004-32100026.html.
[43]
中国政府网.农村集中供水率和自来水普及率分别达89%和84% 农民生活环境卫生状况明显改善[Z]. 2022. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-04/15/content_5685320.htm. The State Council of the People's Republic of China. The rural centralized water supply rate and tap water coverage rate have reached 89% and 84% respectively, indicating a significant improvement in the living environment and sanitation of rural residents[Z]. 2022. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-04/15/content_5685320.htm.