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2013 Vol.33 Issue.5,Published 2013-05-20
769 An observational study on aerosol absorption coefficient in urban site of Hangzhou
DU Rong-Guang, QI Bing, ZHOU Bin, YU Zhi-Feng
The variations of the aerosol absorption coefficient in the urban area of Hangzhou city for the period from April to June, 2011 and from December, 2011 to February 2012, were studied using black carbon and conventional meteorological date at national basic meteorological stations. The results showed that the absorption coefficient in winter [(42.3±17.7)Mm-1] was higher than that in summer [(35.8±10.5)Mm-1] and the aerosol absorption coefficient changed violently in winter. The diurnal variation of the aerosol absorption coefficient presented a double-peak on effects of boundary layer evolution and human activities, the peak value appeared at 07:00~09:00, the valley value appeared at 14:00, the second peak value appeared at 19:00~20:00. The most representative aerosol absorption coefficient was 24.7Mm-1, which was calculated by fitting hourly frequency distribution. Aerosol absorption coefficient in haze was higher than that in no-haze. The increase in haze pollution led to step up trend of aerosol absorption coefficient, which may be one of the important reasons for visibility degradation.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 769-774 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 614KB] ( 1095 )
775 Magnetic properties of dust in Fuzhou parks and their environmental significance
GUO Li-Cheng, CHEN Xiu-Ling, JIA Li-Min
To effectively monitor environmental pollution in Fuzhou city, magnetic properties of dust from different parks were detected. Results show that the mean value of χ, χfd%、SIRM、S-ratio and SIRM/χ were 269.80×10-8 m3/kg, 0.73, 6175.07×10-5(A×m2)/kg, 0.91 and 30.82A/m, respectively. The primary magnetic minerals of dust samples were identified to be ferromagnetic minerals (magnetite and maghemite), even hematite was found in some samples, in the single domain (SD) and pseudo-single domain (PSD) grain size in Day-plot. Magnetic concentration and grain sizes of dust in Fuzhou parks were controlled by anthropogenic activities, e.g. traffic and city construction, landform and typhoon, especially the area around second ring road. Results demonstrate that details measurements of magnetic properties can serve as an efficient complementary tool for monitoring environmental pollution in Fuzhou.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 775-785 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 720KB] ( 663 )
786 Comparative study on the observation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in a forestland
FAN Jian-Ling, HU Zheng-Yi, ZHOU Jing, WU Cong-Yang-Hui
Comparative study on atmospheric nitrogen deposition was conducted using throughfall method and micrometeorological inferential method with study object of broadleaf forest (Quercus chenii) at Forest Micrometeorological Experiment Sub-Station, Experiment Station of Red Soil Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results observed by throughfall method from Oct. 2006 to Sep. 2007 showed that NH4+–N and NO3?–N dry deposition were 37.7 and 18.5kgN/(hm2?a), respectively, in which NH4+–N were the predominant contributors, accounting for 67.0% of total dry deposition. These results were in agreement with those obtained by micrometeorological inferential method, indicating that throughfall method was reliable in the estimation of nitrogen dry deposition under forestland. Results obtained from these two methods confirmed that excessive N deposition fluxes occurred in the study area, and that their effects on various ecosystems should be paid more attention.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 786-792 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 760 )
793 The diurnal variation and ozone production potential of BTEX in Tianjin in the summer of 2012
YAO Qing, HAN Su-Qin, CAI Zi-Ying, WANG Jia
The ambient concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) were measured continuously in the urban area of Tianjin from 5th June to 31th July, 2012 by online GC-FID instrument. The ozone formation potential of each component was calculated by the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) factor. The results showed that the averaged concentration of BTEX was 38.72μg/m3 during the observation period. Concentration of the toluene and xylene were the highest among all components. Ethylbenzene, benzene and o-xylene came next. There was obviously diurnal variations of BTEX concentration. The BTEX concentration which affected by both atmospheric photochemistry reaction and boundary layer diffusion ability was lowest during afternoon and maintained a high level at night. Each species had a consistent daily variation tendency. The high mass concentration ratio of benzene to toluene (0.77) implied that motor vehicle emissions were the main source of BTEX. The factors of oil and chemical coating volatile had also influence. Maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) was used to calculate the largest ozone formation potentials of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene. The m/p-xylene had the largest ozone formation potentials. The ethyl benzene and o-xylene were at same level. The benzene had lowest potential. This result showed that the m/p-xylene had the strongest photochemical reaction activity among all components of BTEX.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 793-798 [Abstract] ( 316 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 488KB] ( 880 )
799 Estimations of aerosol direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere using remote sensing data in Yangtze River Delta region, China
XIAO Zhong-Yong, JIANG Hong
An estimation of aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) at the top of the atmosphere was performed using remote sensing data in Yangtze River Delta region and its temporal-spatial variation was analyzed. The results indicate that there was obvious linear correlation between ADRF and aerosol optical thickness (AOT), and R = 0.89 with RMSE = 5.50 respectively. The regional monthly mean ADRF were between -10~-70 W/m2, the largest value (-53.97±6.14 W/m2) and smallest value (-16.41±2.10 W/m2) of ADRF during one year appeared in June and December as AOT, respectively. The ADRF of 4 seasons in order of summer (-44.30±9.09 W/m2) > spring (-42.00±7.83 W/m2) > autumn (-28.02±6.32 W/m2) > winter (-20.40±5.00 W/m2). The largest difference of spatial distribution of ADRF at the top of the atmosphere appeared in June. In urban regions around Tai Lake, such as Shanghai, Hangzhou, the ADRF was up to -70 W/m2, and the ADRF was about -10 W/m2 in Qiandaohu Lake region. While the smallest difference appeared in December, the ADRF was about -20 W/m2 in northern urban regions and about -10 W/m2 in southern regions.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 799-807 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1336KB] ( 838 )
808 Pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds in Panyu Composition Station
ZOU Yu, DENG Xue-Jiao, WANG Bo-Guang, LI Fei, HUANG Qing
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continuously measured by on-line gas chromatography spectrum instrument coupled with fire ion detector from June 2011 to May 2012 at Guangzhou Panyu atmospheric component Station (GPACS), China Meteorological Bureau. The variation pattern of VOC concentrations and compositions was obtained with high time resolution. The results showed that monthly variation of VOCs concentration ranged from 40.99×10-9 to 65.40×10-9 and the averaged monthly concentration was 48.10×10-9. The concentrations of VOCs were higher in winter than in summer. The diurnal variation of VOCs concentrations ranged from 35.10×10-9 to 59.13×10-9.The annual average proportions of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics were 58%, 16% and 26% respectively, its constitutional characterizations varied from different seasons. It was no weekend effect during July while it was very apparent during December. The concentrations of total VOCs in China National holidays were 39.3% and 56.7% lower respectively than in fore-and-aft China National holidays. The VOC concentrations had an anti-correlation with wind speed. The VOCs concentrations were low when the wind directions were NNE, NE and SSW because of the high wind speed, which was in contrary with the situation when the wind directions were WNW and ENE. BTEX and isoprene were dramatically higher in summer than in winter due to the fact that higher temperature caused higher solvent evaporation and plant emission.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 808-813 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 388KB] ( 1102 )
814 Simulation on remediation of 2,4-DNT in groundwater by zero-valent iron
MA Zhi-Fei, LIAN Xin-Ying, ZHANG Jin-Bao, JIANG Yong-Hai, YANG Que-Ping, 吕Feng-Chun , XI Bei-Dou, YANG Yu
The removal effect of aqueous-phase 2,4-DNT by zero-valent iron and the degradation kinetics parameters were investigated by laboratory tests. Visual Modflow was used to simulate the removal effect of 2,4-DNT in groundwater by using permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology with zero-valent iron(ZVI-Fe0) as reactive material and estimate its feasibility at a hypothetical site. The results showed that the pollution plume was effectively controlled and reduced by the technology. 8.76×104 kg ZVI should be consumed to remove 1.46×104kg 2,4-DNT after four years’ contamination. The simulation also showed that as the increasing of the hydraulic conductivity, more pollutant flowed downstream due to the insufficiency contact of 2,4-DNT and ZVI. Numerical simulation is a effective approach to evaluate the remediation efficiency of PRB and determine the parameters of PRB.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 814-820 [Abstract] ( 339 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 892KB] ( 812 )
821 Adsorption of trichloronitromethane in drinking water by modified activated carbon
DING Chun-Sheng, SHEN Jia-Chen, MIAO Jia, FU Yang-Ping, ZOU Bang-Wen
In order to enhance the adsorption efficiency of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) by activated carbon, the modification method of granular activated carbon (GAC) by sodium hydroxide solution was applied. The surface physical and chemical properties of GAC before and after modification were investigated by specific surface porosity detector, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and Boehm functional group titration method, respectively. In addition, the performance of TCNM adsorption by common GAC and modified activated carbon (NaOH-GAC) were also observed under different reaction conditions. It was shown that when the initial concentration of TCNM was 10μg/L, 87% removal was achieved by using NaOH-GAC with the addition of 0.3g/L, which was 1.71 times higher than that by common GAC. The TCNM adsorption process by GAC and NaOH-GAC could be described as three phases, which were rapid phase, slow phase and dynamic equilibrium phase, in which the equilibrium time of TCNM adsorption by GAC was 36 hours, while the time by NaOH-GAC was reduced to 6 hours. The TCNM rapid adsorption processes by GAC and NaOH-GAC were fitted with the first-order reaction kinetics model.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 821-826 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 579KB] ( 1015 )
827 Bubble-particle collision mechanism in the contact zone of cyclone flotation
HAN Yan-He, CHEN Jia-Qing, RUAN Xiu-Li, WANG Chun-Sheng, WANG Jian-Wen, ZHANG Ming
In order to forecast the dynamics and separation efficiency of cyclone flotation processes, a new collision efficiency model of cyclone flotation, which bases on the collision modeling methods in gravity field and the characteristics of cyclone flotation, has been developed by introducing Reynolds number (Re) into all types of collision processes for the first time, such as interception, inertia, diffusion and centrifugal sedimentation in the contact zone. This model indicates that all the collision effect depends on Re, bubble size and particle size. When the particle size is lower than 1 nm, which is close to a molecular diameter, the collision efficiency is mostly controlled by the diffusion collision. When the particle size is between 1nm and 10 nm, the collision efficiency is controlled by both the diffusion collision and the centrifugal settling. When the particle size is between 10nm and 1 μm, the collision efficiency is mostly controlled by the centrifugal settling. However, when the particle size is above 1 μm, the collision efficiency is controlled by the combined effects of interception, centrifugal settling, and inertia effect. This model can perfectly forecast the dynamics and separation efficiency of cyclone flotation processes, which can supply a theory basis for practical application of cyclone flotation.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 827-831 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 515KB] ( 820 )
832 Effects of salinity on power generation and the microbial community structure in the microbial fuel cells
LUO Yong, LUO Hai-Ping, QIN Bang-Yu, LIU Guang-Li, ZHANG Ren-Duo
Effects of salinity of the simulated wastewater on power generation and the microbial community structure in the microbial fuel cell (MFCs) were investigated. When the MFC was operated sequentially at NaCl concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 70 g/L, the maximum voltage outputs significantly decreased from 660 to 130 mV and coulombic efficiency (CE) from 67% to 4%. When the MFC was operated at NaCl concentrations of 40 g/L then 70 g/L NaCl, no obvious electricity was generated after two cycle operations. However, in the absence of NaCl, voltages could be recovered to the maximum value of 630 mV within 60 h in the MFC after the salt shock. In addition, high salinity (> 40 g/L NaCl) reduced significantly the microbial diversity and influenced the microbial community structure.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 832-837 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 352KB] ( 575 )
838 Source apportionment in the Liao River Basin
ZHAO Jie, XU Zong-Xue, LIU Xing-Cai, NIU Cui-Juan
Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the number and characteristics of possible pollution sources, and the multivariate linear regression of the absolute principal component scores (APCS-MLR) was employed in the apportionment of the riverine pollution sources in the Liao River basin. Data of 9 water quality variables collected during the year 2009 and 2010 at 100 sampling sites were taken into consideration. Organic pollution, nutrient pollution, soil weathering were the potential pollution sources for regionⅠ, which explained 87.11% of the total variance; Nutrient pollution, mineral pollution, biochemical pollution were identified as potential pollution sources for Region III, with 72.10% of the total variance, and water in region IV were primarily influenced by organic pollution and nutrient pollution, with 77.83% of the total variance. This study illustrated the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for the identification of pollution sources, and is helpful for water quality management in the Liao River basin.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 838-842 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 284KB] ( 999 )
843 Influence of pre-chlorination on pipeline biofilm water purification efficiency and recovery process
ZHU Yong-Juan, YANG Yan-Ling, LI Xing, ZHAO Le-Le
Influence of pre-chlorination on pipeline biofilm water purification efficiency and recovery process were studied using BAR reactors simulating water delivery pipeline. The results showed that the amount of heterotrophic bacteria quickly reduced after chlorination and almost no ammonia oxidizing bacteria was detected. However, short impact was conducive to biofilm update and bacterial regrowth potential was enhanced. Having resumed operation for 240 and 144 hours, the amount of heterotrophic bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria of pre-chlorination biofilm was higher than control group. Ammonia nitrogen degradation was evidently reduced after chlorination , removal efficiency dropped from 79.01% to 32.1%、14.46% and 9.88% respectively at residual chlorine of 0.5,1.5 and 3.0mg/L. Moreover, significant nitrite nitrogen accumulation appeared, effect of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen removal was recoveried after 120 and 216 hours. Effluent total phosphrous concentration increased when residual chlorine was up to 1.5mg/L and total phosphrous removal rate was all more than 20% after run for 264 hours. Permanganate index was increased because of oxidation caused by chlorine and water purification efficiency was rerecoveried after 192 hours.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 843-847 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 395KB] ( 640 )
848 Silane coupling agent for surface modification of quartz sand filter medium
BAO Cai-Xia, WEI Bi-Gui, CHANG Qing
The quartz sand was surface modified using silane coupling reagent KH-550 to improve the hydrophobicity of filter medium as well as increase the oily wastewater treatment performance. The effect of the concentration of the silane coupling agent KH-550, modified temperature and stirring time on modification were studied by orthogonal and single-factor approach. Results show that when the KH-550 concentration was 15%, reaction temperature was 110℃ and stirring time was 15min, quartz sand modification had the best effect. Wetting weight of water could be reduced from 1.5589g to 0.0607g by surface modification while oil wetting weight were almost unchanged before and after modification. The adsorption capacity of modified quartz sand was greatly improved to 0.1843 for oil, and was 27.72% higher than unmodified quartz sand. XPS and SEM shown that KH-550 combined in the surface of the quartz sand with chemical bonds, form a solid organic coated layer.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 848-853 [Abstract] ( 352 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 576KB] ( 1413 )
854 Source apportionment of soil heavy metal Cd based on the combination of receptor model and geostatistics
QU Ming-Kai, LI Wei-Dong, ZHANG Chuan-Rong, HUANG Biao, HU Wen-You
The principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) receptor model and the ordinary kriging interpolation method were combined to identify and apportion the pollution sources of soil Cd in an area of about 150 km2 in the Wuhan Donghu High-tech Development Park. Four sources and their contribution rates, obtained using the receptor model, were as follows: source I (67%), source II (8%), source III (16%) and other sources (9%). Source contributions at each sampling site were further quantified using the receptor model, and the spatial distribution patterns of the contributions of different sources to soil Cd were mapped using ordinary kriging interpolation. Results show that every Cd source had its unique spatial pattern and high contributions from the largest Cd source (source I) mainly concentrated in the central region of the study area. Based on PCA analysis and the spatial distribution patterns of the source contributions, source I may originate from the electronic industry, source II may come from urban atmospheric deposition, particularly vehicle gas emission, and source III should be soil parent materials. This study indicates that combining the PCA/APCS receptor model and geostatistics is an effective method for apportioning heavy metal pollution sources.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 854-860 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 890KB] ( 1288 )
861 Sorption characteristics of phenanthrene by different soil organic matter fractions
BAO Gui-Qi, NI Jin-Zhi, WEI Ran, YANG Liu-Ming
Three fractions of organic matter (heavy fraction (HF), heavy fraction without the loosely combined humus (WLH), and tightly combined humus (TH) were separated from three soil types named yellow-red soil, paddy soil and meadow soil. Batch experiments were conducted to study the sorption of phenanthrene by HF, WLH, TH and bulk soils (BS). Results showed that all sorption isotherms of phenanthrene by the different organic matter fractions and bulk soils fitted Freundlich equation and were nonlinear in some degree. The values of Freundlich exponent coefficient (N) followed the order of BS > HF > WLH > TH. The sorption capacity (KF) and its organic carbon normalized parameter (KFoc) for phenanthrene were in the order of TH > WLH > HF > BS, except that KF of TH was less than that of WLH in yellow-red soil. The KF values of different soils were in the order of meadow soil>paddy soil>yellow-red soil. However, the KFoc values were in the order of paddy soil>meadow soil>yellow-red soil. The KF values had a significantly positive correlation (P<0.05) with the organic carbon content of sorbents, and the KFoc values had a very significantly negative correlation (P<0.001) with the N values. The structural characteristics and degree of polymerization of organic matter were related to the sorption of phenanthrene in soils.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 861-867 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 395KB] ( 764 )
868 Ecological risks assessment of organophosphorus pesticides based on response of Scenedesmus quadricanda
SUN Kai-Feng, WANG Na, LIU Li-Li, DUAN Shun-Shan
Ecological risks assessment of organophosphorus pesticides, glyphosate-isopropylammonium(Glyphosate IPA) and chlorpyrifos, were conducted based on the chlorophyll a fluorescence of S. quadricanda in batch cultures. The dosage response was hypothesized as toxic effect under high concentrations and stimulating effect at low concentrations, besides, utilization of OPPs as sole phosphorus source were tested. The results showed median inhibitory effect concentrations of glyphosate IPA and chlorpyrifos at 96h were 12.98 μmol/L and 2.02 μmol/L respectively. The cell density and the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were promoted significantly at low concentrations of glyphosate IPA (0.014~1.35 μmol/L), moreover, glyphosate IPA could be used as sole phosphorus source to sustain growth of S. quadricanda at the range of 0.40~0.67 μmol/L notably. However, such effects were not detected in chlorpyrifos treatments. In conclusion, ecological risks of OPPs were dominated by significant stimulating effect in yield, meanwhile, dynamic variation of algae community could be induced by organophosphorus pesticides at the deficiency of inorganic phosphorus.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 868-873 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 428KB] ( 729 )
874 Space-time evolution trends of water nitrogen in Lake Erhai
ZHAO Hai-Chao, WANG Sheng-Rui, JIAO Li-Xin, YANG Su-Wen, XU Sheng-You
Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution and the environmental effect of different nitrogen forms in overlying water of Lake Erhai was analyzed by collecting the history data of total nitrogen (TN) content from 1992 to 2009 and investigating the different nitrogen forms in overlying water in 2010 month by month. The results indicated that the contents of TN ranged from 0.20 mg/L to 0.67 mg/L, and showed a rise tendency as a whole in the overlying water of Lake Erhai from 1992 to 2009. For the overlying water of Lake Erhai in 2010, the average annual content of TN DTN, NH4+-N, NO3--N, DON and PN was 0.57,0.41,0.17,0.086,0.15, 0.17 mg/L, which met Class III water body requirements. The contents of TN, DTN and DON were highest in the northern, that of NH4+-N and NO3--N were highest in the middle, and that of PN were highest in the southern. The tendency of nitrogen content in overlying water of Lake Erhai was ascend in first and descend at last within a year. The contents of TN, DON and PN reached the highest in July, DTN and NO3--N peaked in September, and NH4+-N peaked in June. For the vertical distribution, contents of TN, DTN, DON and PN were in order of bottom layer > surface layer > the thermocline, and the peak appeared at 12 cm of the thermocline in the overlying water of Lake Erhai. The temporal and spatial distribution of different nitrogen forms in the overlying water of Lake Erhai was mainly affected by exogenous nitrogen input. The endogenous nitrogen was mainly released in the form of DON and PN and greatly impacted by water body perturbation. The distribution of NH4+-N and NO3--N was greatly affected by hydrophyte. The contents of TN were one of the main factors affected the seasonal change of the algae. The nitrogen contents of the overlying water had a greater effect on the eutrophication of Lake Erhai and the exogenous nitrogen input should be controlled mainly, especially at the beginning of the rainy season in June and July, and then the “north three rivers” basin was the key control area.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 874-880 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 615KB] ( 648 )
881 Spatiotemporal differentiation of land eco-system service in Fuzhou City
HU Xi-Sheng, HONG Wei, WU Cheng-Zhen, QI Xin-Hua
By using value coefficient method to estimate the ecosystem service value of non-construction land, prevention and alternative cost method to estimate the ecosystem service value affected by construction land, and torque balance point method to calculate the spatial distribution gravity centers of regional land ecosystem service, the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of land ecosystem service value were analyzed in Fuzhou City. The results showed that: the land ecosystem service value decreased to 91437.19 million Yuan in 2004 from 95541.91 million Yuan in 1993 in Fuzhou City, and increased to 99192.32 million Yuan in 2009. Wood land and water area contributed about 87%~92% of the total ecosystem service value among all the land use types, while the negative effects of construction land on the total ecosystem service value had gradually increased from 1996 to 2004 to 2009. The transfer directions of the spatial distribution gravity centers of land ecosystem service were according with the urbanization directions of the city during the two study periods, which were also affected by the environment sustainable development strategies of the region. According to the spatial distribution characteristics of land ecosystem service in each county of Fuzhou City, it was divided into three ecological function zones, which were ecological zone of artificial regulation, ecological zone of semi-natural and semi-artificial restoration and ecological zone of natural regulation.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 881-888 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 681KB] ( 868 )
889 A remote sensing index for assessment of regional ecological changes
XU Han-Qiu
A remote sensing based ecological index (RSEI) was developed specially for monitoring and assessing regional ecological changes. The index combined four indicators from existing remote-sensing indices/components to represent greenness, dryness, wetness and heat, which were the important ecological indicators frequently used in assessing regional ecology. Instead of a weighted addition of the four indicators, the principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to compress the four indicators into one in order to assess overall regional ecological status. The RSEI was then constructed using the first component (PC1). The application of RSEI in Hetian area of County Changting in Fujian Province, China, showed that the RSEI could quantitatively reveal regional ecological changes during the period from 1988 to 2010. The RSEI values could be well compared with the commonly-used ecological index (EI). Nevertheless, besides working as a quantitative indicator, the RSEI had more functions than the EI, such as detecting, simulating and predicting spatiotemporal changes of regional ecological quality.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 889-897 [Abstract] ( 533 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1239KB] ( 7304 )
898 Dewatering capability and morphological of municipal sludge
ZHOU Cui-Hong, LING Ying, CAO Hong-Yue
The microwave and centrifuge technologies were combined to release bound water and improve dewatering capability, which was carried out by measuring the Capillary Suction Time (CST), rheological parameters and water content, collecting sludge images to extract morphological features and analyze fractal dimension. The experimental results indicated that water content decreased with an appropriate increase of centrifugal speed and temperature. When microwave power was 1000 W, microwave temperature was 50℃, centrifugal speed was 2000 r/min and centrifugal time was 15 min, the water content of sludge reached the lowest value of 83.75%. The fractal dimension of sludge was in the range of 2.4-2.8 after the pretreatment of microwave. A model of dewatering characteristics was established by fitting dewatering capability parameters and water content, which would contribute to predicting and improving dewatering capability of sludge.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 898-903 [Abstract] ( 379 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 651KB] ( 18119 )
904 Purification progress of laccase by reversed micelle system
PENG Xin, YUAN Xing-Zhong, HUANG Hua-Jun, CUI Kai-Long, FANG Zhen-Min, ZENG Guang-Ming
Backward extraction of laccase by an innovative method, biosurfactant-based reversed micellar extraction (RME) was studied. In this reversed micelle system, rhamnolipid (RL), a kind of anionic biosurfactant, was employed and isooctane was used as solvent. Four different salts type (NaCl, NaBr, KCl and KBr) with different concentration and four different co-solvent type(n-butanol, n-hexanol, n-heptanol and n-octanol) with different ratio were added respectively in the RME. The effects of ethanol and temperature on backward extraction were studied. The experimental results showed that the impact of KCl (0.25mol/L) on backward extraction approximately equal to KBr (0.20mol/L). Optimum co-solvent was n-hexanol or n-heptanol both with the ratio of 50%. Ethanol was added in backward extraction process and the appropriate volume was 9%. The optimum temperature during backward was 35℃. The best activity recovery and purification fold were 90% and 4.7. The analysis results of SDS-PAGE further proved that laccase was successfully purified. The research indicated RL-RME has huge potential in extraction industry.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 904-909 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 333KB] ( 812 )
910 Content levels and health risk of quinolone antibiotics from vegetables of Dongguan farms
WU Xiao-Lian, MO Ce-Hui, YAN Qing-Yun, JIANG Yuan-Neng, XIANG Lei, LI Yan-Wen, HUANG Xian-Pei, SU Qing-Yun, WANG Ji-Yang
Quinolone antibiotics in vegetables from Dongguan vegetable farms were determined using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the health risk of their exposure to human body by diet pathway was assessed. The results showed that quinolone antibiotics in the vegetable samples were frequently detected. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were main compounds,followed by enrofolxacin, and the three antibiotics were detected in more than 80% of the samples.The highest content of individual compounds was more than 100μg/kg (D.W.) and average contents was around 20μg/kg (D.W.). The composition and concentration of quinolone antibiotics in various farms of vegetables and different kinds of vegetables varied greatly, with the order of leafy vegetable (49.87μg/kg) >rhizome vegetable (44.81μg/kg)> melon-fruit vegetable (11.21μg/kg). The intake dose of quinolone antibiotics via the consumption of vegetable from Dongguan farms was lower than acceptable daily intake (ADI), suggesting a lower health risk.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 910-916 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 998 )
917 Migration and transformation of bisphenol A in thermal receipt paper.
LIU Peng-Yan, CAO Xing-Fang, ZHAO Chun-Xia, LIU Hai-Di-
The characteristics of dissolution, migration and photodegradation dynamics of bisphenol A (BPA) in thermal receipt paper (TRP), as well as the dissolving laws of BPA from TRP in artificial simulative sweat were described and explained. The migration and transformation of BPA from TRP to normal paper were investigated as TRP overlapping with normal paper, and the degradation rules of BPA in TRP were researched at different temperature, time and light sources. The results showed the degradation of BPA under different light sources was in accord with the first order reaction kinetics. The content of BPA in TRP was about 13.06 mg/g. Maximum amount of BPA dissolving into simulative sweat was 10.35 mg/g. Temperature and time were key factors which affected dissolution of BPA. Humidity was key factor which affected migration amount of BPA from TRP into normal paper.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 917-921 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 334KB] ( 965 )
922 Comparative study of Zn-toxicity thresholds in 16 Chinese soils as determined by different bioassay endpoints and its predicted models
CHEN Shi-Bao, LIN Lei, WEI Wei, LIU Ji-Fang, MA Yi-Bing-
The toxicity thresholds (ECx, x=10,50, the effective concentration causing 10% and half inhibition) of Zn in sixteen Chinese soils were determined using log-logistic distribution models with four different toxicity bioassay endpoints, i.e., the potential nitrification rate (PNR) test, the barley root elongation assay (BRE), tomato (TGT) and bok choy (BGT) phytotoxicity test respectively, the quantitative relationship between the ECx of Zn in soils and the main physic-chemical (e.g. pH, CEC and org-C etc) was also quantitatively measured, and the toxicity based predicted models of Zn in soils were developed. The results indicated that toxicity thresholds of Zn varied significantly among the different bioassay endpoints. The toxicity thresholds of EC10 of bok choy growth toxicity, barley root elongation, tomato growth toxicity and potential nitrification rate test were 322, 356, 336及297mg/kg, respectively, the lowest EC10 was observed with potential nitrification rate test while the highest with barley root elongation test. The determined EC50 of the same order of bioassay endpoints were 846, 1471, 1160 and 768mg/kg respectively. In general, the sensitivity of the bioassay endpoints followed the order of: the potential nitrification rate test> tomato phytotoxicity test > bok choy phytotoxicity test> the barley root elongation test, while the test stability reversed. The result implied that the microbe were the most sensitive organism responded to the Zn toxicity and the tomato was the most sensitive plant among the tested crops. In terms of the applicability, the EC50 values were more sensitive than that of EC10, while the larger variation coefficient was observed with EC10 test. The pH value was the most important factor affecting the bioavailability of Zn in soils; the environmental risk can be well predicted by the normalization models developed on the pH, CEC and organic carbon contents of the soils.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 922-930 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 747KB] ( 898 )
931 Decomposition analysis on the variation of China’s annual environmental pollution accidents, 1991-2010
YANG Jie, HUANG Lei, LI Feng-Ying, ZOU Li-Ping, FEI Han-Xun, BI Jun
Based on the time series data from 1991 to 2010 in China, a determinant decomposition model was established to analyze the annual changes of the frequencies of environmental pollution accidents(EPAs). In the model, the changing frequencies of EPAs were decomposed to three different driving factors: economic scale, pollution control investments and risk control technology levels. Each factor was then measured and analyzed. From 1991 to 2010 the annual changes of the frequencies of EPAs showed a decreasing trend. Inter-annual change mean of EPAs was -138, thereinto, economic scale, pollution control investments and risk control technology levels had different contributions to the change, being 279, -74, -344 respectively. The empirical results show that different factors had a comprehensive impact on the variation of frequencies of EPAs, but they exerted different effects in different periods of time. The factor of increased economic scale played a promotive role in the increasing frequency of EPAs, which however will be reduced with the increase of economic scale to some degree. The factor of pollution control investments had no significant effects on the reduction of frequencies of EPAs from 1991 to 2005. The factor of risk control technologies led to a significant reduction of frequencies of EPAs.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 931-937 [Abstract] ( 296 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 492KB] ( 629 )
938 Household’s willingness to accept about conversion of farmland into forest program in ecological barrier zone of Three Gorges Reservoir Area
FENG Lin, XU Jian-Ying, DI Jing-Han
Households’ willingness to accept (WTA) about conversion of farmland into forest program (CFFP) was investigated in depth by participatory rural appraisal (PRA) in ecological barrier zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Ecological benefits of the past CFFP were approved generally, but the sustainability was worrisome. Among 1355 samples, most peasants (74.0%) agree to accept the next CFFP with subsidy. The peasants who had low relevance between future life and farmland prefer to returning farmland. WTA presents obvious social heterogeneity and regional difference. According to the general regression model analysis, it was found that interviewee’s gender, education level, household’s farmland area, annual income, expectant compensation forms and whether migrant or not were closely correlated with the willingness value. Average WTA in the ecological barrier zone is 1014 Yuan/mu.Year. WTA of Wanzhou, Zigui, and Yubei are higher than the mean level. Based on the above research, it is concluded that there are shortcomings in uniform standards and manners of payment for environmental services (PES) in China. Standards of PES based on region and diversified compensation modes should be established to promote CFFP and regional sustainable development.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 938-944 [Abstract] ( 338 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 463KB] ( 659 )
945 Comprehensive evaluation of urban eco-environment competitiveness based on fuzzy mathematics and gray theory.
LIANG Wei, ZHANG Hui-Ying, ZHU Kong-Lai
On the basis of the comprehensive analysis of urban competitiveness at home and abroad, the concept of urban eco-environment competitiveness was defined and an evaluation index system to measure the urban eco-environment competitiveness was constructed. Grey system theory was used to calculate every indicator’s weight and analyze 17 cities of Shandong Province. Each of urban eco-environment competitiveness of these 17 cities was calculated using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The result shows that the top three cities with eco-environment competitiveness were Linyi(0.1894), Rizhao(0.1705) and Yantai(0.1676), however, Dezhou(0.1191), Jinan(0.1232), Zaozhuang(0.1274), Binzhou(0.1285) and Zibo(0.1289) hade poor performances relatively and other cities were in the middle level. In-depth analysis was conducted from different angles, such as environmental resource competitiveness, waste discharge competitiveness, environmental governance competitiveness and energy consumption competitiveness. Finally, typical problems that emerge in the development of low-carbon economy were analyzed and targeted policy recommendations were given.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 945-951 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 595KB] ( 752 )
952 Environmental performance in China’s regional economies and re-testing the Porter Hypothesis
FAN Dan, WANG Wei-Guo
Based on the sequence DEA-DDF, regulation index, Malmquist-Luenberger (ML) productivity index, environmental technical efficiency, cost of environmental regulation and total factor productivity in eastern, central, western, northeast regions, 30 provinces of china from 1999 to 2010 were measured, and re-testing the Porter hypothesis were taken.The results showed that, the structure of environmental technical efficiency presented the highest in eastern, a little bit lower in northeast, lower in Central and the lowest in western regions. The cost of environmental regulation was the highest in the old industrial base of the northeast , the lowest in the western regions; environmental regulation intensity and total factor productivity of nationwide and four main regions had significant positive correlations, which supported the existence of the Porter hypothesis.The tests on the effect of technological progress showed that , only the central region supported the existence of the Porter hypothesis, the tests of the western regions showed that the higher regulation of carbon emissions would have a negative impact to technological advances. The inspection of the technical efficiency effect of changes in nationwide and four main regions supported the Porter hypothesis, the strengthening of the regulation of carbon emissions intensity would promote the various regions to catch up with the optimal production frontiers at different time.
2013 Vol. 33 (5): 952-959 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 935KB] ( 784 )
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