Adsorption performance of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on hydrochar derived from food waste
CHEN Fan1, CHEN Jiang-liang1, LIU Xue-mei1, ZHI Yue1,2, LI Wei1,2, WANG Xiao-ming1,2
1. Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; 2. College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Abstract：This study focused on the preparation of activated hydrochar (AC) from high water content food waste through hydrothermal carbonization combined with high temperature activation. Multiple methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the AC. Adsorption experiments and kinetic analysis were conducted to investigate the adsorption behavior of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of emerging pollutants of global concern, with the aim of providing insights for waste treatment and pollution control. The results showed that the AC possessed a high specific surface area (206.97m2/g) and hydrophobic surface properties, which facilitated the adsorption of PFAS. At environmentally relevant concentrations (~40μg/L), the adsorption distribution coefficients (log Kd) of PFAS on AC ranged from 2.38 to 6.49L/kg, higher than those reported for other biochars. This highlighted the favorable adsorption performance of AC towards the studied PFAS. The Langmuir isotherm adsorption model and the Elovich kinetic model effectively described the adsorption process, suggesting that PFAS adsorption on AC occurred similarly to monolayer chemisorption. Additionally, for PFCA and PFSA, the log Kd values exhibited a positive correlation with the perfluoroalkyl chain length, indicating the significance of hydrophobic interactions in the adsorption of PFAS on AC.
Wang Z, DeWitt J C, Higgins C P, et al. A never-ending story of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)?[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51(5):2508-2518.
[2]
Du Z, Deng S, Bei Y, et al. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of perfluorinated compounds on various adsorbents-A review[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014,274:443-454.
[3]
张悦清,赵娅新,余佳,等.城市水环境PFAAs前驱体污染特征及健康风险[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(12):5896-5904. Zhang Y Q, Zhao Y X, Yu J, et al. Contamination and health risk of precursors of PFAAs in urban aquatic environment[J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(12):5896-5904.
[4]
Yu Q, Zhang R, Deng S, et al. Sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate on activated carbons and resin:Kinetic and isotherm study[J]. Water Research, 2009,43(4):1150-1158.
[5]
王菟,包一翔,钟金魁,等.水中PFAS吸附去除技术研究进展[EB/OL]. 中国环境科学, DOI:10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.20230802.d. Wang T, Bao Y X, Zhong J Q, et al. Research progress on adsorption technologies for PFAS removal from water[EB/OL]. China Environmental Science, DOI:10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.20230802.d.
[6]
Saawarn B, Mahanty B, Hait S, et al. Sources, occurrence, and treatment techniques of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous matrices:A comprehensive review[J]. Environmental Research, 2022,214:114004.
[7]
Krahn K M, Cornelissen G, Castro G, et al. Sewage sludge biochars as effective PFAS-sorbents[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023,445:130449.
[8]
Hameed B H, Tan I A W, Ahmad A L. Adsorption isotherm, kinetic modeling and mechanism of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol on coconut husk-based activated carbon[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2008, 144(2):235-244.
[9]
王小铭,陈江亮,谷萌,等."无废城市"建设背景下我国餐厨垃圾管理现状,问题与建议[J]. 环境卫生工程, 2019,27(6):1-10,15. Wang X M, Chen J L, Gu M, et al. Status quo, problems and countermeasures faced by China's food waste management under the background of "Zero Waste City" construction[J]. Environmental Sanitation Engineering, 2019,27(6):1-10,15.
[10]
魏潇潇,王小铭,李蕾,等.1979~2016年中国城市生活垃圾产生和处理时空特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(10):3833-3843. Wei X X, Wang X M, Li L, et al. Temporal and spatial characteristics of municipal solid waste generation and treatment in China from 1979 to 2016[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(10):3833-3843.
[11]
Pham T P T, Kaushik R, Parshetti G K, et al. Food waste-to-energy conversion technologies:Current status and future directions[J]. Waste Management, 2015,38:399-408.
[12]
Liu Y, Sun Y, Wan Z, et al. Tailored design of food waste hydrochar for efficient adsorption and catalytic degradation of refractory organic contaminant[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021,310:127482.
[13]
Flora J F R, Lu X, Li L, et al. The effects of alkalinity and acidity of process water and hydrochar washing on the adsorption of atrazine on hydrothermally produced hydrochar[J]. Chemosphere, 2013,93(9):1989-1996.
[14]
Parshetti G K, Chowdhury S, Balasubramanian R. Hydrothermal conversion of urban food waste to chars for removal of textile dyes from contaminated waters[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014,161:310-319.
[15]
de Lima H H C, Llop M E G, dos Santos Maniezzo R, et al. Enhanced removal of bisphenol A using pine-fruit shell-derived hydrochars:Adsorption mechanisms and reusability[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021,416:126167.
[16]
GB/T212-2008煤的工业分析方法[S]. GB/T212-2008 Industrial analysis method for coal[S].
[17]
Liu T, Hu L X, Han Y, et al. Non-target and target screening of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate and impact on groundwater in Guangzhou, China[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,844:157021.
[18]
谷萌,魏潇潇,刘华祖,等.垃圾填埋与焚烧渗滤液全(多)氟化合物赋存特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(4):1555-1562. Gu M, Wei X X, Liu H Z, et al. Occurrence of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in leachates from landfills and incineration plants[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(4):1555-1562.
[19]
Xiao X, Ulrich B A, Chen B, et al. Sorption of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) relevant to aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted groundwater by biochars and activated carbon[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51(11):6342-6351.
[20]
Tran T H, Le A H, Pham T H, et al. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic modeling of methylene blue dye onto a carbonaceous hydrochar adsorbent derived from coffee husk waste[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,725:138325.
[21]
Higgins C P, Luthy R G. Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006,40(23):7251-7256.
[22]
Tan I A W, Ahmad A L, Hameed B H. Adsorption of basic dye on high-surface-area activated carbon prepared from coconut husk:Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008,154(1-3):337-346.
[23]
Chen X, Xia X, Wang X, et al. A comparative study on sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by chars, ash and carbon nanotubes[J]. Chemosphere, 2011,83(10):1313-1319.
[24]
Wu F C, Tseng R L, Juang R S. Characteristics of Elovich equation used for the analysis of adsorption kinetics in dye-chitosan systems[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009,150(2/3):366-373.
[25]
张莹,谷萌,孙捷,等.餐厨垃圾水热炭化产物分配规律及液固产物特性研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(1):239-249. Zhang Y, Gu M, Sun J, et al. The product distribution of hydrothermal carbonization of food waste and the characteristics of liquid-and solid-products[J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(1):239-249.
[26]
Zhi Y, Liu J. Sorption and desorption of anionic, cationic and zwitterionic polyfluoroalkyl substances by soil organic matter and pyrogenic carbonaceous materials[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018,346:682-691.
[27]
Han L, Ro K S, Sun K, et al. New evidence for high sorption capacity of hydrochar for hydrophobic organic pollutants[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50(24):13274-13282.
[28]
He C, Giannis A, Wang J Y. Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using hydrothermal carbonization:Hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior[J]. Applied Energy, 2013, 111:257-266.
[29]
林有胜.基于组分基团的城市生活垃圾水热碳化机理及其应用基础研究[D]. 广州:华南理工大学, 2018:72-73. Lin Y S. The research on the mechanism of high-grade fuel from municipal solid waste by hydrothermal carbonization and application studies of hydrochars[D]. Guangzhou:South China University of Technology, 2018:72-73.
[30]
薛香玉,陈德珍,戴晓虎,等.污泥水热反应产物特性与水热温度选择[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2016,36(19):5254-5262,5407. Xue X Y, Chen D Z, Dai X H, et al. Properties of products from sewage sludge hydrothermal processes and product oriented temperature choice[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2016,36(19):5254-5262,5407.
[31]
Liu N, Wu C, Lyu G, et al. Efficient adsorptive removal of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids using reed straw-derived biochar (RESCA)[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,798:149191.
[32]
Kupryianchyk D, Hale S E, Breedveld G D, et al. Treatment of sites contaminated with perfluorinated compounds using biochar amendment[J]. Chemosphere, 2016,142:35-40.
[33]
Wang Z, Alinezhad A, Nason S, et al. Enhancement of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal from water by pyrogenic carbons:Tailoring carbon surface chemistry and pore properties[J]. Water Research, 2023,229:119467.
[34]
Wang Z, Alinezhad A, Sun R, et al. Pre-and postapplication thermal treatment strategies for sorption enhancement and reactivation of biochars for removal of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water[J]. ACS ES&T Engineering, 2023,3(2):193-200.
[35]
Fabregat-Palau J, Vidal M, Rigol A. Examining sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in biochars and other carbon-rich materials[J]. Chemosphere, 2022,302:134733.
[36]
Leon y Leon C A, Solar J M, Calemma V, et al. Evidence for the protonation of basal plane sites on carbon[J]. Carbon, 1992,30(5):797-811.
[37]
Zhi Y, Liu J. Adsorption of perfluoroalkyl acids by carbonaceous adsorbents:Effect of carbon surface chemistry[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015,202:168-176.
