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2010 Vol.30 Issue.6,Published 2010-06-20
721 Changing properties of atmospheric lead pollution in Beijing
WANG Ying, LI Ling-Jun
Aerosol lead data during 1985~2009 were thoroughly analyzed with aim to reveal the changing properties of the atmospheric lead pollution in Beijing. There was a 10a quasi-cycle variation in the changes of the aerosol lead concentration in Beijing. The aerosol lead concentration at Chegongzhuang station was in upward/downward tendency per approximately 10 a. Greatly influenced by steel melting, the aerosol lead concentration at Gucheng station increased quickly but decreased slowly during 1990’s. Under the impacts of the increased regional air pollution emissions, the background aerosol lead concentration in recent 20 years was dominated by increase in Beijing, and the difference of lead concentration between background and city was greatly reduced. The phase-out of leaded gasoline in the late 1990’s decreased the aerosol lead level significantly, but its effect was counteracted by the strong increase of other lead sources. Later air cleaning measures taken during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games reduced lead emissions, however lead’s ratio to other heavy metal was rising. The lead concentrations remained low after, possibly derived from Olympic source control efforts, a down turn in the economy and the adjustment of industrial structure.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 721-726 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 432KB] ( 816 )
727 Application of sewage sludge based activated carbon in formaldehyde adsorption
WEN Qing-Bo, LI Cai-Ting, CAI Zhi-Hong, ZHANG Wei, GAO Hong-Liang
sewage sludge based activated carbon (SSAC) was prepared by taking dewatered sewage sludge as raw material with ZnCl2 as activating agent. BET test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to analysis all of the Acs. Using dynamic adsorption system and distiller, adsorption performance of SSAC was compared with some commercial activated carbons (CACs), and the performances for desorption of formaldehyde in different activated carbons were investigated by using thermogravimetry. The adsorption capacity of SSAC, in formaldehyde concentration of 498, 0.41mg/m3, could achieve 74.27, 7.62mg/g and the removal efficiency was 83.72% and 89.56 %, respectively, and such was comparable with CACs’. Especially, in 0.41mg/m3, the result of SSAC exceeded that of CACs. The BET specific surface area of SSAC was 509.88m2/g and its nitrogen adsorption isothermal curve belonged to I-B in the BDDT classification. SSAC had high proportion of micropores, which made it more suitable to adsorb low concentration formaldehyde. The FTIR spectra indicated that on the surface of SSAC, there were lots of nitrogen-containing groups, especially amino-groups. These groups might form chemical reaction centers. However, the Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves of the activated carbons which had adsorbed formaldehyde indicated that the major adsorption of formaldehyde on activated carbons was physical adsorption.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 727-732 [Abstract] ( 272 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 932KB] ( 821 )
733 Experiment of the macromolecular chitosan adsorbent to remove element mercury in the simulative flue gas of coal combustion
GAO Peng, XIANG Jun, ZHANG An-Chao
An experiment was conducted to study the Chitosan (CS) sorbent’s adsorption efficiency of element mercury in pure N2 and simulative coal-fired flue gas. The element mercury was difficult to remove in the pure N2, the adsorption efficiency was 28.85% at 60℃, but the CS sorbent could adsorb Hg0 effectively with the temperature’s rising, at 120℃ the adsorption efficiency was 38.46%. And the SOx and NOx could promote the element mercury adsorption efficiency, at 120℃, in the simulative coal-fired flue gas, the balance adsorption efficiency of the chitosan sobent was 48.05% and the average adsorption efficiency was almost up to 68%. By infrared spectrum analyzing, the results showed the mechanism of chitosan sorbent adsorbing mercury was that 2 free amino and 2 hydroxyls(-OH)chelated 1 mercury to be a ring.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 733-737 [Abstract] ( 225 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 955 )
738 Effect of submicron dust charging and coagulation in the flue on the efficiency of ESP
BAI Min-Di, WANG Shao-Lei, CHEN Zhi-Gang, MAO Shou-Lei
The collection efficiency of submicron dust (0.01~1μm) by using ESP is low at present. The effect of submicron dust charging and coagulation in alternating electric field on collection efficiency was investigated. The ion density increased with the increasing of particle momentum and electric field strength. The most high value was 1.97×109/cm3. When the alternating electric field strength of 1.75 kV/cm, the frequency of 100Hz, for median-particle-size of 0.2μm silicon powder, the mass percent of particles of <0.2μm decreased from 71% to 53%, while the mass changing rate of the particles of 5~10μm increased by 1.62 times. The removal efficiency of silicon powder median-particle-size of 0.2μm increased by 27.6%. The collection efficiency increased by one time. Dust density was in a limited impact on the collection efficiency. The charging and coagulation in alternating electric field would be an effective method to collection submicron dust in high velocity flow field.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 738-741 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 346KB] ( 836 )
742 Characteristic of concentration distribution and source analysis of PAHs in cloud/fog water at Taishan Mount
LI Peng-Hui, WANG Yan, LI Yu-Hua, WANG De-Zhong, LIU Heng-De, WANG Wen-Xing
PAHs concentrations in cloud/fog water samples collected at Taishan Mount was evaluated and correlations with meteorological parameters, pH and conductance was studied. Individual cloud/fog events were sampled from October 18th to November 26th 2008. Phenanthrene was the most abundant compound, followed by fluorene and acenaphthene. PAH compounds had strong correlations with temperature. Diagnostic ratio analysis and factor analysis indicated that the sources of PAHs were mainly from fossil fuel combustion, especially coal.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 742-746 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 316KB] ( 918 )
747 Effect of nitrilotriacetic acid on kinetic of methane production during anaerobic digestion
HU Qing-Hao, LI Xiu-Fen, CHEN Jian, DENG Yu
Using sodium acetate as substrate, the effect of metal ion-chelating agent, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), on methane production in the process of anaerobic digestion was investigated. NTA had stimulative effect on anaerobic digestion. At 35℃, addition of 10 μmol/L NTA enhanced methane production by 30%, 45.2%, 64.3% and 95.9% with sodium acetate concentration of 6, 7,10 and 12g/L, respectively. The kinetic constant Vmax and half-saturation constant Ks for anaerobic digestion was improved from 84.8 mL CH4/(gSS×d) to 147.1 mL CH4/(gSS×d) and 2.95 gNaAc/L to 7.57g NaAc/L, respectively. Due to the addition of NTA, the bioavailability of trace metals for methanogens and the acetate utilization rate in anaerobic batch reactors were dramatically increased.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 747-751 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 428KB] ( 890 )
752 Fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter from dumped waste leachate
HE Xiao-Song, XI Bei-Dou, WEI Zi-Min, LI Ming-Xiao, SU Jing, GENG Chun-Mao, WANG Wei, HU Chun-Ming
In order to reveal the characteristics of composition of leachates from dumped waste and their variations, three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3DEEM) were applied for dissolved organic matter (DOM) of leachates extracted from four different dumped waste. Leachate sample S1 contained two different kinds of protein-like fluorescence peak, i.e., tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like fluorescence peaks. The other three samples (S2, S3 and S4), however, in addition to tryptophan-like fluorescence, contained humus-like fluorescence peaks as well, and the number, type and location of the peaks were different in according to samples. Leachate samples S1 contained only protein-like matter, while the other three samples contained both humus-like matter and protein-like matter, and the degree of humification of humus-like matter varied in different samples. The complexation between the protein-like matter in sample S1 and Hg (II) indicated that, compared with tryptophan-like fluorescence peak, tyrosine-like fluorescence peak could be more easily impacted by the micro-environmental change; the results of culture experiments at room temperature demonstrated that, protein-like substance could be easily broken, while humus-like substance shown strong resistance to microbe. 3DEEM could be effectively characterized the composition of DOM of leachates from dumped waste and their variations.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 752-757 [Abstract] ( 253 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 679KB] ( 1161 )
758 Granular sludge acclimation and quick startup of pharmaceutical wastewater with an IC reactor
ZHOU Li-Li, JI Min
Granular sludge acclimation and quick startup of a lab-scale internal circulation anaerobic (IC) reactor, treating a chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical wastewater were evaluated. The reactor was operated under mesophilic conditions. The seeding granular sludge originated from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater. The acclimation period lasted 23 d with high strength influent and high organic loading rates (OLR). In this period, glucose substrate was mixed with pharmaceutical wastewater and the mixture gradually changed into refractory full-pharmaceutical wastewater rapidly. Granular sludge acclimation was achieved with COD removal efficiency of 70%~80% and organic loading rates of 5 kgCOD/(m3·d). The COD removal efficiency was stabilized at about 70% when the OLR increased to 7.4 kgCOD/(m3·d). Mature granular sludge was dense, regular and with large size. The dominant archaea in the mature granular samples was Methanosaetaceae using scanning electron microscope. Quick acclimation and startup of the IC reactor which was used to treat refractory wastewater were achieved using high strength influent and high organic loading rates.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 758-762 [Abstract] ( 212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 814KB] ( 880 )
763 Leachate pollutants removed by biofilter with different media
吕Bao-Yi , XIE Bing, DAI Shu-Ping, CUI Yu-Xue, LIANG Shao-Bo
Two different media, aged refuse and cinder were used to construct three biofilters, aged refuse biofilter, cinder biofilter and complex biofilter, and their treatment efficiency on landfill leachate pollutants were investigated. Cinder biofilter had higher COD and NH3-N removal rates than that of the aged refuse biofilter, while lower removal rate of total nitrogen. Complex biofilter had better resistance to shock loading and lower temperature. SEM observation and microbial counting found that two media were hospitable for bacterial attachment and growth. The particle composition of two media may have important effects on biofilter’s permeability and pollutants removal.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 763-769 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 947KB] ( 656 )
770 Electricity generation from indole degradation using the microbial fuel cell
LUO Yong, ZHANG Ren-Duo, LI Jie, LI Ming-Chen, ZHANG Cui-Ping, LIU Guang-Li
A sequential microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed to investigate indole degradation and simultaneous electricity generation using indole and a mixture of indole + glucose as the fuel. When 250mg/L indole and 500mg/L indole were used as the fuels in the MFC, the maximum voltage outputs were 115,118mV, respectively, and the corresponding average removal efficiencies of indole were 100% and 62%. Moreover, 250mg /L and 500mg/L indole were removed completely in the MFC within 6, 30h. When a mixture of 1000 mg/L glucose + 250mg/L indole was used as the fuel, the maximum power density was 51.2W/m3 in the MFC. Within 10 h, the averaged removal rates of indole and COD in the MFC were 100% and 89.5%, respectively. The MFC could enhance biodegradation of recalcitrant contaminants such as indole in practical applications of wastewater treatment.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 770-774 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 562KB] ( 900 )
775 Adsorption performances for bisphenol A onto the hypercrosslinked resin modified by acetaminophen
XIAO Gu-Qing, LONG Li-Ping, WANG Jiao-Liang, XU Man-Cai
The adsorption performances for bisphenol A onto the hypercrosslinked resin with two kinds of the hydrogen bond site of acetamino group and hydroxyl group was studied. The hypercrosslinked resin modified with acetaminophen was synthesized with chloromethylated polystyrene and acetaminophen by Friedel-Crafts reaction. Dichloroethane was used as solvent and ferric chloride was used as catalyst. The structures of the hypercrosslinked resin were characterized. The acetaminophen was successfully modified into the hypercrosslinked resin that revealed by the Infrared spectra. Comparison with the chloromethylated polystyrene, the BET surface area and pore volume of the hypercrosslinked resin modified with acetaminophen was increased significantly, the pore size was much smaller. The adsorption capacity of bisphenol A onto the hypercrosslinked resin was obviously superior to polysulphone micro-ball embedded with 75% activated carbon. Heat was discharged during the adsorption and the adsorption occurred automatically. The resin could be desorbed with 100% ethanol. The desorption rate of 100% ethanol was up to 99.92%. The adsorption kinetic date of bisphenol A was fitted to the first order rate equation. The intrapartical diffusion of bisphenol A was the main rate-controlling step. Adsorption rate was also affected by the impact of film diffusion.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 775-779 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 374KB] ( 799 )
780 Separation of Hg2+ and Cd2+ by using polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration
ZENG Jian-Xian, ZHENG Li-Feng, SUN Xia-Hui, HE Qin-Cheng
Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration was investigated to separate selectively Hg2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solutions by using poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt as a complexing agent. Effects of pH, loading ratio (LR) and the added salt on separation coefficient (S) were investigated. When pH increased from 5 to 7.5, S decreased gradually. Controlling pH=5 was helpful to achieve the selective separation. At LR between 0.01 and 2, S increased with LR, reached a maximum value, and then decreased rapidly. It was preferable for the selective separation to control LR=1.5. S changed in the present of sodium sulfate. A concentration experiment was carried out at pH=5 and LR=1.5. When volume concentration factor (VCF) reached 15, mercury concentration in the retentate (Cr, Hg) increased linearly from 30 mg/L to 444.9 mg/L, whereas cadmium concentration in the retentate (Cr, Cd) changed only from 30 mg/L to 35.4 mg/L. S was about 227. Then, the final concentrated solution was used to study the process of washing. With increasing the washing water volume, Cr, Hg did not change, but Cr, Cd decreased rapidly to 5.24 mg/L. Further, another concentration experiment was performed at pH=6 and LR=0.033 by using all permeate solutions. At VCF=13, Cr, Cd increased from 27.37 mg/L to 354.7 mg/L.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 780-785 [Abstract] ( 225 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 475KB] ( 779 )
786 Effect of various factors on chlorine inactivating Cryptosporidium in water
RAN Zhi-Lin, LI Shao-Feng, HUANG Jun-Li, CUI Chong-Wei, YUAN Yi-Xing
In order to study the effect of Cl2 inactivating Cryptosporidium in water, different factors as Cl2 concentration, contact time, pH, temperature, turbidity and organic content which might influence the inactivation were studied by using fluorescence staining method. With the Cryptosporidium concentration was 1×106/mL, turbidity 1.0NTU, temperature 22℃, pH 7.0, and after 360 min reaction, under the condition that the Cl2 concentrations was 6.3mg/L, the inactivation ratio could be more than 99%. The lower turbidity was, the higher inactivating ratio could be received. If the inactivating time achieved 900min, it could meet the presetting inactivation ratio with turbidity 0.1~20.0 NTU. The ability of Cl2 inactivating Cryptosporidium was stronger under acidic condition than that in alkali circumstance. With the increasing temperature, the inactivating effect was increased. When the reaction system contained different concentration of organics(0~10.0 mg/L) and the inactivating time 360min, the inactivation ratio reduced with concentration increasing. Besides, when the inactivating time achieved 900min, the inactivation ratio could achieve 99%.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 786-790 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 452KB] ( 807 )
791 Surfactant-enhanced bioleaching of Cu and Zn from sewage sludge
WU Si-Dan, LIU Yun-Guo, ZENG Guang-Ming, RAO Yuan-Hong, XIAO Yu, LI Juan
The effect of surfactant Tween-80 on the bioleaching of sewage sludge with indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria cultured by Tween-80 was examined. The effect of Tween-80 on the sulfur oxidizing capacity of the bacteria was investigated. The dosage of Tween-80 in 0.5~8.0 g/L was favorable for the bio-oxidation of elemental sulfur. With the increaseing of Tween-80, the utilization of sulfur enhanced. Sulfur utilization grew at first and then fell with the increase in the dosage of Tween-80 in the bioleaching experiment. The optimal concentration of Tween-80 was 6.0g/L, under the condition, sulfur oxidation and sludge acidification were enhanced and the dissolution rate of Cu and Zn were 91.9% and 90.4% after 8 d of bioleaching. In contrast, only 80.1% Cu and 85.2% Zn were extracted from the control without Tween-80. However, when the concentration of Tween-80 was higher than 6.0g/L, the growth and proliferation of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria would be restrained and the metal solubilization would also slow down.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 791-795 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 347KB] ( 759 )
796 Distribution and source analysis of synthetic musks in Shanghai sewage sludge
WANG Jun, ZHANG Xiao-Lan, GUO Ya-Wen, ZHOU Ying, SHENG Guo-Ying, FU Jia-Mo
The distribution of synthetic musks in 36 sludge samples, which from 12 wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai in April, July and October, 2008, were analyzed. HHCB and AHTN were the dominant fragrances, whose concentrations ranged from 198mg/kg to 4828mg/kg (median: 1491mg/kg) and from 89mg/kg to 1455mg/kg (median: 702mg/kg) dry weight, respectively. The major sources of HHCB and AHTN were the household products in which high level of musks was added and rinsed immediately after use, including shampoos, body washes and laundry detergents. The three household products contributed over 90% of total amounts of HHCB and AHTN. Base on the HHCB and AHTN concentrations in household products, it was estimated that each inhabitant in Shanghai contributed 0.33 g HHCB/a and 0.06 g AHTN/a, which were 2- to 10-fold lower than those in Europe and U.S.. The maximum concentrations and risk quotients (RQ) of HHCB and AHTN in the effluents were estimated,the results suggested that the chemicals pose low potential risks to aquatic organisms.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 796-801 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 400KB] ( 756 )
802 Distribution and health risk assessment of HCHs and DDTs in underground river of karst, Southwest China
HU Ying, QI Shi-Hua, LAN Lan, ZHANG Wan-Jia, QI Shu-Lei
To explore the potential healthy hazards of organochlorine pesticides in the karst areas, HCHs and DDTs from underground rivers of Guangxi, Yunnan, Chongqing and Guizhou were detected, and health risks associated with these organic pollutants were assessed primarily by an assessment model of water environmental health risk. The average concentrations of HCHs in Guangxi, Yunnan, Chongqing and Guizhou were 3.39, 4.60, 15.18, 19.06ng/L, respectively; and the averaged concentrations of DDTs in the these regions were 1.36, 3.01, 13.41, 15.05ng/L, respectively. Distribution characteristics of HCHs and DDTs isomers suggested the HCHs of Yunnan and Guangxi were mainly from the early residue,while there were still some fresh inputs at most sections in Chongqing and Guizhou;for DDTs,in Yunnan and Guizhou,there were result of history using probably,while in Guangxi and Chongqing,there may be some new source. Based on the model of water environmental health risk assessment, the health risk caused by organochlorine pesticides was low in the studying area.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 802-807 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 610 )
808 Environmental benefits of co-processing spent bleaching clay in cement kiln based on life cycle assessment
LI Lu, HUANG Qi-Fei, CAI Mu-Lin, YAN Da-Hai
Life cycle assessment was used to compare the environmental impact of two disposal ways for spent bleaching clay: co-processing in a cement kiln and incineration in common hazardous waste incinerator. Three environmental impact categories, human health (HH), ecosystem quality (EQ) and resource (R) were quantified. Co-processing in cement kiln was more beneficial for sustainable development of environment than common incineration. The environment burdens were -1.03, 0.273Pt for co-processing and incinerating system, respectively. The whole burden in co-processing system was reduced by a factor of 479%, compared to that in incinerating system. The reduction rates for HH, EQ and R were 413%, 479% and 36.9%, respectively. EQ was the most sensitive impact category for both LCA of co-processing and incinerating systems. It contributed greatly for the reduction of environmental burden in co-processing system that raw material mining, which account for 97% of total environmental burden. In the incinerating system, electricity consumption made the greatest contribution for all the 3 environmental impact categories. Dioxin, benzene and heavy metals were the most important factors for co-processing spent bleaching clay in cement kilns, while dust and heavy metals were the most important ones to the incinerating system.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 808-815 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 528KB] ( 768 )
816 Concentration and distribution of quinolone antibiotics in long-term manure-amended soils
TAI Yi-Ping, MO Ce-Hui, LI Yan-Wen, WU Xiao-Lian, ZOU Xing, GAO Peng, HUANG Xian-Dong
The concentration and distribution of quinolone antibiotics in soil of vegetable field chronically fertilized with manures was studied using solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography- electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of four quinolone compounds ranged from3.97 to 32.03μg/kg with an average of 17.99μg/kg. There were very high detection rates (above 90%) observed for four compounds which dominated mostly with ciprofloxacin and secondly with norfloxacin and enrofloxacin. The concentrations of these compounds were all comparatively lower, with maximum concentration of 17.21μg/kg and average concentrations of 0.17~9.31μg/kg. There was obvious difference in spatial distribution of concentration and constitute of quinolone compounds in both horizontal and profile soil. All four compounds decreased rapidly with soil depth, but they were still detected at soil depths between 60 and 80cm. Quinolone antibiotics in soils from vegetable field chronically fertilized with manure in subtropical area were high frequently detected, but the concentration of them was comparatively lower and the ecotoxic risk was less owing to high degradation of antibiotics under hot and humid climate and heavy cultivation.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 816-821 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 400KB] ( 1418 )
822 Effect of global climate change on cyanobacteria bloom in Taihu Lake
WANG Cheng-Lin, PAN Wei-Yu, HAN Yue-Qi, QIAN Xin
Based on the analysis of 47 years observation data from the 4 weather stations around Taihu Lake, before the 1980's, the annual scale fluctuation of weather condition around Taihu Lake was against the growth of cyanobacteria, while it was becoming propitious for the cyanobacteria after the 1980's, especially after the 1990's with the significant change in air temperature, wind speed and precipitation. The meteorological index of the cyanobacteria bloom was defined, which was proved to be a good reflection of the annual cyanobacteria bloom situation. Furthermore, the relation between the Ni?o3 Index, a reflection of the change in ENSO circulation, and the change in climate conditions of Taihu Lake Basin was studied. An obvious relevance in annual scale between the ENSO circulation and the wind speed/precipitation was indicated in Taihu Lake Basin. During 2000 to 2020, the cyanobacteria bloom index would continue keeping in the high value. If there was no effective control and decrease in the nutrients, the cyanobacteria bloom may continue happening extensively each year in Taihu Lake.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 822-828 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 435KB] ( 1467 )
829 Method of cyanobacteria bloom hazard degree evaluation in Taihu Lake
LIU Ju-Tao, GAO Jun-Feng, ZHAO Jia-Hu, HUANG Jia-Cong, JIANG Jia-Hu
Referring to the indices of red tide hazard evaluation, cyanobacteria bloom area and Chla concentration was took as evaluation indices and a hazard degree evaluation method was established based on the analysis of cyanobacteria bloom hazard in Taihu Lake. AHP method was applied to determine the weights and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to quantitatively estimate the hazard degree. Cyanobacteria bloom hazards in Taihu Lake in 2008 were evaluated through the above method. The hazards of Taihu Lake in 2008 were mainly small, medium and large, and there were no significant and serious cyanobacteria bloom. In the different hazards, the small hazard distributed each month, and the medium and large hazards were mainly distributed in May and from July to December. The evaluation method could be successfully applied in the scientific research and field operation.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 829-832 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 338KB] ( 949 )
833 Ecogenotoxicological effects of BDE-15 on the Microalga Euglena gracilis
ZHANG Qiong, WU Qin, GAO Xiang-Yu, KONG Zhi-Ming, LI Mei
The potential ecogenotoxicities of 4, 4’-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-15), one of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated by detecting its effects on growth, pigment contents, antioxidant enzyme activities and DNA damage in microalgae Euglena gracilis. At lower concentrations (3×10-6 mg/L), BDE-15 showed no notable effect on the growth of E. gracilis, while at higher concentration (3mg/L), the growth was restrained to 69.70% compared with the control, meanwhile the content of photosynthetic pigments increased. Glutathione (GSH) and protein contents decreased with the increase of BDE-15 concentration. In addition, there was an obvious decrease and dose-effect relationship in SOD activity with the increase of BDE-15 concentration. At higher concentration (3mg/L), POD activity increased by 93.45% compared with the control, which indicated that BDE-15 could induce the activities of antioxidant enzymes in E. gracilis. The degree of DNA damage observed from the comet assay increased with BDE-15 concentration increasing, which suggested that high dose of BDE-15 may have potential mutagenicity on E. gracilis.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 833-838 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 503KB] ( 1063 )
839 Joint toxicity of sulfamonomethoxine and Cd on seed germination and root elongation of crops in soil
JIN Cai-Xia, LIU Jun-Jun, BAO Lin-Lin, ZHOU Qing-Xiang, ZHOU Qi-Xing
The single and joint effects of sulfamonomethoxine(SMM) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination rate and shoot/root elongation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in yellow fluvo-aquic soil were investigated. In the single-factor experiments, there was a dose-response relationship between the concentration of SMM or Cd and the inhibitory rate of crop root elongation and shoot elongation (P0.05). The inhibitory effect of each pollutant on root and shoot elongation was much stronger than those on seed germination. SMM showed a much higher toxic effect on crops than did Cd. The IC50 (half inhibition concentration) values of SMM on root elongation of wheat and tomato were 33.7, 49.3 mg/kg, respectively, the corresponding values of Cd were 507.3, 599.8 mg/kg, respectively. In the joint effect tests, SMM and Cd showed a synergic effect on root and shoot elongation when the concentration of Cd was at 200 mg/kg. However the synergic effect was not significant with the increase of SMM concentration (P>0.05); At the high concentration of Cd (500 mg/kg), joint toxicity of SMM and Cd was more dependent on Cd.

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2010 Vol. 30 (6): 839-844 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 445KB] ( 877 )
845 An incentive compatible double auction mechanism in emission permits market
WANG Xian-Jia, HUANG Bin-Bin, HU Zhen-Peng, XU Kai-Qin
The mechanism design of competitive bidding in emission permits market is an important problem that needs urgently to be settled in the reform of environmental system presently. This paper describe the problem that corporations how to choosing the optimal pollution abatement and output, and design an incentive compatible double auction mechanism. On the basis of the description for the rule of competitive bidding, the clearing rule and transaction rule according with the characters of emission permits market were given. This auction mechanism not only ensured real-time clearing of emission permits market, and induced corporation to reveal their true marginal cost, but also made the corporation that low pollution treatment cost treat with more pollution, minimize society emission abatement cost. The example results showed the efficiency and applicability of the proposed mechanism.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 845-851 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 757KB] ( 823 )
852 A quantitative evaluation method based decomposition analysis and its application on the life-cycle effect of energy conservation and emission reduction
DAN Zhi-Gang, DUAN Ning, GUO Yu-Wen, LI Xu-Hua
Quantitative methods calculating life-cycle control index (LCCI) in energy conservation and emissions reduction were created by results from decomposition analysis. Evaluating principle of LCCI were also put forward and applied in quantitative evaluation results from each factor contributing to energy-saving and sulfur dioxide emission reduction in different countries. Energy conservation LCCI of China during 1986~2005 was 0.6, lower than the developed countries of 0.86 in 1973~1990, and 0.75 for sulfur dioxide emission reduction LCCI of China during 1995~2005, much lower than Japan’s 1.07 in 1975~1996. The reason was that contribution from technology progress and end-of-pipe (EOP) was low. Presently, more projects in technological progress and EOP should be taken for realization of pollutants reduction targets, as well as role of structural adjustment.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 852-857 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 506KB] ( 763 )
858 Whole-process environmental risk assessment and management and its application
LI Feng-Ying, BI Jun, QU Chang-Sheng, HUANG Lei, YANG Jie, WAN Wen-Bo
A procedure of whole-process environmental risk assessment and management (WERAM) was proposed for assessing accidental industrial risks, based on the conceptions of “whole-process management” and “prioritized management”. The procedure consists of risk source identification, vulnerability assessment, risk characterization, prioritization of emergency control methods and post-evaluation of losses caused by accidents. A case study was carried out in a chemical industry park in China. Firstly, a bow-tie was established for “vessel collapse” of a tank containing nitrobenzene, identifying key stones of safety management and emergency response. Secondly, geographic information system (GIS) was applied to reveal spatial heterogeneity of residents’ vulnerability to surface water source pollution. The results provide not only instructions for building up risk targets’ resistance, but also decision supports for emergency response to accidents polluting surface water source.
2010 Vol. 30 (6): 858-864 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 838KB] ( 1632 )
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