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2010 Vol.30 Issue.3,Published 2010-03-20
289 Physicochemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 collected in Shanghai urban atmosphere and at Lin’an background atmospheric monitoring station
YAO Zhen-Kun, FENG Man, 吕Sen-Lin , ZHANG Jin-Ping, WANG Qing-Ti, FENG Jia-Liang, WU Ming-Hong, SHENG Guo-Ying, FU Jia-Mo
The ambient PM2.5 particles were sampled synchronously at two sites,Xujiahui (a commercial center in Shanghai) and Lin’an background atmospheric monitoring station (in Zhejiang Province) in April 2008.The microscopic image of the particles were characterized by using of FESEM/EDS, while their chemical elements composition and the valence of zinc in the samples were investigated by using synchrotron radiation fluorescence technique. The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 in Xujiahui and Lin’an were (131.6?65.2), (83.5?22.9)μg/m3, respectively. The Xujiahui PM2.5 was primarily consisted by soots, flying ash and mineral particles, while the Lin’an PM2.5 was mainly composed by irregular shaped fine particles. Mass concentrations of the 19 elements (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Pb) were almost higher in Xujiahui PM2.5 than in Lin’an PM2.5. The result of synchrotron radiation XANES indicated that the valence of zinc was mainly in the form of zinc sulfate at the both sites. Enrichment factor analysis demonstrated all the elements except K, Ca was more enriched in Shanghai PM2.5 than in Lin’an PM2.5.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 289-295 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 657KB] ( 1596 )
296 Variation characteristics of fungi aerosols in the near-surface atmospheric layer in Beijing and surrounding area
DU Rui, ZHOU Yu-Guang
To study variation characteristics of bioaerosols in the near-surface atmospheric layer, measurements of fungi aerosols in the near-surface atmospheric layer by using six grade Andersen sampler was carried out at three different sites and in different seasons from April, 2005 to October, 2006. Clear variations in diversity of bioaerosols were found in different regions, obvious seasonal variations of the dominant category in fungi aerosols were observed for all three regions, evident variations of concentration of fungi aerosols during the day were also found, but there were no common mode of the diurnal variations of bioaerosols. In the meantime, the different size distribution characteristics of fungi aerosols in the atmosphere in metropolitan Beijing, suburb town Xianghe and remote site Xinglong were also interpreted.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 296-301 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 424KB] ( 832 )
302 Effects of simulated sulfate deposition on CH4 fluxes from tidal wetland in the Min River estuary
TONG Chuan, LIU Zheng-Zheng, ZENG Cong-Sheng, ZHONG Chun-Qi, HUANG Jia-Fang
In order to examine the effects of simulated sulfate deposition on methane emissions in estuary wetlands, monthly pulses of dissolved Na2SO4 were applied to the Cpyerus malaccensis wetland on the neap dates in the Min River estuary over nine months in doses of 25,50,100 kg SO42--S/ (hm2?a ). There was no suppression in most months, only in fewer months, there was a weak suppression. A suppressive effect on methane production amount was observed in the simulated SO42- addition in laboratory anaerobic incubation experiment, however, the suppression percentage was only between 8.5% to 15.4 % ralative to control treatment. The adding of non-competitive methane production substrates (methanol and trimethylamine) increased methane production amount in laboratory anaerobic incubation experiment, which would explain the conclusion that simulated SO42- deposition in situ had no suppression on methane emission in estuary wetlands.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 302-308 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 452KB] ( 701 )
309 Magnetic susceptibility of the dust of street in Xi’an and the implication on pollution
LI Peng, QIANG Xiao-Ke, TANG Yan-Rong, FU Chao-Feng, XU Xin-Wen, LI Xu-Bin
With the aim at investigating the distribution of pollution in Xi′an city, a systematical sampling of street dust was carried out. Rock magnetic measurement showed the street dust had a high magnetic susceptibility and low frequency dependent susceptibility. Their obviously negative correlation indicatd that the magnetic enhancement mainly attribute to the human activity. Thermomagnetic analysis indicated that the samples affected by electricity generation station were dominated by magnetite, while samples influenced by several sources had maghemite, hematite and little amount of pure iron as their dominant magnetic minerals. Statistical analysis exhibited a great positive correlation between the magnetic susceptibility and elements like Pb and Ba which attribute to the traffic, pollution and elements like Cu and Cr which were resulted by metallurgic industry. Pollution in Xi′an city mainly attribute to the traffic pollution and metallurgic industry, and magnetic susceptibility could be used to reflect the intensity of pollution. Besides, magnetic susceptibility displayed a different correlation with different element in different districts. And this may indicate that the human activity that caused magnetic enhancement was different in each district in the city.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 309-314 [Abstract] ( 379 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 677KB] ( 20307 )
315 Characterization of SMP in the effluent of thermophilic anaerobic digestion process treating synthetic glucose wastewater
HE Pin-Jing, ZHAO You-Liang, HAO Li-Ping, 吕Fan , SHAO Li-Ming
A thermophilic anaerobic sequenced batch reactor was applied to treat synthetic glucose wastewater in order to investigate the characteristics of soluble microbial product (SMP) in the effluent of thermophilic anaerobic digestion process. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the effluent was fractionated using size exclusion chromatography and characterized by dissolved organic carbon content (DOC), UV254 absorbance and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix. The SMP accounted for 90.8% of the DOM in the effluent. The distribution ratios of SMP in high-molecular weight (MW) (10k~100kDa), medium-MW (1k~10kDa) and low-MW (<1kDa) DOM fractions were 46.8%, 45.4%, 7.8%, respectively. The DOM fraction with high MW showed higher ultraviolet absorptivity than that with low and medium MW. The SMP was characterized by relatively high content of tyrosine-like substances and low content of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like substances. Low-MW fraction mainly contained tyrosine-like aromatic substances, whereas all fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like substances distributed in the medium-MW fraction, and tryptophan-like protein and soluble microbial by-product-like substance extensively distributed in different MW range fractions. There was no significant difference between the fluorescence profiles of high and medium MW fractions, except a little change in the structures of tryptophan-like aromatic protein and soluble microbial by-product-like substances.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 315-321 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 552KB] ( 569 )
322 Optimization estimation of kinetic parameters for heterotrophic biomass based on batch respirometric method
ZHOU Zhen, WU Zhi-Chao, WANG Zhi-Wei, TANG Shu-Juan, GU Guo-Wei
Based on activated sludge models (ASM) modified by dual hydrolysis mechanism, kinetic parameters for heterotrophic biomass were estimated by nonlinear optimization algorithm in combination with batch respirometric tests. Parameter estimation results of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Shanghai showed that, the modified model after optimization provided the best model fit with the experimentally determined oxygen uptake rate profiles. At 26℃, the heterotrophic decay rates for activated sludge from Quyang WWTP and Bailonggang WWTP were respectively 0.58, 0.55 d-1, and similar maximum specific growth rate (both about 4 d-1) and half-saturation constant (2.00, 2.36 mg/L) were obtained. The hydrolysis rate of slowly biodegradable organics in wastewater from the Bailonggang WWTP was significantly higher than that of the Quyang WWTP, which was mainly attributed to its smaller particles after long- pipeline transportation.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 322-327 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 585KB] ( 815 )
328 Inhibition dynamics of heavey metals on the anaerobic degradation of 2-chlorophenol
CHEN Hao, CHEN Ling, HUANG Ai-Qun, WANG Hong
The effects of Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Fe2+ on 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) anaerobic degradation velocity and their inhibitive dynamics were studied. Fe2+ had almost no inhibition on 2-CP degradation process with the injection concentration between 0 and 500mg/l, while Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ presented obviously negative function and the relative toxicity was Cu2+>Ni2+>Cd2+. CIP could be used to evaluate the relationship between metal concentration and inhibitive strength. Furthermore, inhibition kinetic equation could be applied to depict the characteristic of metal ion inhibition and quantity relationship between the maximum inhibiting concentration of metal ions and their dosage and was also able to evaluate the inhibition level of heavy metal ions. According to the equation fitting results the strongest inhitory concentrions (I*) of 25mg/L Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ were 458.7, 1693.5, 1528.5mg/L respectively. And the values of I* and m revealed that the relative inhibitive strength of these metals on 2-CP degradation was Cu2+>Ni2+>Cd2+.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 328-332 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 421KB] ( 480 )
333 Effect of pH on phosphorus removal in sequencing batch reactor with single-stage oxic process
DING Yan, WANG Dong-Bo, LI Xiao-Ming, YANG Qi, ZENG Guang-Ming
To investigate the effect of pH on biological phosphorus removal in single-stage oxic process, two lab-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated (R1: pH 8±0.2; R2: pH 7±0.2) using synthetic wastewater, and variations of the main intracellular polymer during a cycle were also compared to discuss the probable reasons for different performances of phosphorus removal. Both R1 and R2 performed well in phosphorus removal, 94.9% and 83.5% of the average efficiencies of phosphorus removal in R1 and R2 were respectively obtained, suggesting that the effect of pH on phosphorus removal was slight in such a single-stage oxic process. The reason for the higher performance of phosphorus removal in R1 was its stronger dependence on polyphosphate. During the aerobic period, the accumulation of glycogen by bacteria in R1 was lower than that in R2 (R1:1.42mmol/g, R2:1.55mmol/g), but the degradation of glycogen in R1 was higher than that in R2 (R1:1.41mmol/g, R2:1.19mmol/g); in the idle phase, glycogen in R2 degraded obviously while that in R1 seldom degraded. Besides, though obvious phosphorus release was observed in both R1 and R2, the content of phosphorus released in R1 was higher than that in R2 (R1:9.65mg/L, R2:7.33mg/L). A slight decrease and increase of PHA were respectively observed during the aerobic and the idle periods in R2 while no obvious change of PHA was found in R1 during the whole period.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 333-338 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 369KB] ( 571 )
339 Treatment of humic acid contained water using combined coagulation-ultrafiltration-disinfection processes
WANG Qian, WANG Yan, GAO Bao-Yu, ZHOU Xu-Zhi, YUE Qin-Yan, YANG Zhong-Lian
The synthetic water containing humic acid and kaolin was treated using composite coagulant polyaluminum chloride and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PAC-PDMDAAC) firstly. Then, the water treated by coagulation was filtrated using ultrafiltration membrane. The effect of coagulant dosage and pH on the water treatment efficiency was investigated. Disinfection was carried out for the water treated by coagulation or by combined coagulation- ultrafiltration processes using NaClO solution as disinfectant. The residual chlorine data was fitted using first-order chlorine decay model and the initial concentrations of fast reacting agents and slow reacting agents were obtained by calculating the residual chlorine data using the software AQUASIM. For the purpose of lowest concentration of precursors of disinfection by-products, there existed different coagulant dosages and pH for coagulation and coagulation- ultrafiltration processes. For the water treated by coagulation, the concentration of precursors of disinfection by-products was the lowest when the flocs size was small and the flocs size behaved a concentrated distribution. While for the water treated by coagulation- ultrafiltration, the concentration of precursors of disinfection by-products was the lowest when the flocs size distribution curve had two peaks and the volume percentage of flocs with larger particle size was higher.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 339-344 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 509KB] ( 850 )
345 Removal of arsenic in micro-polluted water by enhanced coagulation
LI Ming-Yu, MA Pei-Pei, CAO Gang, WANG Jian-Ping, REN Gang, SONG Lin
The removal of arsenic in micro-polluted water by enhanced coagulation was studied with poly ferric sulfate (PFS) and poly aluminum chloride (PAC). The effects of pH, dosage of coagulant and oxidant, initial concentration of arsenic and initial turbidity on the removal efficiency of arsenic were discussed. The removal rate of arsenic treated with PFS was higher than that of with PAC. Under the condition of pH6~8 and PFS 0.078mmol/L, the residual concentration of arsenic in post-treated water was lower than 0.01 mg/L for raw water with initial concentration of arsenic 0.1 mg/L.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 345-348 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 299KB] ( 1026 )
349 Removal of heavy metals from electroplating sludge by electrokinetic enhancement technology
PENG Gui-Qun, TIAN Guang-Ming
To enhance the heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni) removal from electroplating sludge by electrokinetic(EK) enhancement technology, the EK experiments were carried out with and without pH adjustment in cathode chamber of acidified electroplating sludge. The electrokinetic experiments were conducted under a constant potential (32V) during seven days of EK process. The selective sequential extraction (SSE) was used to determine the fractionation of heavy metals in the electroplating sludge. The mobility of heavy metals in electroplating sludge significantly increased after its acidification at the pH of 4.5 and followed the order: Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb. After the experiment with acidified electroplating sludge and pH adjustment at cathode chamber, the removal efficiencies of heavy metals were:74.02% for Zn, 68.38% for Ni, 39.22% for Cu, 21.37% for Pb, and the exchangeable, carbonate and sulfate fractionations of heavy metals in initial electroplating sludge were converted to soluble fractionation. However, electroplating sludge acidified treatment and pH adjusted in cathode chamber of acidified electroplating sludge treatment were not beneficial to improve the removal efficiency of Cr, the removal efficiency of Cr decreased from 77.83% of control treatment to 40.65% of electroplating sludge acidified treatment, and furthermore, decreased to 12.80% of pH adjusted in cathode chamber of acidified electroplating sludge treatment.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 349-356 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 560KB] ( 825 )
357 Culture condition optimization and the demulsification efficiency of a bacterial strain
HOU Ning, LI Da-Peng, YANG Ji-Xian, MA Fang, WANG Jin-Na
A strain belonging to Bacillus mojavensis, with high capability of de-emulsification was isolated from contaminated oily soil in Daqing oilfield. And for O/W model emulsions, more than 83% efficiency of de-emulsification was obtained for the strain within 24h. According to the orthogonal test, the most favorable incubation conditions for growth and de-emulsification efficiency, as well as the environmental factors influencing de-emulsification efficiency of the strain were investigated. The most favorable fermentative conditions for growth were temperature were at 25℃, 160 r/min,and pH 9.0, inoculating ratio of 10%,culturing time for 40h; and that for de-emulsification occurred when temperature were at 25℃,pH 9.0, and 160 r/min,inoculating ratio of 6%,culturing time for 20h. The optimum environmental conditions for de-emulsification were followings: pH5~9, temperature of 30~50℃, the best proportion of the whole bacteria culture and O/W model emulsions was 1:5.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 357-361 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 346KB] ( 637 )
362 Influence of total solid content and ratio of inoculum to substrate on anaerobic digestion of lincomycin biowaste
XU Song, WU Duo, 吕Fan , SHAO Li-Ming, HE Pin-Jing
Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate mesophilic anaerobic digestion of lincomycin biowaste. The performances of anaerobic digestion were compared at different total solid contents (3%, 5%, 8%, 10%) and ratios of inoculum to substrate (0.5,1, 2,3). According to the analysis on gas and liquid phase, it is shown that the lower total solid content and the higher ratio of inoculum to substrate conduced to higher methane production. After 10 days’ running, the treatment at 3% in total solid content and 3 in the ratio of inoculum to substrate shows the highest amount of net cumulative methane production from VS of 106 mL/g. Furthermore, the inhibition existed when the total solid content was higher than 5% and the ratio of inoculum to substrate was less than 2. Therefore, anaerobic digestion of lincomycin biowaste should be implemented at less than 5% of total solid content and the ratio of inoculum to substrate greater than 2, so that the inhibition by the residual lincomycin in biowaste and the product of anaerobic digestion (ammonia and volatile fatty acids) could be alleviated.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 362-368 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 505KB] ( 781 )
369 Variations of total organic carbon and particulate organic carbon in paddy soils contaminated by heavy metals
ZHENG Xiao-Cha, XIA Bei-Cheng, LIN Xiao-Fang, XU Chao, ZHAO Peng
Six soil profiles were sampled from a paddy field contaminated by heavy metals in the downstream area of Hengshihe River in Dabaoshan Mine in the north of Guangdong Province. Vertical distributions of total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and the ratio of POC to TOC in the soil profiles were studied. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stability under different levels of heavy metal contamination were discussed. Compared to slightly and moderately contaminated sample plots, TOC decreased drastically in severely contaminated soil profiles, and the vertical distribution of TOC changed obviously due to severe heavy metal contamination. POC varied similarly as TOC among different soil layers. However, the variation of POC was more distinctive than that of TOC. Heavy metal contamination affected the vertical distribution characteristics and allocation proportion of different organic carbon fractions, thus had an effect on soil organic carbon stability and availability. POC increased distinctively in the moderately contaminated soils, leading to acceleration of SOC degradation and loss. TOC decreased distinctively in the severely contaminated soils, reduced fixation and accumulation of SOC. Different heavy metals potentially had different effects on stability of SOC, and there was an antagonism between Pb and Cu, Cd. Pb enhanced stability of SOC, while Cu and Cd had adverse effects. However, the associative effect of multiple heavy metals totally inclined to reduce stability of SOC.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 369-373 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 290KB] ( 978 )
374 Concept and tactic of clean water runoff generation mechanism restoration in lake watershed
JIN Xiang-Can, HU Xiao-Zhen
Based on three decades’ research and practical experiences in lake eutrophication control field, the overall idea with pollution source systematic treatment, restoration of watershed aquatic runoff generation mechanism, improvement of lakes habitat and enforcing management as the main direction on the lake eutrophication control was put forward with special focus on the concept and restoration tactic about restoration of watershed clean water runoff generation mechanism. The concept of watershed clean water runoff generation mechanism was introduced with an analysis on the runoff generation, concentration and inflow processes in the watershed runoff. The concept, idea, technical methods of the clean water runoff generation mechanism restoration and key problems during the restoration were discussed based on the explanation of the causes of destruction. Taking the Dongda River Watershed of Fuxian Lake as an example, the river watershed was divided into three regions, that is, clean water runoff generation region, pollution control and purification region and lakeshore region. The clean water amount and pollutants generated were analyzed in the three regions and the relevant restoration countermeasures were suggested based on investigation of regional characteristics.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 374-379 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 307KB] ( 1171 )
380 Distribution of metals in surface sediments of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea
HU Ning-Jing, SHI Xue-Fa, HUANG Peng, LIU Ji-Hua
The concentrations of major and trace elements in surface sediments of Liaodong Bay, were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS), respectively. The metals display four distribution patters, which controlled by the grain size, total organic carbon contents and the distance between river mouths and sites. Metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Ag, Hg and As) were compared with the marine sediment quality standards (SQS) and literature data to assess the pollution status of the sediments. Enrichment factors (EFs) were also calculated to weigh whether the observed concentrations were higher than background levels. Three groups of elements: (1) Fe, Ti, Mn, P, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co, Sc and V were at background concentrations; (2) As was the slight enriched element; and (3) Pb, Cd, Ag and Hg were moderate enriched elements. Principal component analysis (PCA) and EFs implied that Fe, Ti, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, P, V and Sc mainly originated from terrestrial (rock and soil) weathering, Pb and As partly from some anthropogenic sources, Hg, Cd and Ag mainly from anthropogenic sources, and Ba and Sr from halobios in sediments. Based on the results of factor analysis and cluster analysis, the sediments from 56 stations could be divided into four groups.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 380-388 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2040KB] ( 1225 )
389 Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in sediments at a littoral zone of Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake
LIU Hong-Lei, YIN Cheng-Qing, TANG Yun-Ping
The forms, contents and distribution patterns of 5 heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were surveyed at a lake shore of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. This area was characterized by algal enrichment and no allochthonous pollutant input. Cu, Ni and Zn were enriched in sediment samples at both eulittoral and infralittoral subzones, while Cr and Pb were only enriched in the infralittoral subzone (enrichment factor > 1). The residual form fractions of all 5 heavy metals in sediments of the littoral subzones were lower than those of the profundal subzone. The residual Ni fraction in the littoral subzone sediments was 30.68%±0.56% and was 34.67%±2.72% in that of the profundal subzone. The residual Pb fraction was 25.45%±3.82% in the littoral subzone sediments and was 34.17%±0.85% in that of profundal subzone. Less residual form fractions in the littoral subzone than those of the profundal subzone means that the more part of heavy metals in the littoral subzone was in the labile form and easy to release to the above water. In the littoral zone with algae accumulation, the sediments generally serve as a sink despite the fact that only a small part of heavy metals could release to the water layer.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 389-394 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 394KB] ( 755 )
395 Total antioxidation capability of Carassius Auratus putting in pollution area of Taihu Lake with activity biomonitoring
JI Yong, LU Guang-Hua
Carassius Auratus feeding in cleaning water were selected and putted respectively in Meiliang Lake and Gong Lake, the most contaminated area lied in northern part of Taihu Lake, for biological monitoring with activity biomonitoring (ABM). During the monitoring period, the commonly water quality indexes were analysis in the surfer water in the monitoring sites. Organic pollution maters, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metal contents in the surface sediments were analysis at the same time. The biological samples, Carassius Auratus, were collected at regular intervals (7, 14, 21, 28d). Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in brain and muscle tissue was analysis. The TAOC activity in brain tissue was 4 times higher than the value in the muscle tissue and was sensitive to pollutants. Just beginning of the field study, in the first week, the TAOC response in the brain tissue was inconspicuous compared to the reference point arranged in laboratory. However, proceeding in the second week of the field experiment, the TAOC in brain tissue was significantly induced (P<0.05), the maximum appeareds in the 4th monitoring points of Meiliang Lake, the primary pollution was organic chlorine. Compared to the reference points, the TAOC value increased by 62.19%, followed by the 3rd monitoring points of Meiliang Lake, the heavy metal pollution was serious. The 1st monitor points of Gonghu Lake, for the effect of large-scale silt-removing and dredging projects, the pollution concentration was small and TAOC change was little. In the last week during the field experiment, may be effected by the natural weather, the TAOC inhibitory effect in brain was induced, with the inhibitory effect coordinated with pollutant concentration. TAOC in muscle tissue reaction was not sensitive to the pollutants, was not suitable for biomarkers in the light pollution.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 395-399 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 395KB] ( 618 )
400 Impact of global climate change on antarctic freshwater algae
ZHU Gen-Hai, DA Gu-Xiu-Si, HU Chuan-Yu, HE Jian-Feng, JIN Mao, YU Pei-Song, PAN Jian-Ming
In 1982-2008, field investigations were carried out which mainly included lakes and snows around the two stations. Abundant species had been identified; they were Hantzschia amphioxys, Luticola mutica, Lutiola muticopsis, Aphanocapsa elachista, Chroococcus minimus, Phormidium frigidum, Lyngbya lagerheimii, Gloecapsa ralfsiana, Phormidium fragile, Chlamydomonas nivalis, Pleurococcus antarcticus, Synechococcus elongates and Scotiella antarctica. Climate change will affect species abundance and population structure. The regression analysis showed that the cell abundance of nano- and microalgae was in a remarkable positive correlation with the water temperature, but in a remarkable negative correlation with phosphate and nitrate. The change of Antarctic climate especially water temperature resulted in the variation of algae abundance and population structure in lakes.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 400-404 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 872 )
405 Acute toxicity analysis based on Bacillus subtilis microbial biosensor
DING Yu-Li, WANG Xue-Jiang, HE Ying, LI Jian-Hua, YIN Da-Qiang
Acute toxicities of heavy metals (Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr6+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Co2+), organic compounds (2-CP, 2,4-DCP, 2-NP, 4-NP, tetracycline and SDBS)and oil wastewater were determined with Bacillus subtilis microbial biosensor. When Bacillus subtilis was in logarithmic and stationary phase, the microbial biosensor had good performance for acute toxicity analysis, the EC50 of Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr6+, Cd2+, Pb2+, 2-CP, 2,4-DCP, 2-NP, 4-NP, tetracycline and SDBS to Bacillus subtilis were 47.3, 10.9, 14.0, 2.6, 0.8, 100.1, 559.6, 450.8, 588.5, 487.0, 121.3 and 558.9 mg/L, respectively, the EC30 of Co2+ was 56.6mg/L. The microbial biosensor could reflect the actual toxicity of oil field wastewater.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 405-409 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 551KB] ( 574 )
410 A health-based economic assessment of particulate air pollution in 113 Chinese cities
CHEN Ren-Jie, CHEN Bing-Heng, HAN Hai-Dong
Annual average concentrations of PM10 in 113 major Chinese cities and health data for urban residents nationwide in 2006 were collected to evaluate the health impacts of particulate air pollution on urban populations in 113 Chinese cities. The economic loss of heath damage due to particulate air pollution was then roughly estimated. Substantial health loss due to PM10 air pollution in 2006 was observed in these Chinese cities, including 299700 premature deaths, 92600 cases of chronic bronchitis, 7625100 cases of internal outpatients, 165900 and 89000 cases of hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases respectively. It was estimated that the total economic cost of health impact was approximately 341.403 billion Yuan, 87.79% of which was attributable to premature deaths.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 410-415 [Abstract] ( 394 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 427KB] ( 2462 )
416 The impact of coal and electricity markets on the performance of sulfur dioxide emission trading markets of thermal power industry
ZHANG Bing, WANG Ke, BI Jun
Taking SO2 emission trading as an example, the influence of input and output market (coal price and electricity price) on power plants’ decision marking in emission trading markets, as well as the market’s performance was examined. The results from the general equilibrium framework showed that the coal and electricity prices had significant impacts on the emission trading market price and performance. In the light of China’s current coal and electricity pricing mechanism, the increase of coal price will decrease the permit price and reduce the market activity significantly.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 416-419 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 808KB] ( 666 )
420 Evaluation of losses in bay environmental capacity based on numerical simulation—a case study of sea reclamation in Tong’an Bay, Xiamen
WANG Xuan, CHEN Wei-Qi, JIANG Yu-Wu, ZHANG Luo-Ping
Based on an analysis of factors affecting the value of bay environmental capacity, a model evaluating the lost value of bay environmental capacity caused by sea reclamation was established using Shadow Project Method in environmental economics combined with hydrodynamic numerical model and hydrodynamic force-contaminant diffusion coupling model. The evaluation model was then applied to a case study of four planned sea reclamation projects in Tong’an Bay, Xiamen. The lost value of environmental capacity caused by projects 1 to 4 would be 1.23′108, 4.84′108, 6.07′108, 1.33′109 Yuan/a, respectively; and the lost value per unit area would be 62.03, 62.64, 64.72, 69.02 Yuan /(m2×a), respectively. These environmental costs should be carefully examined in relevant project evaluations. Policy recommendations were presented according to the study results and current status of sea reclamation in Xiamen.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 420-425 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 603KB] ( 747 )
426 Regionalization method and its application of rural environmental pollution control
DUAN Hua-Ping, ZHU Lin, SUN Qin-Fang, BIAN Xin-Min
The characteristics such as wide area, dispersion and randomness of rural environmental pollution make it difficult to seize the focus on pollution control in rural areas. Using inventory analysis, accounting for emissions and emission intensity of COD, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), based on the sensitivity assessment and pollution classifications, a regionalization methodology of rural environmental pollution control was promoted, and the regionalization principles, division method and naming method of pollution control areas were discussed. Applied research on Jiangsu Province indicated that: Jiangsu might be divided into three the first order pollution control areas and thirteen the second order pollution control areas. It was helpful for decision-making of rural environmental pollution control.
2010 Vol. 30 (3): 426-432 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 859KB] ( 763 )
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