Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2014 Vol.34 Issue.8,Published 2014-08-20

	1905	The characteristic analysis of atmospheric mercury during haze days in Qingdao
		ZHANG Yu-Qing, LIU Ru-Hai, CUI Xue-Qing, ZHOU Jian-Ping, WANG Yan
		In order to investigate the characteristics of atmospheric mercury pollution, total gaseous mercury (TGM) and particulate mercury (PHg) samples were collected in Qingdao during January 14-17, 2013, when a serious haze event occurred. The results showed that the average concentrations of TGM and PHg in Qingdao during this haze event were (2.8±0.9) ng/m3 and (245±174) pg/m3, respectively. On haze days (January 14 and 15), there was a negative correlation between TGM and PHg, and TGM/PHg ratios were higher than that on non-haze days (January 16 and 17), indicating that meteorological conditions would promote the transformation of TGM to PHg. Correlation analysis between mercury concentrations and environmental factors showed that both TGM and PHg were positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity, and negatively correlated with wind speed. TGM was positively correlated with SO2 and NO2, suggesting fossil fuel combustion was its major source. The pathways of air masses associated with the mercury samples were classified into 5 categories based cluster analysis. Atmospheric mercury in Qingdao during this event was mainly influenced by short-range transport, the influence of local pollution from Shandong area contributed to the highest TGM and PHg contents on haze days.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1905-1911 [Abstract] ( 379 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 693KB] ( 1028 )

	1912	A study of 2 cases of typical hazy weather in guangzhou during 2012
		LI Fei, HUANG Xiao-Ying, ZHANG Zhi-Yan, LIU Xian-Tong, TAN Hao-Bo, LI Li-Yun, DENG Xue-Jiao
		Two typical hazy weather events which occurred in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) cities from Mar. 18 to Mar. 21 and from Oct. 13 to Oct. 15, 2012respectively were selected in this paper. A comprehensive analysis of the causes of the events was made by using the in-situ measurement of visibility (VIS), aerosol mass concentration (PM10/PM2.5/PM1), the concentration of black carbon (BC) at an integrated observation base for atmospheric composition in Panyu, Guangzhou, the weather type, meteorological elements and backward airflow trajectory during these events. The results are shown as follows: Daily visibility was as low as 5.3km, black carbon’s hourly concentration value was up to 19.0μg/m3, PM2.5’s hourly concentration was 163.0μg/m3at its highest. These two events were affected by the weather conditions which weren’t conducive to the transport or spread of pollutants. In PRD, low visibility of haze weather occurs mainly in condition of high relative humidity. It is deduced that aerosol has greater hygroscopicity in the dry season than in the wet season in this region.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1912-1919 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2659KB] ( 990 )

	1920	Physicochemical characteristics and long-range transportation of atmospheric particulates during a dust storm episode in Harbin, China
		HUANG Li-Kun, WANG Guang-Zhi, WANG Kun
		This study investigates the physicochemical characteristics of atmospheric particulates (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5) during a dust storms episode, including the size distribution of the particles and the chemical composition analysis in particles. In addition, long-range transportation of dust particles is estimated by the HYSPLIT trajectory model to investigate the sources of dust. The results show that PM10~100 is the main components during the dust storms episode and PM10~100/TSP is from 50% to 57%. PM2.5/TSP and PM10/TSP reach the lowest value of 0.17 and 0.43. Na, Si, Al, Ca, Fe, K, and Mg in PM10 and TSP have great variation in dust period and are 2~3 times higher than that in non-dust period with the highest concentration of 7.28, 1.98, 19.89, 25.82, 18.77, 4.68, and 6.49 μg/m3in TSP. The mass concentrations of Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ in the dust period are 2~3 times greater than that in non-dust period with the highest concentration of 22.23, 2.04, and 1.68 μg/m3 in TSP, mainly from soil and dust. The model results show that dust source in dust period is very obvious which starts at the northwest of Inner Mongolia and central regions, going south through Shanxi to the northeast, passing through Hebei, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin and other provinces, and continuously inputting into Harbin.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1920-1926 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 789KB] ( 1198 )

	1927	Analysis and comparison of the aerosol microphysical properties at three AERONET sites in China
		ZHANG Zhi-Wei, WANG Hong-Bin, ZHANG Lei, HU Die, TIAN Peng-Fei, LIANG Jie-Ning, WANG Shi-Gong
		The microphysical parameter characteristics of aerosol were analyzed at the AERONET stations located in SACOL, Xianghe and Taihu. The results showed that the annual average AOD at Xianghe and Taihu stations were 0.67±0.66 and 0.72±0.44, respectively, which were nearly 2times of the value of AOD at SACOL (0.38±0.27). The standard deviation presented a significant temporal variability. At SACOL, the higher value of AOD was found in the spring and winter, and the lower value of AOD was found in the summer and fall. However, At Xianghe and Taihu, the higher values of AOD were found in the spring and summer, and the lower values of AOD were found in the fall and winter. Combined with the size distribution, volume concentration of aerosol particles, it can be concluded that dust was the main type of aerosols at SACOL in spring. At Xianghe and Taihu stations, the types of aerosol were mainly fine mode particles in summer due to the gas-to-particle conversion process. We could observe that for the measurements with ?ngstr?m exponent (?0.4) was almost unavailable. According to analysis we could establish the limit of the fine particle predominance with ?>1.7approximately. But for 0.75
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1927-1937 [Abstract] ( 391 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 793KB] ( 2264 )

	1938	An observational study of the hygroscopic properties of aerosols in north suburb of Nanjing
		WU Yi-Xiao, YIN Yan, GU Xue-Song, TAN Hao-Bo, WANG Ya
		Aerosol hygroscopicity influences the aerosol optical properties as well as the atmospheric visibility, and hence affects the aerosol direct and indirect climatic effects. In this study, the hygroscopicity of submicron particles in urban Nanjing was studied from May to July 2012. A Humidity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (H-TDMA) instrument was applied to measure the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) at 90% relative humidity (RH) for particles with dry diameter between 40~200nm. The statistical results show that, the GFs of the aerosol show a distinct bimodal distribution, and classified into less-hydrophobic (LH) group (GF1.15). For less-hydrophobic group, the GFLH was 1.10~1.14, while the GFMH varied between 1.47~1.58for more-hygroscopic group. The spread of GF-PDF (σ) are higher in more-hygroscopic group than in less-hydrophobic group with the same size. It means that the compositions of MH group are more complex. The change of relative humidity has an effect on particle hygroscopic growth which is associated with particle size and chemical compositions. Aitken nuclei and condensation nuclei have different deliquescence point under the same relative humidity. The main moisture absorption components are ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. The result of the measurement under different weather condition shows that GF and NFMH are bigger in polluted periods than in clean periods. Obvious diurnal variation characteristics were also observed. The hygroscopicity of particles become stronger mainly caused by photochemical reaction and the evolution of the atmospheric mixing layer. The black carbon from automobile exhausts effect the hygroscopicity of aerosol particles by changing the chemical components of aerosol particle.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1938-1949 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 998KB] ( 1182 )

	1950	Aircraft measurements of aerosol spetial distribution properties in Shanxi Province in summer.
		LI Jun-Xia, YIN Yan, LI Pei-Ren, LI Run-Jun, JIN Li-Jun, LI Jin
		Aircraft Measurements of aerosol spatial distribution properties in the central region of Shanxi Province were carried out in summer, 2013. The vertical distribution characteristics of aerosol number concentration and size were observed and analyzed, and the spectrum properties of aerosol particles in different height were studied. The results show that most aerosol particles were nucleation mode and accumulation mode on non-precipitation days in Shanxi Prov. in summer. Aerosol number concentration on haze day was 2 or 3 times larger than that on clear days. Aerosol number concentration decreased with altitude. A low-level aerosol accumulation zone was present due to the existence of temperature inversion layer. The mean aerosol particle size increased with height with the larger particles mainly distributed above 2500m. The aerosol particles spectrum usually showed a bimodal or three-modal type. The width of aerosol particles spectrum broadened slightly from ground surface to 5000m. The air mass back trajectory in observation days showed aerosol particles in high level was transported from north-west China over long distance, and aerosol particles below 3000m mainly came from the ground emissions.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1950-1959 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1443KB] ( 840 )

	1960	Simulation analysis and verification of surface CO2 flux over Pearl River Delta, China
		MAI Bo-Ru, AN Xing-Qin, DENG Xue-Jiao, ZHOU Ling-Xi, WANG Chun-Lin, LI Fei, HUANG Jian-Ping, CHEN Ling, YIN Shu-Xian
		Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas involved in climate change. This gas is responsible for 85% of the increase in radiative forcing over the past decade and 81% over the last five years. Accurate estimations of strength and spatiotemporal distributions of surface sources and sinks of CO2 are thus of great interest to the scientific community and policy makers. The CO2 measurement and modeling system developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and called the Carbon Tracker-2010 (CT-2010) was used to analyze the seasonal and spatial distributions of net CO2 flux and CO2 sink characteristics of terrestrial ecosystems in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Prior to doing simulations, the CT-2010 model was validated using in situ observations from the Panyu meteorological site (PYQXJ), the Dongguan site (DG), and the Ding Hushan site (DHS), which are representative of grassland, urban green space, and forest ecosystems in the PRD region, respectively. Net fluxes from the CT-2010model compared with observations from the three sites well. Hourly, daily, and diurnal residuals were less than 2.0 μmol/(m2?s) and correlation coefficients were greater than 0.60 (P<0.01). The CT-2010 model captured well the seasonal patterns of CO2fluxes over the PRD region. However, the magnitude of the simulated fluxes was generally greater than that of the observed fluxes. Annual residuals were 2.056, 0.964, and 2.100μmol/(m2?s) at the PYQXJ, DG, and DHS sites, respectively. From June 2004to May 2005, the mean surface net flux over the PRD region was 3.43μmol/(m2?s). In summer, fall, winter, and spring, mean surface net fluxes were 0.18, 0.51, 1.4, and 1.35 μmol/(m2?s), respectively. The mean terrestrial flux in the PRD was -6.5×10-3 PgC. The region during this time was dominated by crops (42.01%), grassland/shrubs (31.46%), and mixed (coniferous/broadleaf) forest (26.53%).
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1960-1971 [Abstract] ( 402 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1634KB] ( 1350 )

	1972	Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols during and post-Shenzhen UNIVERSIADE period
		WANG Yu-Qin, ZHANG Yuan-Xun, ZHANG Yang, LI Zheng-Qiang, HE Ling-Yan, HUANG Xiao-Feng
		The 26th UNIVERSIADE, and event that (briefly describe, including PM2.5 controls that were put in place) was successfully held in Shenzhen during Aug.12th ~ 24th, 2011. Monitored PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter?2.5μm) mass concentrations measured (12.99±3.73) μg/m3 and (25.24±5.20) μg/m3 at two selected sampling sites. However, significant increase in PM2.5 mass appeared after the UNIVERSIADE, when the control measures were terminated. At this time, PM2.5 mass concentrations were (48.01±8.73) μg/m3 and (54.05±6.53) μg/m3, respectively. In this study, elemental carbon was used as a tracer to estimate the contamination levels of primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosols both during and after the UNIVERSIADE event. Results show that primary organic carbon post-UNIVERSIADE increased by 55% and 22% and the secondary organic carbon increase by 442% and 169% at the two sites, respectively. Considering meteorological factors and backward trajectory clustering modeling, both long-distance particle transportation and local contamination accumulation contribute to the air quality degradation, among which secondary atmospheric reactions might be the major factor leading to the observed PM2.5 increase.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1972-1978 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 744KB] ( 660 )

	1979	Effect of sludge loading rate on the growth and distribution of sulfadiazine-resistant bacteria
		YUAN Qing-Bin, GUO Mei-Ting, YANG Jian
		In order to study the propagation and distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the typical biological treatment process, an activated sludge system with different sludge loading rates was constructed. The effect of sludge loading rate on the growth and release of sulfadiazine-resistant bacteria in the system was then studied. The results indicated that a higher sludge loading rate promoted the growth of sulfadiazine-resistant bacteria. The net specific growth rate and the bacteria production increased from 0.32d-1 and 2.3×106CFU/d to 0.33d-1 and 3.1×106CFU/d, respectively. The concentration of sulfadiazine-resistant bacteria in activated sludge, effluent and biosolids all increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased sludge loading rate, while the antibiotic resistant characteristic changed slightly. The biosolids was the main released pattern for sulfadiazine-resistant bacteria in the low sludge loading rate [0.24kg COD/(kg MLSS?d)] system, and the released ratio (biosolid/effluent) was 28.4. By comparison, much more bacteria were discharged through effluent in the higher sludge loading rate [0.4kg COD/(kg MLSS?d)] system, with the release ratio (biosolid/effluent) of 1.1. The total discharging load decreased significantly in the system with higher sludge loading rate, which was benefical to the potential ARB risk control.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1979-1984 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 360KB] ( 1030 )

	1985	Preparation of amine-modified mesoporous activated carbon and its adsorption of lead (II) from aqueous solution
		LI Kun-Quan, YANG Mei-Rong, WANG Yan-Jin, JIA Jia-Qi, ZHENG Zheng
		Biomass-based mesoporous carbons were prepared from bagasse by microwave assisted H3PO4 activation. Polyamine groups were modified on the prepared carbon channels’ surfaces by nitric acid oxidation followed by reaction with ethylenediamine. The influence of initial concentration, temperature, carbon dose on the adsorption capacity, characteristic and thermodynamics of Pb (II) on the modified mesoporous carbon was investigated. The results showed that nitrogen-containing groups such as amido and imido group were successfully grafted on the surface of mesoporous carbon. The introduction of nitrogen-containing polyamine groups greatly enhanced the separation of Pb (II) from aqueous solution. The Langmuir Pb (II) adsorption capacity on the polyamine-modified carbon reached nearly 180mg/g, which was 1.5times of that on the untreated mesoporous carbon. The removal rate of Pb (II) from aqueous solution was significantly improved on the polyamine-modified carbon. Almost 100% of Pb (II) was adsorbed on the modified carbon with Pb (II) initial concentration less than 60mg/L. The adsorption amount of Pb (II) was increased with increasing temperature. The adsorption behavior and thermodynamic data suggested that the polyamine-modified material had a heterogeneous surface energy distribution, the adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process, and chemical reaction could be involved and play an important role.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1985-1992 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 596KB] ( 840 )

	1993	Removal of iron, manganese and high ammonia from groundwater by biofilter.
		CAI Yan-An, LI Dong, ZENG Hui-Ping, LUO Ya-Hong, ZHANG Jie
		A pilot-scale biological filter was constructed to removal of iron, manganese and high ammonia simultaneously from groundwater. The results indicated that the failure of manganese and ammonia oxidation when the influent ammonia concentration was above 2.0mg/L without extra aeration. Oxidation of iron, manganese and ammonia could be completed by downflow filtration with the aeration at the bottom of the filter bed, while the processing capacity was affected significantly and was not suitable for application of the biofilter. The upflow filtration with the same aeration mode could also met the oxygen demands of the oxidation process, however, the oxidized iron and manganese were easily taken out filter bed, causing high iron and manganese concentration in the effluent. For the upflow filtration with extra aeration at the bottom of the filter bed, the experiments demonstrated that the intercepting capacity of filter was damaged significantly by disturbance of aeration compared to the case of upflow filtration without aeration and was inversely correlatedwith the aeration intensity.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1993-1997 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 362KB] ( 1106 )

	1998	Research on the recovery strategy for nitrosation at room temperature
		ZHANG Gong-Liang, LI Dong, ZHANG Xiao-Jing, ZENG Hui-Ping, SU Dong-Xia, ZHOU Yuan-Zheng, ZHANG Jie
		At room temperature conditions [(22±1℃)], by using SBR reactor, it is explored that how delay aeration impact nitrosation stability for low ammonia nitrogen sewage and efficient recovery strategy for nitrosation instability because of delay aeration is looked for. Results show that the delay aeration creates a favorable environment to NOBs so that NOBs can reproduce rapidly, delay aeration of 1h for the 23d eventually makes the nitrosation system instability; nitrosation instability needs to adopt a joint recovery strategy that the additional 1h front stir anaerobic phase and control of ammonia oxidation rate at about 50% by shortening the aeration time is carried out. Then nitrosation can be realized through 60cycle (20d).
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 1998-2002 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 366KB] ( 1013 )

	2003	Effect of COD/N ratios and pH on N2O production during nitrite denitrification process
		LI Peng-Zhang, WANG Shu-Ying, PENG Yong-Zhen, LIU Yue
		The effect of COD/N ratios and pH on N2O production was studied in sequencing batch reactors (SBR). The initial NO2--N concentration of 30mg N/L was obtained by adding NaNO2, the COD/N ratios of 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 were reached by adding ethanol, and the pH were controlled at 6, 7, and 8. The experimental results showed that low COD/N produced more N2O with the maximum N2O generating capacity of 2.35mg/L, and low pH conditions increased the accumulation of N2O. The production rate of N2O reached 2.35×10-3mgN/(mgMLSS?L?h) at low COD/N and low pH. There were two reasons. The ability of N2O reductase for competing electrons was weak, and sufficient electron donors were favorable for the reduction of N2O. Low pH affected microbial metabolism, and the N2O reductase were inhibited by HNO2 (produced by H+ and NO2- ). The study showed that sufficient carbon sources and alkaline conditions were the key factors to reduce the accumulation of N2O in nitrite denitrification processes.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2003-2009 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 332KB] ( 880 )

	2010	Effects of different bicarbonate concentrations on the reduction of nitrobenzene by zero-valent iron in simulated groundwater
		ZHANG Na, CHEN Ri, ZHANG Hai-Tao, HONG Mei
		Batch experiments were designed to investigate the influence of different concentrations (0, 100, 300, 500 and 800mg/L) of bicarbonate on nitrobenzene degradation by zero valent iron in subsurface environment. The concentrations of nitrobenzene and aniline were monitored at interval time during the reaction progress, and the variations of pH, Eh, Fe2+, CO32- during the reaction were examined. The results indicated that bicarbonate can enhance the zero-valent iron activity at lower concentration (100~500 mg/L), and as the increasing of bicarbonate concentration, the promoting effect increases. in 500 mg/L system, the highest nitrobenzene reduction was 88% and aniline formation was 173 mg/L, the buffering capacity for pH was the strongest, the decline range of Eh was the largest, and the concentration of Fe2+ was the highest. The system of bicarbonate concentration of 800 mg/L was not conducive to the reduction of nitrobenzene.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2010-2016 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 437KB] ( 650 )

	2017	Adsorption efficiencies of pentachlorophenol from aqueous solution onto biochars
		LANG Yin-Hai, LIU Wei, WANG Hui
		The biochars were produced from wheat straw and peanut hull at three pyrolysis temperatures of 300, 400 and 600℃, respectively. The physico-chemical properties of biochars were characterized by elemental analyzer, scanning electron microscope and BET surface area analyzer, and the adsorption capability of biochars for the removal of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from aqueous solution was evaluated. The results showed that the aromaticity of biochars gradually increased and the polarity decreased with the increasing pyrolysis temperature. The adsorption capability of peanut hull biochars was higher than that of wheat straw biochars. In addition, the adsorption amount of peanut hull and wheat straw biochars under different carbonization temperature followed the order of 400℃ >600℃ >300℃. The removal capacity for PCP increased from 81.79% to 89.02% with biochar dosages increase, while the adsorption amount of biochars decreased from 30.32to 5.54mg/g. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of PCP onto biochars were better fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich equation, respectively. The fast adsorption reaction was the controlled process and lower temperature enhanced the adsorption of PCP from aqueous solution.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2017-2023 [Abstract] ( 371 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 634KB] ( 5147 )

	2024	Study on dewaterability and solubilization of intracellular substances during sludge dewatered by continuous inflow with 2450MHz electromagnetic wave
		SANG Wen-Jiao, FANG Xiao-Xiao, GONG Ya-Jun, 欧Yang-Qin , LIU Zheng-Rong, ZHANG Qian, LI Cui-Hua, ZHANG Shao-Hui
		The optimal condition of continuous inflow sludge dewatering with 2450MHz electromagnetic wave was examined by the homogeneity tests with two different sludge. Based on the test, the system was optimally operated under the power of 270W, time of 200s and sludge loading of 150mL. Under the optimal condition, the centrifugal water content, settled water content and SV of the excess sludge dropped from 90.46%, 96.35%, 88% to 87.32%, 95.55%, 76% respectively. SRF increased from 2.37?109 to 1.22?1010m/kg, and the volume of sludge was 25% less than those which were operated without 2450MHz electromagnetic wave. In addition, the biggest solubilization mulriple of TN, TP and SCOD was 17.69, 9.50 and 40.11 respectively, while EPS of sludge decreased 61.9%. To sludge of low SRF, as compared with other existed experiments, SRF didn’t decrease but increase, while the solubilization ratio of intracellular substance was much higher, and EPS decreased obviously simultaneously with better sludge dewaterability. In summary, dynamic continuous inflow sludge dewatering was better than static ones with 2450MHz electromagnetic wave.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2024-2029 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 405KB] ( 757 )

	2030	Experimental study on monitoring moisture content in municipal solid wastes with high organic content: using coated TDR probe
		XU Hui, ZHAN Liang-Tong, MU Qing-Yi, WANG Shun-Yu, CHEN Yun-Min
		The aims of this experimental study were to evaluate the applicability of coated TDR probes in highly conductive MSWs with high organic content. TDR probes with identical geometry but different kinds of coating, i.e., coating with an epoxy-resin composite and PVC tube, were produced. The effect of the coating treatment on the dielectric permittivity measurement and the influence area of the TDR probes were evaluated. Based on the evaluation, the probe with a PVC coating on the 95% of the rod length was recommended for the application in MSWs. The recommended TDR probe was calibrated and installed in two laboratory cells, i.e., one containing fresh MSWs and the other containing decomposed MSWs. The change of moisture content in the wastes was measured during and after leachate infiltration into the cells. The measurements demonstrated that the recommended coated TDR probe was effective in measuring the moisture content in the MSWs with a high organic content and was able to capture the hydraulic response of MSWs with transient seepage. The measurement of moisture content at the steady state condition was close to the result that calculated from water balance analysis, and the maximum difference was less than 5%.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2030-2039 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 550KB] ( 792 )

	2040	Cu2+ removal from wastewater using hydroxyapatite prepared from FGD gypsum
		YAN Yu-Bo, DONG Xiao-Li, SUN Xiao-Lei, LI Jian-Sheng, SHEN Jin-You, HAN Wei-Qing, LIU Xiao-Dong, SUN Xiu-Yun, WANG Lian-Jun
		Hydroxyapatite (FGD-HA) was synthesized from waste FGD gypsum using hydrothermal method. FGD-HA was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and investigated as adsorbent for removal Cu2+ from wastewater. The sorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics of Cu2+ adsorption onto FGD-HA were investigated by batch tests. The kinetics was evaluated utilizing pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models, and the experimental data agreed well with the pseudo-second order model due to its relatively high R2 value (0.9998). The equilibrium data were further analyzed by using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. Equilibrium sorption of Cu2+ onto FGD-HA had best fitness with the Langmuir model. Response surface methodology (RSM) employed to optimize the adsorption process parameters. The optimum operating conditions were determined as dosage of 3.11g/L, pH of 4.96, temperature of 22.09℃, initial concentration of 24.75mg/g, and the removal efficiency for Cu2+ was found to be 100%. The verification experiment was also carried out at same conditions and the result was 97.4%, confirming that the model was effective.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2040-2048 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1450KB] ( 1356 )

	2049	Applying soil amendments to co-cropping system for remediating heavy metal contaminated soil: Field experiment.
		SUN Yan, WU Qi-Tang, XU Tian-Fen, DI Xiao-Feng, LIN Xiao-Yan, WANG Hui
		The field experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of applying the selected soil amendments in a real case of phytoremediation with the co-crop of Sedum alfredii and Zea mays. Results showed that application of mushroom manure or mica or zeolite significantly decreased Cd and Pb contents in maize straw and grain, and Cd and Pb concentrations in corn grain were below the limit value of the Chinese food standards (GB 2762-2012). The phyto-extraction of Cd by S. alfredii was increased by the treatment of mushroom manure, and humic acids increased significantly the phyto-extraction of Pb. Therefore humic acids and mushroom manure were suitable soil amendments to be applied in the co-cropping system of S. alfredii and maize. The application of mica and zeolite significantly increased the soil pH and decreased the exchangeable Cd and Pb in soil, and accordingly, the uptake of Cd and Pb by the two plants were also reduecd. However, the treatment of mushroom manure or humic acids increased the exchangeable or adsorbed Cd and Pb in soil, the stability constant of Cd absorption by plant roots indiacated that these organic-matter-adsorbed Cd was difficult to be up-taken by maize roots.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2049-2056 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 477KB] ( 1343 )

	2057	Effect of N, P fertilizers on adsorption of oxytetracycline to cinnamon soil.
		LIU Bin, BAO Yan-Yu, ZHOU Qi-Xing, ZHANG Cheng-Dong
		The OECD Guideline 106 was selected as reference method, in purpose of investigating the effect of nitrogen-containing and phosphorus-containing fertilizers on adsorption of OTC in cinnamon soil. In addition, ammonium chloride, urea, calcium nitrate and triple superphosphate were employed as treatment factors. The isothermal adsorption test showed that data could be fitted very well (PNH4Cl>CK>Ca(H2PO4)2>CO(NH2)2. In terms of adsorption rate and distribution coefficient, CO(NH2)2 gave rise to the most significant influence which decreased by 2.43%, 13.19% averagely, and Ca(H2PO4)2 led to the least significant influence which lowered by 1.75%, 9.59%.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2057-2062 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 527KB] ( 1126 )

	2063	Study on pollution loading and water environmental capacity in watershed—A case study of Taiping Lake Basin, Anhui Province, China
		LI Xiang, LU Jun, QIAN Min-Lei, WANG Xiang-Rong, FAN Zheng-Qiu, WANG Shou-Bing
		The study of pollution loading and water environmental capacity is one of the key issues in water environment, water resources management and allocation in watershed. A comprehensive analysis of water pollution loading and environment capacity was conducted in this paper by taking a case study of Taiping Lake Basin, Anhui Province, China. Based on monitoring and statistic data as well as discharge coefficient method, different sources of water pollution were analyzed. Three models, including simplified one-dimension model, Vollen welder model and Dillion model, were used to estimate water environmental capacity of Taiping Lake and other major rivers. Results indicated that 3863.75tons of COD, 410.24tons of NH3-N and 51.63tons of TP was discharged into Taiping Lake in 2011. Water pollution was mainly contributed by urban and rural domestic sewage, accounting for about 60%. Machuan River and Puxi River were more seriously polluted than other rivers in Taiping Lake Basin. The spatial analysis of pollutant discharge suggested that developed regions had relatively higher pollution loading. While Taiping Lake still has large pollutant carrying capacity according to the current water quality management target, the discharge of NH3-N and TP in Puxi River, Yangxi River and Shuxi River were nearly reach the limit. Therefore, the total quantity control of pollutants should be taken in the future.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2063-2070 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1138KB] ( 1501 )

	2071	Effects of sludge dredging on black bloom: a case study of Bafang port and Lujiang port of Taihu Lake
		CHEN Chao, ZHONG Ji-Cheng, FAN Cheng-Xin, SHEN Qiu-Shi, LIU Cheng
		In order to estimate the effects of dredging on the prevention and control of black bloom, four intact sediment cores had been sampled from dredged and un-dredged areas of Bafang port and Lujiang port to simulation the occurrence and regression of algae-caused black bloom with Y-shape apparatus. Results showed that dredging has a good effect on prevention the degree of algae-caused black bloom. The color of water in dredged treatment group was lighter than the control, and the occurrence time of black bloom in dredged sites of Bafang port and Lujiang port was delayed 6days and 2days, respectively. The concentrations of NH4+-N, PO43--P in overlying water of dredged treatment group of Bafang port and Lujiang port were only 40%, 77.1%, 41.4% and 78.1% of control treatment, and the concentrations of Fe2+ and S2- in overlying water of dredged treatment group were higher than control. The concentrations of Fe2+ in sediments of dredged sites of Bafang port and Lujiang port were 78.1% and 76.4% of control sites, and the concentration of Acid Volatile sulphide (AVS) in dredged site of Lujiang port was 1.36times than control. Vertical distribution characteristics of Fe2+ and AVS in sediment were not observed in this experiment. Overall, dredging can effectively prevent the occurrence of black bloom.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2071-2077 [Abstract] ( 264 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 473KB] ( 1014 )

	2078	Phsophorus sorption capacity of surface sediments and risk assessment of potential phosphorus release in Lake Xiaoxingkai, China
		YU Shu-Ling, LI Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Ji-Tao, CHEN Guo-Shuang, LI Xiu-Jun
		Phosphorus sorption capacity of surface sediments are estimated by phosphorus sorption index (PSI) of sediments and degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) in Lake Xiaoxingkai, China. The relationship between DPS and other indicators were analyzed, and the risk of potential phosphorus release were discussed by calculating phosphorus release risk index (ERI). The results showed that PSI ranged from 9.78 to 197.53 (mg?L)/(100g?μmol), with an average of 59.77 (mg?L)/(100g?μmol). DPS ranged from 9.95% to 24.47%, with an average of 15.41%. PSI was significantly and positively correlated to phosphorus (Pox), iron (Feox) and aluminum (Alox) extracted from sediment by ammonium oxalate. Rion extracted from sediment by ammonium oxalate might be the main factor to affect PSI. DPS was influenced mainly by original adsorbed phosphorus of sediments (or Pox). In addition, ERI ranged from 8.99% to 129.94%, which indicated that the Lake Xiaoxingkai might be in high potential eutrophication risk due to the release of phosphorus from surface sediments. Compared to the different sample points, the north area polluted by agricultural non-point source pollution has higher potential eutrophication risk than other areas.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2078-2085 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 463KB] ( 910 )

	2086	Residual characteristics and ecological risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface sediments of Dishui Lake watershed
		MEI Wei-Ping, RUAN Hui-Hui, WU Hao, LE Huy Tuan, JIANG Min
		Dishui Lake is the largest artificial lake in China. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured bimonthly in sediments from Dishui Lake watershed in 2012. Total concentrations of 7PCBs increased gradually in the flowing river, while fluctuated slightly inside the lake. The spatial distribution showed that PCBs outside the diversion sluice [(844.74±687.62)ng/g] was higher than that inside the diversion sluice [(516.83±645.45)ng/g], and both were much higher than that in Dishui Lake [(81.63±72.18)ng/g]. Judged by principal component analysis method, the possible sources included import capacitor migration (43%), paint additive pollution (33%) and domestic capacitor and transformer pollution (11%). The ecological risk assessment indicated that biological toxicity effect of PCBs was serious in the flowing river, whereas Dishui Lake had potential hazards. Compared with other studies, PCBs contaminated sediments in the flowing rivers were in a serious pollution level, while Dishui Lake was considered in a medium pollution level.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2086-2092 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 801 )

	2093	Study for marine environmental elements on spatio-temporal distribution of neon flying squid in the north Pacific fishing ground
		TANG Feng-Hua, JIN Shao-Fei, ZHANG Sheng-Mao, CUI Xue-Sen, WU Yu-Mei, LIU Jian, HUANG Hong-Liang
		The data including fish production, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and Chlorophyll A (Chl-a) collected by“1301ZhouYu” from July to September in 2010and between June and October in 2011and the sea current data obtained by satellite remote sensing are combined to study the effects of marine environmental elements on spatio-temporal distribution of neon flying squid in the northern Pacific fishing ground. Research shows that catch frequency on SST and Chl-a are normally distributed, and the optimal conditions for high fish production are 18~20℃for SST, 33.60‰~34.80‰ for SSS, 0.08~0.24mg/m3for Chl-a. A better match is seen between SST and fishing grounds. Productive fisheries are usually located near the 18~20℃ isotherm, generally on the cold water side of the intersection between cold water and warm water masses. Center fisheries located to the north side of the pro tide and close to the Kuroshio intersection mixed zone. As time went on, the position of center fisheries moved towards the northwest direction step by step. On the whole, several environmental factors could be the index to identify potential center fisheries, but SST is the best choice. Combining this with factors such as the intersection situation of cold and warm water, Chl-a concentrations and sea weather will give more accurate prediction of the center position of fishing grounds.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2093-2100 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1292KB] ( 708 )

	2101	Characterization of primary productivity in the aquatic zones around the Huainan and Huaibei coalmine subsidence areas
		YI Qi-Tao, XU Xin, QU Xi-Jie, ZHANG Ming-Xu
		Three sites in the Huainan “Panxie” coalmine areas (PXPJ, PXQQ and PXXQ), and two sites in the Huaibei “Zhu-Yang Zhuang” coalmine areas (HBZH and HBNH), were employed to address the characteristics of primary productivity (PP) and carbon pools in the aquatic zones around Huainan and Huaibei coalmine subsidence area. The analyzed carbon pools are in forms of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC). This research was conducted in one-year period within four seasons from 2012 to 2013. Then the relationships between PP, carbon pools and other environmental factors were discussed. The nutrient content, PP and carbon pools changed with a great spatial-temporal variability, which was probably attributed to the site-specific conditions as regional geography and climate, local water chemistry and other ecological factors as well. The averaged chlorophyll-a (Chla), POC and gross primary productivity of water column were 3.7 to 71.5mg/m3, 0.9~4.0mgC/L, and 82.4~2305.4mgC/(m2?d), respectively. The nutrient levels and PP in the aquatic zones around the Huainan mining areas were greatly higher than those in the Huaibei mining areas. There were significantly positive correlations between PP and nutrients, Chla, DOC, POC. Finally, the differential principles and strategies, aimed to help regionally ecological rehabilitation, restoration and conservation, were proposed based on the present study.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2101-2110 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 455KB] ( 1391 )

	2111	Effect of land cover change on runoff and sediment yield of small watershed in Loess Hilly-gully region
		ZHAO Yang, CAO Wen-Hong, JIE Gang, CHENG Chen, YIN Xiao-Lin, LIU Bing, ZHANG Xiao-Ming
		To explore the impacts of land cover change on runoff and sediment yield in Loess Hilly-gully region, Lvergou watershed, Luoyugou watershed and her son basins of Qiaozigou in the study region were selected as the research objects. Mathematical statistics method and paired catchments approach were applied to analyze the effect of land cover change on runoff and sediment yield. Brief conclusions can be drawn as follows: The rapid increase of forest land at the rate of 1.07% per year was the most obvious features of the land cover changes in Lvergou watershed during the period of 1982-2004. Moreover, under the influence of terracing sloping fields, about 73% of sloping farmland was converted to terraces in Luoyugou watershed during the period of 1986-2004. Combined with the paired catchments approach, land cover change was the strongest contributor to the reduction in annual runoff and sediment yield of watersheds, and the average reduction rate reached 43.76% and 35.23% under the same rainfall condition, respectively. Annual runoff modulus and precipitation and forest cover rate were significantly correlated, and showed an exponential relationship for each watershed during the study period. When the forest cover rate increased by 5%, the runoff modulus decreased by 18.43% to 37.58%.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2111-2117 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 595KB] ( 1256 )

	2118	Study on sensitivity and specificity of the Bacteroidales biomarkers for microbial source tracking in the Pearl River Delta region
		WANG Hai-Ying, JIA Le-Hua, WU Ren-Ren, WANG Ju-Fang, NING Zheng-Xiang
		A total of 33 fecal samples of human and different animal species were collected in the Pearl River Delta region. Genomic DNA were then efficiently extracted and amplified by using 14 specific Bacteroidales primers that have been reported as tracking markers of different sources. Primers with high specificity and sensitivity were then selected and used for polluted water samples analysis. The results show that the purity and extract efficiency of the genome DNA meet the requirement of the following experiments. 85% of the 33 fecal samples analyzed were positive when using Bacteroidales universal primer 2#(Bac32F/Bac708R), and most of the mammalian animals and chicken fecal samples were detected as positive samples when use this primer. Human-specific marker 3#(HF134F/Bac708R) and 4#(HF183F/Bac708R), ruminant-specific marker 8#(CF128F /Bac708R)and porcine-specific marker 10#(PF163F/Bac708R)showed high sensitivity and specificity in the Pearl River Delta region. Polluted water samples analysis results were the same as the actual type of pollution, implying Bacteroidales universal primer 2#, human-specific primer 3# and 4# and porcine-specific primer 10# could be used as pollution tracking markers in the Pearl River Delta region.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2118-2125 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 611KB] ( 707 )

	2126	Isolation and identification of cultivable microorganisms in oil shale from Fushun western open group, China.
		JIANG Shao-Yan, WANG Wen-Xing, XUE Xiang-Xin
		To study the diversity of cultured microorganisms from oil shale samples in Fushun west open pit mine, cultured microorganisms were isolated and purified by dilution-plate method, and then were identified and phylogenetically analyzed by 16S rDNA sequences (bacteria) and ITS-rDNA sequences (fungi). The results showed that the 8 bacterial isolates from nutrient agar medium belonged to 5 genera (Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus and Rhodococcus), and the 4 fungal isolates from potato dextrose agar medium belonged to 4 genera (Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Absidia and Eupenicillium). 2 bacterial strains (ZK4 and ZK5) could grow well on the agar medium with oil shale as the sole carbon and nitrogen source for more than 5 generations, and were further considered as potential strains for the biotransformation of oil shale.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2126-2132 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 879KB] ( 1273 )

	2133	Distribution, source and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the water of Jiulong River, Fujian
		ZHANG Li, QI Shi-Hua, QU Cheng-Kai, LIU Hong-Xia, CHEN Wen-Wen, LI Feng, HU Ting, HUANG Huan-Fang
		Seven heavy metals (Zn Cu As Cr Pb Ni and Cd) were investigated for their concentration and distribution in the Jiulong River where 27water samples were collected in its mainstream. The main source of these heavy metals were speculated using the factor analysis, and relevant health risk were assessed using water pollution index and USEPA health risk assessment model. The results showed that the average concentrations of As exceeded the relevant standards and the exceeding standard rate was 14.81%. Spatial structure analysis indicated that areas of over-standard heavy metal were mainly in the downstream and estuary of the basin. The results of factor analysis indicated that the source of As, Cr, Cu and Ni were mainly from various human activities; the content of Cd, Pb and Zn were mainly affected by the soil parent material, geochemistry effects and cultivation. It was indicated that health risks of carcinogenic heavy metals via drinking water ingestion were higher than those of noncarcinogenic metals and, heavy metal pollution would lead to high potential health risks especially for children. The health risks caused by the carcinogenic metals (Cr and As) were significantly higher than the maximum allowance levels recommended by ICRP(5×10-5a-1). Among the noncarcinogens, the highest risk was associated with Cu, followed by Pb, Zn and Ni. The noncarcinogenic risks ranged from 10-9 to 10-10a-1, much lower than the maximum allowance level recommended by ICRP.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2133-2139 [Abstract] ( 369 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 695KB] ( 1473 )

	2140	Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the liver of waterbirds from Honghu wetland, Central China.
		HU Ying, QI Shi-Hua, YUAN Lin-Xi
		Twenty organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in the liver of six waterbird species from Honghu wetland. Among OCPs, DDTs were the most prevalent compounds (38.3%~93.0%), with average concentration ranging from 2.74 to 121.72ng/g wet weight. The accumulation profiles of HCHs and DDTs suggested that these OCPs in the Honghu wetland were largely derived from historical usage. Significant interspecific differences were observed in the levels of sum OCPs in the liver of all waterbirds (P<0.01). Concentrations of total OCPs in little egrets (Egretta garzetta) and chinese-pond herons (Ardeola bacchus) (37.91~137.22ng/g wet weight) were higher than those in the other birds (5.00~21.49ng/g wet weight), which might be attributed to their different dietary habits. Higher average concentrations of OCPs were observed in males (little egrets: 136.90ng/g wet weight; chinese-pond herons: 52.41ng/g wet weight) than in females (little egrets: 126.60ng/g wet weight; chinese-pond herons: 49.78ng/g wet weight) for little egrets and chinese-pond herons. Compared with other regions worldwide, concentrations of OCPs in waterbirds from Honghu wetland were at low levels. The analysis of risk assessment indicated that the concentrations of OCPs detected in the present study were not expected to pose any hazard to waterbird populations.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2140-2147 [Abstract] ( 225 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 428KB] ( 1324 )

	2148	Estimation of agricultural machinery emissions in Tianjin in 2010 based on fuel consumption
		JIN Tao-Sheng, CHEN Dong, FU Xue-Mei, LI Ya-Qi, YI Zhong-Qin, LU Kai-Bo
		In this paper, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of agricultural machinery in Tianjin were estimated based on fleet make-up and fuel consumption from a survey questionnaire. In 2010, total count of agricultural machinery in Tianjin was approximately 575000, 52.5% being planting machinery. The total power of all agricultural machinery was approximately 5.88 million kilowatts, while transport machinery had the greatest share of 47.3%. Total fuel consumption of agricultural machinery in Tianjin was estimated as 67000 t; over-half of it was by transport machinery (45000t). The annual PM and NOx emission estimates from agricultural machinery in Tianjin were 303and 3470tons, respectively.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2148-2152 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 331KB] ( 751 )

	2153	Landscape ecological risk assessment and its spatiotemporal variation of the Bailongjiang watershed, Gansu
		GONG Jie, XIE Yu-Chu, ZHAO Cai-Xia, GAO Yan-Jing
		To reveal the impact of landscape ecological risk (LER) of land use change and its spatiotemporal variation at the watershed scale, Bailongjiang watershed, a typical transitional ecotone between Loess Plateau and Tibetan Plateau, was chosen as the study area. Based on the data integration analysis platforms of GIS technology and Fragstats 3.3, the assessment method of land use LER was constructed with the incorporation of the environmental vulnerability degree and landscape ecological loss degree. Spatial distribution of landscape ecological risks of land use change in the study area was analyzed by means of spatial autocorrelation. The results showed that: the land use changed obviously from 1990 to 2010 in the watershed. The area of forest land and built-up land increased gradually while the cultivated land and grassland decreased. Unused land and water cover area were fluctuated during the research period. There was some obvious spatial difference of LER levels in the watershed. The LER level of the area in the northern and northwestern of Bailongjiang watershed was higher than that of the area located in the western, southern and eastern mountainous area of the watershed. Furthermore, the moderate LER area increased remarkably while the low-risk area and high-risk area both decreased. The agglomeration features of the LER were obvious and value of LER charactered as notable positive spatial correlation. The change of LER might be closely related with human activity, land use intensity and structure.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2153-2160 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1275KB] ( 871 )

	2161	Study of environmental technology verification assessment system and case application
		LIU Ping, SHAO Shi-Yun, WANG Rui, YI Bin
		At present, environmental technology assessment system dominated by the government has been unable to meet the different needs of environmental technology innovation under the new situation, in order to adapt to the rapid development of China's environmental technology and environmental protection requirements, the urgent need to establish an effective environmental technology assessment system. Based on the comparative study of the environmental technology verification (ETV) system in Canada, American etc., the international equivalent with the national conditions of China Environmental Technology Verification evaluation procedures and test parameters of the system was put forward, the basic process is divided into the verification, validation, verification and test application for verification, validation, evaluation results released in 5 stages, the design principle and method of testing parameters, test cycle, the sampling frequency was studied. And the water earthworm in situ digestion sludge technology as an example of application, the environmental protection effects of the technology, the environmental impact and important performance from the point of view of other environmental point of view was tested and analyzed. The results showed, the environmental effect parameters, maintenance management and evaluation parameters the operation parameters, the real performance can be objectively and effectively reflect the processing technology. ETV procedures and methods to establish an important complement and innovation of existing environmental protection science and technology evaluation system.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2161-2166 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 365KB] ( 1193 )

	2167	Analyze on the spatialtemporal characteristics of GHG estimation of livestock’s by life cycle assessment in China.
		MENG Xiang-Hai, CHENG Guo-Qiang, ZHANG Jun-飚, WANG Yu-Bo, ZHOU Hai-Chuan
		This study considers six key links of livestock: gastrointestinal fermentation, manure management system, energy consumption of livestock and poultry breeding, feed grain planting, processing and transportation of feed grain, slaughtering and processing of animal products to estimate the livestock greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during 1990to 2011by lifecircle assessment, in each part of China using panel data. Results showed that the emissions of CO2 equivalent of livestock by lifecycle assessment and various aspects showed an upward trend over the past 22years, particularly in the energy consumption of livestock and poultry breeding, feed grain planting, feed grain processing and transportation and slaughtering and processing of animal products. But the emissions of CO2 equivalent from feed processing and transporting and animal products slaughtering and processing accounted for the total emissions from livestock were less than 1% and 0.05%. The emissions of CO2 equivalent from gastrointestinal fermentation and manure management system, showed a downward trend. The emissions from ruminant livestock account for 55.25%, while nonruminant livestock account for 44.75 % over the past 22years. In 2011, both the emissions and emissionsintensity of CO2 equivalent from Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Yunnan’s livestock were among the national top 10. Comparing different economic divisions together, showed that the livestock emissions of the western region was the largest proportion of emissions nationwide. And the emissionsintensity of Western and Northeastern were significantly higher than the Eastern and Central in China. Comparing different livestock divisions showed that the emissions of CO2equivalent from agricultural areas’ livestock accounted for 63.88 % of China, however the emissionintensity of pastoral areas were the highest, while the emissionintensity of agriculture areas were the lowest.
		2014 Vol. 34 (8): 2167-2176 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 608KB] ( 4035 )

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