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2011 Vol.31 Issue.11,Published 2011-11-20
1761 Relationship between dust aerosol and solar radiation in gebi desert in North China
DENG Zu-Qin, HAN Yong-Xiang, BAI Hu-Zhi, ZHAO Tian-Liang
Relationship between dust aerosol and solar radiation in gebi desert in North China was analyzed based on observational and calculative data, such as TOMS aerosol index (AI), total astronomical radiation, total solar radiation and dust visibility. in China mainland. It turns out that there were perfect correlation and same trend between the total solar radiation and AI, suggesting that the thermal convection triggered by solar radiation was the most important factor for dust aerosol. It also shows that the input of dust aerosol in atmosphere would affect solar radiation significantly and persistently. Besides these, the ratio of absorption and scattering of solar radiation by dust aerosol between fine days and sandstorm was above 60%.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1761-1767 [Abstract] ( 433 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1415KB] ( 9565 )
1768 Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of precipitation at Dongtan Wetland, Chongming
MA Lin, DU Jian-Fei, YAN Li-Li, CHEN Jian-Min, LI Xiang
The rainfalls had been collected from May 2009 to April 2010 at Chongming Dongtan National Wetland. The pH value, electrical conductivity and major water-soluble ions of rain samples were measured. Enrichment factors and backward trajectory analysis were used to identify the potential sources of inorganic ions. The results showed that the air quality of Chongming Dongtan was good with much lower concentrations of air pollutants. The volume-weighted pH value and electrical conductivity were 5.24 and 17.49μS/cm respectively, which indicated low pollution and acidity level. SO42? and NO3? were the major acidic anions, with the volume-weighted mean concentrations values of 52.27 and 21.39μeq/L respectively. NH4+ and Ca2+ were the major alkaline cations with volume-weighted mean concentrations were 33.36 and 27.13μeq/L, respectively. Source attributions of inorganic ions in rainwater indicated that Na+ and Cl? mainly derived from the seawater spray. NH4+ showed the dominant neutralization effect over Ca2+ and Mg2+, which suggested the main forms of the atmospheric particles were (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4 and NH4NO3. Back trajectory analysis implied that the precipitation was mostly affected by air mass from sea, in which the air mass from Northwest, Southwest China and Yangtze River Delta might bring large amounts of anthropogenic pollutions through long and moderate range transport, which resulted the acid rain events at Chongming Dongtan.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1768-1775 [Abstract] ( 430 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 586KB] ( 1612 )
1776 Characterization of VOCs and odorous compounds from industrial sources in Binhai New Area, Tianjin
HAN Bo, WU Jian-Hui, WANG Feng-Wei, ZUO Ming, FENG Yin-Chang, QIN Bao-Ping, ZHANG Bao-Gui
Volatile organic compound (VOC) samples were collected from six industrial sources including pharmacy, bike manufacturing, oil refinery, petrochemical, resin synthesis and rubber manufacturing. The samples were preconcentrated on a cold trap and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry detection (MS) adopting USEPA TO-14A/15 method. VOCs concentrations and profiles were developed after analysis. Concentrations of above six sources were 16.8, 115.3, 204.6, 225.3, 10.9, 191.7mg/m3, respectively. According to the source profiles, toluene was the most abundant component in both profiles of pharmacy source and bike manufacturing source, with abundance of 79.1% and 94% respectively. Petrochemical source was characterized by high o,m,p-xylene (more than 60%). Rubber manufacturing source exhibited the highest percentage of sulfur compounds among all sources. High level of styrene was found in the resin synthesis source, whereas oil refinery source was dominated by halocarbon. Thus, more attention should be paid to these sources for its odor pollution potential.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1776-1781 [Abstract] ( 522 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 416KB] ( 2354 )
1782 Characteristics of atmospheric NO2 over Sichuan basin
XIAO Zhong-Yong, JIANG Hong
The temporal-spatial characteristics of the tropospheric column NO2 (TroNO2) and total column NO2 (TotNO2) over Sichuan basin since 2004 had been analyzed based on remote sensing data derived from ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) sensor. The regional mean of TroNO2 and TotNO2 over Sichuan basin had an increasing trend, with annual increasing rates 5.12% and 3.42%, respectively. The variations of TroNO2 and TotNO2 were similar pattern, and the correlation between TroNO2 and TotNO2 was closely relative. For the temporal dynamics, the TroNO2 and TotNO2 in spring and summer were larger than those of autumn and winter. The smallest and largest ratio of TroNO2 to TotNO2 appeared in June and December with about 0.51 and 0.66, respectively. The monthly variation of ratio associated closely with the anthropogenic emission. The large values appeared in the urban region of Chongqing and Chengdu, which the economic develop rapidly and air pollution were serious. Especially, the multi-year mean TroNO2 was more distinctive, they were about 10.52′1015 and 8.92′1015 molec/cm2, respectively. The variation trend of TroNO2 and TotNO2 presented strongly correlation With correlation coefficient (R) higher than 0.95 (ratio larger than 0.5) in most region, and the correlation coefficients were approximate to be 1 (ratio larger than 0.8) in the urban region of Chongqing and Chengdu. It proved that the effect of anthropogenic emission was the dominant factor in this regional NO2 concentration upper.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1782-1788 [Abstract] ( 391 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1011KB] ( 964 )
1789 Characteristics of dust deposition and particle size in spring in the southeastern Tengger Desert
ZHANG Zheng-Cai, DONG Zhi-Bao
Detailed data acquired on shifting dune field in the southeast of Tengger Desert was used to analyze the amount of dust deposition and particle size distribution. Results indicated that dust deposition was the greatest in May, and followed by April and March, and mean dust deposition amount being 1053. 3kg/hm2in spring. Mean particle size was greater and mainly of sand, and belonged to the poor and well sorted, skewness belonged to the nearly symmetrical and very positive, and kurtosis belonged to the platy-kurtic and very leptokurtic. Due to the wind speed, surface roughness and sand supply, the particle size distribution mode was mainly of bi-mode. Saltation was dominant, accounting for about 90%, shorter distance suspension accounting for about 7%, and long distance suspension accounting for about 4%. Thus, the sediment deposition was mainly of local origin.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1789-1794 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 414KB] ( 1249 )
1795 Advanced treatment of vitamin C wastewater by electrolytic oxidation and AF-MBBR integrated reactor
WANG Zhao, HU Xiao-Bing, XU Ke, REN Hong-Qiang, ZHENG Qiao-Geng
Advanced treatment of the effluent from anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment of vitamin C wastewater with electrolytic oxidation coupled with AF-MBBR integrated reactor was studied. Electrolytic oxidation was effective for decolorization, and the optimal operation conditions were as following: pH of 4, current density of 50 mA/cm2, electrolysis time of 15 min, and the distance of electrodes of 25 mm. Under these conditions, the TOC and chroma of effluents were 97.6~123.2mg/L and 135~155 times respectively. The ratio of BOD5/COD increased from less than 0.1 to about 0.24. Upon pretreatment, the effluent was further treated through AF-MBBR integrated reactor. The TOC, chroma and NH4+-N decreased to 57.18mg/L, 60 times and 2.55mg/L respectively, which primarily discharge met the standards (GB 21903-2008) for fermentation pharmaceutical industry, verifying the feasibility of the combined treatment process for advanced treatment of vitamin C wastewater. The optimum HRT of the integrated reactor was 10h. The addition of 100 mg/L glucose substantially enhanced denitrification and more than 78.1% of TN was removed. It showed that glucose could be used as the appropriate carbon resource for denitrification for advanced treatment of vitamin C wastewater. In addition, ultraviolet and infrared analysis showed that the chromophore was mainly from the carbonyl groups, which could be broken by the electrolytic oxidation and the AF-MBBR biological treatment.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1795-1801 [Abstract] ( 311 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 603KB] ( 1305 )
1802 Contaminant point source identification of rivers chemical spills based on correlation coefficients optimization method
CHEN Yuan-Hua, WANG Peng, JIANG Ji-Ping, GUO Liang
A novel inversion algorithm based on an optimization approach for river point pollution sources was developed. Mass transport and kinetics processes of the contaminants in surface waters were combined along with the discharge history. And other relative parameters were deduced under the scenario that singular source instantly discharges degradable and soluble chemicals into one-dimensional rivers. A series of numerical experiments were carried out based on the hypothetic cases to analyze inversion effects associated with ambient river flow rates, contaminant decay rates, monitoring sites setting, sampling data errors and time intervals between two groups of sampling. When the monitoring time interval was less than 10 minutes and sampling data errors were controlled fewer than 5% approximately, the relative errors of pollution source location, total released mass and synthetical relative error are under 4%, 4% and 2%, respectively. Results show that parameters calculated fit well with the real values. In addition, the algorithms had the advantages such as efficient sampling process, minimum data requirement as well as easy programming. It was worthwhile to utilize this method for emergency environmental management practices.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1802-1807 [Abstract] ( 377 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 827KB] ( 1737 )
1808 A study on transformation of main pollutants along the wastewater flow in biological aerated filter.
ZHANG Yan-Qing, CHEN Jiang-Ping, SHEN Jia-Zheng, HOU Sha-Sha, LIU Yang, LIU Ying
The performances of biological aerated filter (BAF) with hollow bamboo balls as filter media for wastewater treatment in marine aquaculture was investigated. The wastewater was conditioned at pH ranging from 7.8~8.0, DO ranging from 2.8~5.8mg/L, air-to-water ratio at 3, hydraulic load of 0.58m3/(m3×h), TAN load of 0.35~0.46g/(m3×h), and organic load of 1.58g/(m3×h). Transformation of organic substances and ammonia nitrogen along the water flow were evaluated to determine the spatial distribution characteristics of pollutants. Results showed that most CODMn was removed between 0~10cm height, with 49.12% CODMn removed and 34.88% soluble CODMn removed in this range, meanwhile most TAN removed between 0~30cm height, with 18% TAN removed at 10cm and 55% removed at 30cm. The biomass and microbial activity decreased from the bottom of the filter to the top. In conclusion, pollutants were mainly removed between the height of 0~30cm, and the left section of the filter always acted as a buffer to remove pollutants remained in the wastewater, in case of sudden waste load or hydraulic impact.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1808-1814 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 565KB] ( 873 )
1815 Influence of different plants and hydraulic loading on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal of constructed wetlands
LING Zhen, YANG Ju-Rui, YU Guo-Rong, CHENG Hao-Liang, LI Jun-Ning
Through the use of six kinds of surface flow (SF) and subsurface flow (SSF)constructed wetland plants in comparative experiments, the variation of hydraulic loading (HL) for the different plant constructed wetland of treatment rate was analyzed, and the optimal HL and removal rate of the 6 different plants in SF and SSF constructed wetland were got. Theoretical optimal HL, removal rate, the actual optimal HL and TP, TN removal in unit area of constructed wetland were calculated. The results show that TP, TN removal efficiency of the SF and SSF constructed wetlands with 6 plants increased with the decrease of HL, different plants, different levels of treatment. And the removal rate of SF constructed wetland were lower than SSF. The TP, TN removal rate of SF was lower than SSF and TP removal rate was higher than TN. In SF, the TP, TN removal rate of Scripus Validus reducing level was decreased maximum and the TP removal of Oenan the javan ica reducing level was decreased minimum, the TN removal rate of Canna ChinenesisW was decreased minimum. In SSF, the TP removal rate of Canna ChinenesisW reducing level was maximum, Oenan the javan ica reducing level was minimum and the TN removal rate of Phragmites Aust ralis was maximum, and Eichhornia crassipes was minimum. Meanwhile, the average optimal HL for TP removal of SF and SSF constructed wetland with the 6 kinds of plants were 0.53, 0.68t/(m2×d), respectively. The average optimal HL for TN rcmoval of SF and SSF constructed wetland with 6 kinds of plants were 0.47, 0.44t/(m2×d), respectively.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1815-1820 [Abstract] ( 406 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 381KB] ( 1256 )
1821 Effect of the water-sediment regulation on dissolved methane in the lower Yellow River estuary and it's adjacent marine area
GU Pei-Pei, ZHANG Gui-Ling, LI Pei-Pei, HAN Yu, ZHAO Yu-Chuan
Surveys were carried out at Kenli during the ninth water-sediment regulation to discuss its effect on distribution and fluxes of dissolved methane in the lower Yellow River. Three surveys were also carried out in the Yellow river estuary and adjacent area in June and July 2009. The water-sediment regulation had great effect on the distribution of the dissolved methane in the Yellow River estuary. Methane concentrations ranged from 9.89 to 205.34nmol/L at station Kenli, which correlated well with suspended sediment and water discharge, showing that dissolved methane in the waters mainly came from the release of fluid mud. Riverine input of CH4 to Bohai Sea was estimated to be about 2.2×105mol during the period of water-sediment regulation, which was about 50% of the total CH4 fluxes from the Yellow river in whole year. CH4 concentrations ranged from 3.71 to 37.77nmol/L in the Yellow River estuary and adjacent area in June and July 2009, which was mainly affected by freshwater plume. Surface waters of this area were over-saturated in methane with respect to atmosphere equilibrium (649.7±292.1)%, hence the Yellow River estuary and adjacent area was a major source of atmospheric methane.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1821-1828 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 706KB] ( 666 )
1829 Development of aquatic life criteria and lash-up standard for ammonia in Liao River basin
YAN Zhen-Guang, MENG Wei, LIU Zheng-Tao, WU Feng-Chang, WANG Hong, ZHOU Jun-Li, YANG Ni-Yun, ZHANG Ya-Hui
Water quality criteria form scientific basis of water quality standard. It has been urgent to establish water quality standard in China based on water quality criteria studied according to situations of Chinese species distribution and water quality characteristics. Acute and chronic criteria functions with two arguments of temperature and pH for ammonia in Liao River basin were derived according to the U.S. guidelines. The acute and chronic criteria for ammonia in Liao River basin were 3.06 and 0.364 mg/L, respectively, with the parameter of pH 8.0 and 25℃. Two methods of criteria development in Dutch and Australia were also used to derive the ammonia criteria, respectively, and the results were compared with that of the U.S. method. It suggested that the criteria derived by these three methods were of the same order of magnitude, while the Dutch method was relatively conservative. In addition, the derived criteria were tentatively transformed to lash-up standards.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1829-1835 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 418KB] ( 1185 )
1836 Phosphorus sorption capacity of the sediment in six lakes of Beijing and risk of potential phosphorus release
LU Shao-Yong, WANG Pei, WANG Dian-Wu, CHEN Jian-Jun
Phosphorus sorption capacity of the sediments were estimated by the phosphorus sorption index (PSI) and the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) of the sediments in the six lakes (QH, QNH, KMH, ZZYH, TRTH, HLJH) of Beijing, China. Relationship between the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) and other indicators were analyzed. The risk of potential phosphorus release was also investigated. The phosphorus sorption index ranged from 14.9to 83.3(mg·L)/(100g×mmol), with an average of 34.6(mg·L)/(100g×mmol),P sorption saturation (DPS) ranged from7.97% to 50.5% with an average of 28.9%,and(3)the PSI was significantly and negative correlated with the DPS. The phosphorus adsorption index (PSI) was very significantly and negative correlation with ammonium oxalate extraction of phosphorus and aluminum. The amorphous Fe oxide extracted from ammonium oxalate is the dominant factor in P sorption index. The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) was significantly positively correlated with P (Pox) extracted from ammonium oxalate, mainly due to phosphorus sorption in sediments of the original. In addition, the results of the phosphorus release risk index indicated that QH, QNH, ZZYH, TRTH might be in high potential eutrophication risk due to the release of phosphorus from the surfacial sediments.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1836-1841 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 471KB] ( 1431 )
1842 Speciation distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake
CHEN Chun-Xiao, JIANG Xia, ZHAN Yu-Zhu, JIN Xiang-Can, ZHAO Zheng
BCR three stage sequential extraction procedure was applied to examine the speciation and concentration of four heavy metals(Ni,Cu,Zn and Pb) in sediments of Lake Taihu,and the potential ecological risk of these heavy metals was assessed based on the rations secondary phase and primary phase (RSP). Concentrations of heavy metals in surface sediments were significantly higher than the background value of Taihu Lake sediment, which was 80.3%, 13.5%, 25.9%, 69.6% beyond the background value of Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb. The major speciation of four heavy metals were Fe-Mn oxide fractions and residue fraction, the percentage of fractions extracted form in total content was greater than 50%, the four heavy metals had a high potential for secondary release.Base on the RSP, the potential ecological risk of heavy metals was in the descending order of Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb. Total content of fractions extracted of heavy metals in the spatial distribution of apparent north bay>west lake>other regions.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1842-1848 [Abstract] ( 354 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 573KB] ( 2066 )
1849 Physical geography drivers of lake eutrophication and the characteristics of eutrophication effects in the secondary topography ladder in China
CAO Jin-Ling, XU Qi-Gong, XI Bei-Dou, GAO Ru-Tai, JIANG Lei, DING Jing-Tao, MAO Jing-Ying, SUN Xue-Song
In order to investigate the key physical geography drivers of lake eutrophication in the secondary topography ladder in China, curve estimation in SPSS was used to analyze the relationships between tropic level index (TLI)/Chl-a and physical geography characteristics of lakes. relationships between TLI and depth, altitude, temperature were fit to cubic/logarithm, quadratic and cubic model, respectively. The relationship between Chl-a and annual sunshine hours (ASH) was fit to quadratic/cubic model. It indicated that the key physical geography drivers of lake eutrophication in the second geography ladder were depth, altitude, temperature and ASH. Lake eutrophication effects, the relationship between Chl-a and transparency and the slopes of linear equation for Chl-a and TP were also analyzed. Transparency was the reciprocal of Chl-a in the lakes in Xinjiang Province, and in the lakes in Yunnan Province transparency and Chl-a were in power function. The slopes of linear equation for Chl-a and TP were 177.595 and 222.758 in lakes in Yunnan and Xinjiang, respectively. This results indicated that the efficiencies of nutrients used by algae were different in the second geography ladder in China.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1849-1855 [Abstract] ( 341 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 493KB] ( 1088 )
1856 The distribution and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of surface sediments in the intertidal zone of Bohai Bay, China
HUANG Guo-Pei, CHEN Ying-Jun, LIN Tian, TANG Jian-Hui, LIU Dong-Yan, LI Jun, ZHANG Gan
86 surface sediment samples were collected from the intertidal zone of Bohai Bay, adjacent main rivers and offshore area, and were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by GC/MS. The average PAHs concentration of surface sediment samples in the intertidal zone of Bohai Bay was (140.0±84.1)ng/g (n=44), which was close to the value from offshore samples [(161.6±38.7)ng/g, n=26], but significantly lower than that in the samples from main rivers [(452.7±206.0)ng/g, n=13]. Distinct spatial pattern of PAHs concentrations could be seen with “higher in the north while lower in the south” (divided by Tianjin Port) in the intertidal zone, which significantly related to the sediment granularity and the concentrations of black carbon (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC). Variation of percentage of low-molecule-weight PAHs in the intertidal zone demonstrated its special sedimentary environment. Average of BaP-equivalent carcinogenic concentrations was (24.5±21.1)ng/g in the intertidal zone sediments. Risk assessment by the criteria for marine sediment quality of Quebec, Canada suggested that there have been some ecological risk in the intertidal zone of Bohai Bay based on PAHs concentration in the surface sediment samples.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1856-1863 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 563KB] ( 1098 )
1864 Study on production of peroxide hydrogen by Chattonella marina Japan strain
JIANG Tao, CHEN Wen-Jing, WU Ni, JIANG Tian-Jiu
The induced peroxide hydrogen (H2O2) under different stages of C. marina which was treated at different salinity and nutrient conditions was studied. The results showed that high concentration of H2O2 was observed during the logarithmic phase from 4 to 8 d, with the maximum value of 0.97×10-4nmol/cell on the 6th day. Under the N:P ratio of 8:1 and 16:1, CMJP possessed the relative higher growth rate and cell concentration. However, H2O2 concentration was relatively low at those optimal N:P ratios, indicating the production of H2O2 is negative to the growth of C. marina. The lowest concentration of peroxide hydrogen of CMHK was 0.40×10-4nmol/cell with the N:P ratio of 16:1, which was only one third of that with the N:P ratio of 32:1 (1.17 ×10-4). The concentration of peroxide hydrogen per cell was 0.63 ×10-4nmol/cell when N:P ratio was 8:1. The optimal salinities for the growth of CMJP were 20 and 25psu, where cell concentrations were relatively higher. However, cell concentrations were lower at the salinity of 10, 15 and 30psu, showing the growth of CMJP was depressed at relatively low and high salinity. Salinity also influenced the production of peroxide hydrogen. The concentration of peroxide hydrogen per cell was 1.1 ×10-4nmol/cell, the highest value among the experiments, at the salinity of 30 psu.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1864-1869 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 468KB] ( 1024 )
1870 Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in Liaohe Estuary wetland soil
BAI Jie, DONG Xiao, ZHAO Yang-Guo
The nitrification from ammonia to nitrate is a rate-limiting step mediated by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The abundances and diversity of AOB in the soil of reed wetland of Liaohe Estuary were investigated by the most probable number (MPN) method and the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique,and the relationship between AOB abundances and environmental factors, such as soluble salt, was further explored. The results indicated that the temporal and spatial distribution of the AOB diversity was different, and the bacterial community on the different sites was more similar in same month. The quantity of AOB and the concentration of soluble salt presented notable negative correlation(P<0.05), while the quantity of AOB and soil total nitrogen and organ matter presented a significant positive correlation (P<0.01). It concluded that the soluble salt, soil total nitrogen and orgaic matter had an important influence on the quantity of AOB in Liaohe Estuary wetland.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1870-1874 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 364KB] ( 940 )
1875 Microbial characteristics in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake utilizing phospholipid fatty acids analysis
DONG Li-Ming
Microbial biomass and community structure in surface sediments of Baiyangdian Lake were studied with the technology of phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA) analysis. The results showed that there were mostly branched chain saturated fatty acids in sediments and the dominated bacterial biomass averaged 4.24×109 cells/g(counted by dry weight). Anaerobic bacteria and G+ were the major microbial type, while there were still large amount of aerobic bacteria in surface sediments. Correlation analysis indicated that water depth had great effect on sediment bacterial biomass and biodiversity. Phosphorus could be the limited nutrient factor for the microbial biomass and abundance in sediments. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that there were region distribution characteristics in sediment microbial community structure.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1875-1880 [Abstract] ( 304 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 446KB] ( 1095 )
1881 Investigation of epilithic periphyton communities of the littoral zone of the lakes in Erhai watershed
LAN Bo, XIANG Xian-Fen, JIA Yan-Ting, JIANG Jin-Hui, YANG Shao
Species composition, biomass, biodiversity of periphyton community as well as the aquatic physical and chemical characteristics along the littoral zone of three lakes in Erhai watershed, including Lake Erhai, Lake Xihu and Lake Cibihu, were investigated during December 2009 to January 2010. The dominant periphyton species in Lake Erhai were Cladophora spp. Diatoma spp. and Psephonema aenigmat, whereas the periphyton communities of Lake Xihu and Lake Cibihu were dominated by diatom species. Biomass of periphyton in Lake Erhai was significantly higher than those in Lake Xihu and Lake Cibihu. The highest periphyton biomass (Chl-a as 78.71μg/cm2) was observed at site EH31. Proportion of green algae in periphyton of Lake Erhai was also the highest among the three lakes. Algal biodiversity of the periphyton communities of Lake Cibihu, expressed by Shannon-wiener index, was the highest (2.47), compared with that of Lake Xihu and Lake Erhai as 2.34 and 2.20, respectively. The results indicated that algal biodiversity decreased but pollution tolerant species richness increased at the downstream of Erhai watershed. Statistical analysis by CCA showed that NH4+ and TP in water body were the main factors determining the periphyton species distribution in Erhai watershed.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1881-1887 [Abstract] ( 353 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 474KB] ( 1433 )
1888 Soil microbial biomass and activity along an altitudinal gradient in dry-hot valley
XUE Sha, LI Peng, LI Zhan-Bin, LIU Guo-Bin, ZHENG Yu
The difference of soil microbial biomass and activity along an altitudinal gradient were investigated at lower branch of Jinsha River in Ningnan County. The results showed that elevation had significant effect on soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and metabolic quotient (qCO2) in the dry-hot valley; they increased linearly with the increase of elevation. In the lower elevation (705~1005m), soil microbial biomass and activity increased with the increase of elevation; the effect of dry/hot wind decreased with the increase of elevation, soil microbial biomass and activity tended to be stable. Elevation between 1005 and 1400m could be considered as the transition region. Soil microbial biomass, basal respiration and induced respiration presented obviously changes between wet and dry season, and usually a higher value was found in wet season. In dry season, qCO2 firstly decreased with elevation, then increased and thereafter tended to be stable, while no remarkable changes was observed in the wet season. Correlation analysis showed that soil microbial biomass was significantly correlated with the physico-chemical properties; thus soil microbial biomass and activities could be useful for reflecting soil fertility. The results suggested that in the Jinsha river dry-hot valley, dry-hot wind was one of the main factors limiting the soil microbial biomass and activities. Thus taking appropriate measures to reduce the effect of dry-hot wind on vegetation and soil is important for ecological sustainable development.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1888-1895 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 680KB] ( 962 )
1896 Effects of sub-chronic samarium exposure on ultra-structure of mice testis
YANG San-Ping, SHEN Xiu-Ying, WU Yi, ZHAO Qian, RUAN Qin
In order to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicity of rare earth element samarium on testis of male mice, the mice were randomly selected and exposed to drinking water containing 0, 5, 50, 500, 2000mg/L of samarium nitrate for 90d. At the end of treatment, the mice were weighed and euthanized, and the organ coefficients were determined.The histopathology and electron microscopy observations were evaluated as well. Compared with the control group, the organ coefficient of testis from 2000mg/L group was significantly decreased;the seminiferous tubule of testis from high dose showed increased atrophies, vacuolation, and the germ cell count showed an obvious decrease and displayed disorderly organization.Electron microscopy observation showed that tubular membrane with higher dose was impaired, mitochondria were substantially swelled and vacuolated, nucleus membrane showed blur or was missing, and chromatin was marginated. Results indicated that under sub-chronic exposure of samarium with concentrations of 500mg/L and 2000mg/L, samarium exerted some damaging effect on mice testis.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1896-1899 [Abstract] ( 391 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1604KB] ( 1005 )
1900 Embryo toxicity of sodium chlorite on three generation rats
WU Ming-Song, LI Shao-Feng, LI Bai-Xiang, ZHANG Yu-Ling, HUANG Jun-Li, TIAN Yu
The embryo toxicity of chlorite on Wistar rat was investigated through a three-generation test. No teratogenic effect, abnormal viscera and skeleton was observed on fetal rats. Exposure to 120 and 360mg/L chlorite for long term led to decreased body weights for the pups. No observed adverse effect level of chlorite on fetal rat was determined at 30mg/L, and the maximum contaminant level goal of chlorite in drinking water could be deduced as 1.1mg/L.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1900-1903 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 307KB] ( 882 )
1904 Determination and risk assessment of steroidal estrogens in Liaodong Bay, China
WU Shi-Min, JIA Ai, PENG Hui, WU Xiao-Qin, DONG Zhao-Min, HU Jian-Ying
A highly sensitive SPE-UPLC-MS/MS method was based on dansyl derivatization was developed to investigate the concentrations and distribution of steroidal estrogens in seawater in Liaodong Bay, China, and further assess their ecological risk to wild so-iuy mullet. Estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-estradiol, estriol and 17α-ethinylestradiol were detected in seawater samples with the average concentrations of 0.714±0.407, 0.089±0.077, 0.009±0.011, 0.008±0.008 and 0.001±0.003ng/L, respectively. The total concentration of estrogens was higher in the sea area adjacent to Daliao River than adjacent to Shuangtaizi River, and was the lowest adjacent to Daling River and Xiaoling Rivers. The average of 17β-estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQ-E2β) in Liaodong Bay was 0.562±0.327ng/L, and the probability of intersex caused by steroidal estrogens was approximately 0.83%, which was much lower than the incidence of intersex in wild so-iuy mullet. Therefore, further identification of causal chemicals is needed for effective environmental safety management of Liaodong Bay.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1904-1909 [Abstract] ( 361 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 483KB] ( 1261 )
1910 Health risk assessment for children due to lead exposure in some region of China
DONG Zhao-Min, WU Shi-Min, HU Jian-Ying
In the present study, mild mental retardation (MMR) rates for Chinese children in some regions were assessed based on the distribution of blood lead levels in Chinese children and a non-thresholdren dose-response curve. And then the corresponding disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated using the MMR rate and the life timetable. Based on the data collected, the geometric mean (GM) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) of blood lead levels in Chinese children were 5.94 μg/dL and 1.58μg/dL, respectively. The rate higher than safety value of exposure for children in China was 12.74% and the corresponding MMR rate and DALYs were 0.78% and 0.1a, respectively. These results showed that the risk in Chinese children was lower than Africa, South America and partial Mideast, and similar with other Asian countries, expect for Japan, but much higher than North America and Europe.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1910-1916 [Abstract] ( 334 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 739KB] ( 1125 )
1917 Gas-solid two-phase flow simulation of waste printed circuit board powder pneumatic separation process and experiment
LIU Tao, LIU Guang-Fu, SONG Shou-Xu, CHEN Peng, LI Yuan
A method of separating metal powder and resin through pneumatic separation was presented according to the characteristics of waste printed circuit board powder. RNG k-ε model and unsteady tracking model were used respectively to simulate the gas flow field and the solid particles. Simulation results showed that the pneumatic separator cavity was in the whirlwind state. Wind pressure was increased with radius and height increasing, and reached the peak at the height of 1.2m. The printed circuit board powder pneumatic separation experiment was carried out and the optimal technological parameters which were chosen from the different particle sizes and impeller rotate speed were obtained. The results showed that particle fractions had the most important influence on separation effect, and the maximal metal recovery rate reached 96.5% when particle sizes were 0.125~0.212mm and the impeller speed was 200r/min. Finally, through the correlation analyzing of experiment and simulation results, the validity of the simulation was verified, and the separation scheme was proved to be feasible.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1917-1923 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1141KB] ( 1181 )
1924 Environmental impacts from milk plastic package and waste treatments of entire life cycle
XIE Ming-Hui, LI Li, QIAO Qi, SUN Qi-Hong, ZHANG Lin-Lin
Life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to examine the environmental impacts in the life cycle of plastic package for milk, and to compare the environmental impacts from different plastic package waste treatments. The data for the mass, energy fluxes and environmental emissions were obtained from site investigations and from published literature. It shows that the environmental impact of raw material extraction was the highest, over 90% of total environmental impacts, in its life cycle. In comparison with that the environmental impacts mainly come from fossil fuels consumption, climate change and damage to respiratory effects from inorganic substances categories. The contribution of carcinogens, acidification/eutrophication and ecotoxicity categories was less. The environmental impact from plastic package waste was highest in landfill treatment followed by incineration and recycle. Landfill and incineration could append 16.1% and 5.3% of additional environmental impact respectively, compared to that before plastic package come into waste stream. In contrast, recycle could reduce 75.9% of environmental impact more significantly.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1924-1930 [Abstract] ( 472 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 371KB] ( 2944 )
1931 An empirical research on the driving mechanism of corporation environmental performance based on stakeholder theory
ZHAO Jun, WU Mei-Mei, QIAN Guang-Ren, LIN Feng-Chun
Based on the theory of stakeholders, the driving mechanism of corporation environmental performance (CEP) was systemically established. The top 300 corporations in 2008 were selected as the initial samples, and all the open environmental information was collected and analyzed, finally 41 corporations were chosen for further research. The Spearman relationship analysis showed that corporation itself had the greatest impact on CEP, the government and investor’s effect was slighter, while consumers and community public had no influence. The indicators affecting CEP could be summarized into three categories by using CCA analysis, which would interpret 80.7% variation of CEP; 53.66% corporations were affected by corporation environmental management ability, government environment regulation and corporation environmental risk, respectively, while others CEP would be interpreted by co-indicators.
2011 Vol. 31 (11): 1931-1936 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 413KB] ( 1229 )
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