Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2014 Vol.34 Issue.10,Published 2014-10-20

	2449	The generation potential of secondary organic aerosol of atmospheric VOCs in Shenzhen
		WANG Fu-Pan, ZHU Qiao, FENG Ning, LIU Rui-Ling, HUANG Xiao-Feng, HE Ling-Yan
		Both the fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC) and yields (Y) methods was wsed to calculate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production from atmospheric volatile aromatics and isoprene in ShenZhen. Throughant the year results from the Yields method were all larger than the results by the FAC method except in spring, and the total average SOA production values were (2.48±2.02) μg/m3 and (2.10±1.21) μg/m3. The calculated SOA value in the summer was the largest, followed by in the autumn, winter, and spring. By the FAC method, the contribution from anthropogenic sources was 96%, while the contribution from natural sources was 4%. By the Yields method, contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources were 86% and 14%, respectively. During summer time, the calculated SOA values by the FAC and Yields methods only accounted for 21% and 31% of the measured SOA value. The OH radical reaction activities of aromatic hydrocarbons and isoprene were also calculated, and the results showed that the aromatic hydrocarbons' reaction with OH radicals was the main source of SOA with a percentage of 75%, while the percentages of NO3 and O3 were 22% and 3%. In terms of generating speed of SOA, styrene was found to have the fastest speed, while the speed of benzene was the slowest.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2449-2457 [Abstract] ( 426 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 486KB] ( 1593 )

	2458	Particulate emission characteristics of vehicle diesel engine fuelled with palm-oil derived biodiesel
		LI Li, WANG Jian-Xin, XIAO Jian-Hua, WANG Zhi, YANG Wen-Ming
		Characteristics of particulate emission of engines fuelled with different blend ratios of palm oil derived biodiesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) were studied using a China-IV diesel engine. Five biodiesel-ULSD blends of 0%、10%、20%、50% and 100% were tested. The particle mass (PM) concentration, particle number (PN) density, and particle size distribution were measured by DMS500 particulate spectrometer. The results showed PM concentration decreased with the increase of biodiesel blend ratios. The total PN density decreased significantly at high load,while increased at low and medium loads. Bimodal PN size distribution was observed corresponding to nucleation mode and accumulation mode particles. Comparing with ULSD, biodiesel exhibited higher percentage of nucleation mode PN emissions and lower percentage of accumulation mode PM emission. Also, biodiesel exhibited smaller particulatd mean diameter than that of ULSD.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2458-2465 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 653KB] ( 1066 )

	2466	Gas-particle partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls in air of Xi’an City
		HAN De-Ming, YE Lei, ZHANG Cheng-Zhong, LI Wen-Long, MA Wan-Li, LI Yi-Fan
		In order to study the gas-particle partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air of Xi’an City, China, both gas and particle phases samples were collected using an active air sampler on a weekly base during spring in 2012. The results showed that the total concentration (gas plus particle phases) of PCBs ranged from 62.05 to 454.18 pg/m3, with much higher concentration in gas phase than that in particle phase. The steep slope (-5193.24) obtained from Clausius-Clapeyron equation indicated that PCBs concentration in Xi’an City was mainly influenced by the evaporation from adjacent land surface. Gas-particle partitioning coefficients (KP) of PCBs were well correlated with the sub-cooled vapor pressure (PoL) however, the slopes (-0.46~-0.37) obtained from linear regression between logKP and logPoL were shallower than the theoretical value of -1 at equilibrium condition. The results indicated that partitioning of PCBs between the gas and particle phases in the air in Xi’an City was under non-equilibrium condition. The particle bound fraction (φ) and KP value were estimated using the Junge-Pankow adsorption model and Harner-Bidleman absorption model, the result showed that gas-particle partitioning of PCBs was well simulated by both models, however, both models tended to overestimate the values of φ and KP compared with those obtained from field measurement.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2466-2471 [Abstract] ( 391 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 493KB] ( 14449 )

	2472	Black carbon in seasonal snow across Qinghai Plateau
		SHI Jin-Sen, SUN Nai-Xiu, YE Hao, ZHANG Ru-Dong
		A total of 36 snow samples were collected and analyzed at 6 sites over the southeastern part of Qinghai Plateau. The results showed that the major color of the filters over these sites was yellow, indicating that the seasonal snow contained a large amount of dust. The BC concentration in the seasonal snow was (184±123)ng/g over the 6 sites. In addition, the BC concentration in surface snow ranged from 59ng/g to 238ng/g with an average of 152ng/g. Back trajectory clustering analysis, suggested that the air mass streams were mainly from South Asia and Tibet Plateau, and a small portion was from Taklimakan and Gobi desert.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2472-2478 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 792KB] ( 888 )

	2479	Source identification and toxicity assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter of Chengdu, China
		LIU Gui-Rong, SHI Guo-Liang, ZHANG Pu, ZHOU Lai-Dong, WU Jian-Hui, FENG Yin-Chang
		PM10-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in summer and winter 2009 from Chengdu, China. A total of 16 priority PAHs were measured, with the total concentrations (ΣPAHs) (ng/m3) ranging from 40.25 to 150.68 in winter and from 44.51 to 71.16 in summer, respectively. The average concentration of ΣPAHs were 88.36 in winter and 64.21 in summer. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of PAHs was discussed. The results showed that the ΣPAHs in industry region exhibited the highest concentration while those in the background region showed the lowest level. In order to explore composition of PAHs, characteristics of low ring and high ring PAHs were explored. The high ring PAHs presented high fractions (86.7%~96.1%), indicating that the PAHs might be formed in high temperature combustion processes. In addition, in order to investigate potential source categories of PAHs in PM10, three statistical methods (ratio method, hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis) were employed. Agreement results were obtained from above-mentioned different methods, suggesting that the main source categories of PAHs were vehicle emission and coal and wood combustion. Finally, the risk assessment of PAHs was determined by Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPE), which suggested that the toxicity of PAHs was at high level during winter and summer time.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2479-2484 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 472KB] ( 1266 )

	2485	Heavy fog's climate characteristics and possible effcet of aerosol in Jiangsu Province
		TIAN Xin-Ru, HAN Yong-Xiang, CHEN Guang-Chang, WU Yan, WANG Wei-Li
		Heavy fog days, duration hours, temporal and spatial distribution and the causes of Jiangsu heavy fog in recent 50 years were analyzed to explore aerosol effect mechanism on heavy fog formation. The result show that heavy fog might occur at any time, but the most frequent time was early morning and autumn. The changing rule could be explained by seasonal circulation background characteristics of the area and the fog formation mechanism. The days of heave fog changes annually showed parabolic distribution (up then down) in recent 50 years, and the duration hours of heavy fog shows a volatility rising tendency. Meteorological factors could not explain all the variation characteristics. Aerosol might have important effects on the formation and duration of heavy fog. The combined effects of meteorology factors and aerosol could explain the changing characteristics of heavy fog days and duration hours.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2485-2489 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 1268 )

	2490	Modeling study on atmospheric environmental capacity of major pollutants constrained by PM2.5 compliance of Chinese cities
		XUE Wen-Bo, FU Fei, WANG Jin-南, HE Ke-Bin, LEI Yu, YANG Jin-Tian, WANG Shu-Xiao, HAN Bao-Ping
		An iterative algorithm was developed to assess the atmospheric environmental capacity governed by air quality targets, based on the third generation air quality model WRF-CAMx and national emission inventory of major air pollutants. The atmospheric environmental capacity of SO2, NOx, primary PM2.5 and NH3 emissions by provinces were calculated with the constrain of annual average ambient PM2.5 concentration standard (GB3095-2012). The results indicated that the national carrying capacity of SO2, NOx, primary PM2.5 and NH3 emissions was 1363.26×104t, 1258.48×104t, 619.04×104t, and 627.71×104t. The actual emissions of SO2, NOx, primary PM2.5 and NH3 in year 2010 were 66%, 81%, 96%, and 52% higher than the carring capacity. The emissions of these four types of air pollutants came from provinces that were severely polluted, such as Henan, Hebei, Tianjin, Anhui, Shandong, and Beijing, were exceeded 100% over its carrying capacity.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2490-2496 [Abstract] ( 381 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1166KB] ( 1422 )

	2497	Distribution of disinfection by-product formation potential by chlor(am)ination in three megalopolis along Yangtze river
		HUANG He, XU Bin, ZHU Wen-Qian, QIN Lang, MA Yu-Ying
		Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in raw water from upper Yangtze River in Chongqing, middle Yangtze River in Wuhan, lower Yangtze River in Shanghai was isolated into fractions with different hydrophobicity and molecular weight (MW) by resin adsorption and ultra-filtration, respectively, to investigate and regulate emerging disinfection byproducts formation potential during chlorination and chloramination for each fraction. Research showted that DOM from Chongqing, Wuhan and Shanghai was mainly constituted of MW<1kDa organic compounds, hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions. Trihalometheanes, haloketones, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles and chloropicrin were formed after chlorination and chloramination. Among three cities, MW<1kDa fractions gave the highest yield of carbonaceous disinfection byproducts (C-DBPs) and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), and the proportion of MW<1kDa formation potential tended to ascend from the upper Yangtze River to lower Yangtze River; Among all three megalopolis, hydrophobic fraction and hydrophilic fraction produced more C-DBPs and N-DBPs, the proportion of hydrophilic fraction C-DBPs and N-DBPs formation potential tended to ascend during chloramination.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2497-2504 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 385KB] ( 1655 )

	2505	Simulation and model calibration of denitrification biological filter
		ZOU Zong-Sen, SHI Han-Chang, LI Xin-Wei
		A pilot-scale DNBF was built and operated under two different conditions, filtration velocity was 8m/h, C/N of influent was 4 and 5 respectively by adding methanol as external carbon source to study its denitrification performance. The results of experiments show that the concentration of effluent TN decreased from 14.52mg/L to 7.14mg/L under the condition of influent C/N=5. BioWin software was used to simulate the pilot-scale DNBF, based on the operation data of filtration velocity of 8m/h and influent C/N of 5, normalized sensitivity coefficient measure (Si,j) and mean square sensitivity measure ( ) were used to conduct sensitivity analysis for the 412 parameters of BioWin software. The sensitivity analysis results indicated that the most sensitive parameters were the stoichiometric parameters related to methylotrophs and the parameters related to biofilm. According to the sensitivity analysis results, five most sensitive parameters were selected for model calibration by adjusting their values to obtain proper simulation of the operating condition of filtration velocity at 8m/h and influent C/N of 5. The operating condition of filtration velocity of 8m/h and influent C/N of 4 was simulated using the calibrated model for model validation after model calibration. The results of experiments and simulations showed that the presented model of pilot-scale DNBF and the model calibration protocol of this study could be used for the simulations of practical DNBFs.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2505-2512 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 508KB] ( 764 )

	2513	A study on municipal waste leachate treatment with ozonation-biological aerated filter
		QIU Song-Kai, FAN Ju-Hong, HUANG Kai-Jian, CHEN Xin-Fang, CHEN Ze-Zhi, WEN Xiao-Gang, LIU Rui, CHEN Jian-Meng, CHEN 吕Jun
		This study attempted to substitute the nanofiltration (NF)- reverse osmosis (RO) process with ozonation-biological aerated filter (BAF) in the advanced treatment of leachate from municipal solid wastes incineration plant. Semi-batch ozonation test in a 10 L column reactor demonstrated that the biodegradability of test leachate improved as ozonation time increased, 91% of color and 64% of UV254 could be removed within 15 min, the COD removal rate was 59% within the first 45 min, but thereafter slowed down with a removal rate of 77% at 120 min. Continuous flow test revealed that 1 h of ozonation (78.8 mg/L, 3.7 mL/min) followed with BAF (HRT=4.3h) could remove 75% of COD, 95% of color and 89% of UV254 from the leachate. The effluent COD remained below the discharge standard during 2/3 of the operational time and the effluent color was able to meet the discharge standard. The above results suggested the possibilities of substituting NF-RO with ozonation-BAF to treat waste leachate. The results of GC-MS indicated that the dominant pollutants in the test water were alkanes, aromatic compounds and heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, and ozonation-BAF was effective in removing the later two kinds of pollutants, but difficult in removing alkanes.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2513-2521 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1042KB] ( 1227 )

	2522	Neutralization-complex extraction treatment of amantadine pharmaceutical amination wastewater and bromination wastewater
		SONG Yong-Hui, WEI Jian, MA Yin-Chen, ZENG Ping
		Influences of neutralization process on pollutants removal of the two wastewaters were investigated firstly. Then the complex extraction of the neutralized wastewater was carried out by using P204 as the extractant and octanol as the diluent. The results showed that the neutralization process could highly remove pollutants in the wastewater and avoid emulsification in the following complex extraction; Under the conditions of pH value 8.0, oil-water ratio 1:1and P204:octanol=3:2, the single stage extraction efficiency of TOC and amantadine was 49.6% and 99.5%, respectively; Multi-stage extraction had no significant improvement on TOC removal; As stripping agent HCl solution of 2.0mol/L was used with a water: oil phase ratio of 1:1, about 47.5% of amantadine was stripped from the loaded solvent; The recycled amantadine hydrochloride solution can be reused in the amantadine production process. The P204-octanol complexing extractant can be reused multiple times in the extraction and back-extraction processes.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2522-2527 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 904 )

	2528	Phosphorus adsorption oniron and manganese biological sludge
		LI Dong, SUN Yu, ZENG Hui-Ping, CAI Yan-An, ZHANG Jie
		The biogenic iron and manganese oxide applied were gained by backwashing from the biological iron and manganese removal filter columns. The research reported in this paper focused on its characteristics and adsorption- desorption properties on phosphorous. The results indicated that the oxide was spherical particle polymer with a developed pore structure mostly in the form of micropore, with a specific surface area of 285.6m2/g. The adsorption isotherm could be well described by Langmuir equation and Freundlich equation with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.9 and a high adsorption capacity of 39.06mg/g. The desorption percentage of adsorbed phosphorus was 13.04% in a neutral electrolyte of KNO3 under maximum phosphorous adsorption conditions. The adsorption enthalpy change △H0 was positive, which indicated the adsorption process was endothermic, meanwhile the minus Gibbs free energy change △G0 suggested it was spontaneous. It was found that the phosphorous adsorption kinetics fitted pseudo-second-order kinetic models.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2528-2535 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 573KB] ( 1119 )

	2536	Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in Meizhou Bay
		HU Qing-Hui
		A comprehensive survey on the pollution characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of surface water body in Meizhou Bay was carried out. The survey showed that the concentration of organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in surface water body of Meizhou Bay, with their concentration ranged from 1.51 to 10.3ng/L (natural average (4.28±2.72) ng/L)、5.31~42.6ng/L (natural average (18.5±10.6) ng/L) and 125~167ng/L (natural average( 145±11.8) ng/L), respectively. Compared with other domestic sea water, POPs levels of Meizhou Bay were in the lower medium level. Different kinds of POPs of Meizhou bay water body were significantly different in spatial distribution. The HCHs distribution proved the uses of industrial HCHs and Lindane in this region; DDTs was mainly industrial residue with new input; the main source of PCBs was possible from the sewage of chemical enterprises along the coast. PAHs were mostly from oil; it was caused by intensive oil terminals and frequent transportation. According to the environment quality criteria, the concentration of PCBs in surface water was beyond the risk limit value, which may harm the ecological environment. Therefore the corresponding pollution control and emission reduction measures should be taken.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2536-2544 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 557KB] ( 1275 )

	2545	Influence of ions on the aggregation behavior of hematite nanoparticle in aqueous system
		JIANG Dan-Lie, HU Xia-Lin, WANG Rui, YIN Da-Qiang
		Influences of electrolytes (NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, K2SO4 and K2CrO4) on the hematite nanoparticle (Fe2O3NP) aggregation were investigated. The attachment efficiency (α) was applied to assess the alternations of aggregation behavior, and the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory was utilized to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed changes. Results clearly showed that the aggregation behaviors were enhanced by electrolytes of higher valence and/or at higher concentration; anions exhibited greater effects on the aggregation of NPs than cations (e.g., K2SO4 had induced more significant aggregation than CaCl2 as comparing to KCl); K2CrO4 could enhance the aggregation more significantly than other electrolytes (0.5 mmol/L of K2CrO4 could induce great aggregation). Based on the DLVO theory, we suggested that increasing the concentration (within a relatively low range) and valence of electrolytes would promote the aggregation by decreasing the zeta potential (ζ) and the Debye length simultaneously; the greater impacts of anions and K2CrO4 on aggregation of NPs comparing to the cations were mainly induced by the dramaticall decrease of ζ; the ζ would remain relatively steady within relatively high concentration ranges of electrolytes, whereas the reduction of Debye length would become the key factor in promoting aggregation behaviors.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2545-2550 [Abstract] ( 188 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 503KB] ( 1318 )

	2551	Preliminary exploration of electrochemical reaction characteristics in three-dimensional electrode treatment ammonia wastewater.
		JIANG Hui, ZHOU De-Hong, CHEN Wei-Guo, LUO Bin, FAN Zhong-Qiang
		Electrode particle string, which has no short-circuited current, was used as the filling material of three-dimensional electrode to better reveal the characteristics of electrochemical reaction. The results revealed that the removal of ammonia during electrochemical reaction involved two steps: before 80min, it was mainly caused by the electrochemical oxidation reaction between ammonia and hydroxyl radicals generated at the cathode particle electrode; after 80min, small amount of normalized reactions provided synergy effect to achieve better removal rate. Experimental results also showed an improvement of ammonia removal rate with the increase in cell voltage. The highest removal rate was achieved under pH 10 with the voltage of 25V.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2551-2555 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 363KB] ( 1857 )

	2556	Effect of carbon source on nitrite accumulation and pH value of effluent during denitrification process
		MA Juan, SONG Xiang-Rui, LI Lu
		Effects of different carbon sources (including methanol, ethanol and sodium acetate) as electron donors on nitrite accumulation and effluent pH value during denitrification was investigated in a lab scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results showed that nitrite accumulation was correlated with the types of carbon sources and sludge loading employed. Only small amount of nitrite accumulated during denitrification process when nitrate addition was 20 mg/L with low sludge loading. The specific denitrification rate (rDN) and effluent pH value in different systems increased by the order of sodium acetate, ethanol and methanol. Under the condition of high sludge loading, large amount of nitrite accumulation was observed except for methanol system due to the incomplete denitrification. Nitrite accumulation and effluent pH value were higher than those under low sludge loading. It was also observed that nitrite accumulated in mixed electron acceptor systems with different addition ratio using sodium acetate as carbon source. The specific denitrification rate increased with the amount of nitrate added, implying the reduction of nitrite was inhibited by nitrate. The increment of pH during denitrification was also found to increase with COD/N ratio in addition to carbon source and sludge loading through monitoring pH variation. As a result, appropriate addition of sodium acetate combined with other carbon sources was recommended in denitrification to eliminate the adverse effects of high effluent pH value and low denitrification rate caused by single input.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2556-2561 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 386KB] ( 1796 )

	2562	Reduction of Cr (Ⅵ) in water under the condition of photon and nano-iron
		REN Xue-Chang, XU Li-Feng, DU Cui-Zhen, WANG Zheng, LIU Peng-Yu, CHANG Qing
		Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) was synthesized in aqueous solutions by reduction of Fe3+ with NaBH4. The crystal structure and morphology features of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The reduction rate of the Cr(Ⅵ) was investigated to understand the effect of irradiation of medium pressure mercury lamp on reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) with NZVI, and the effects of irradiation under the conditions of different dosages and pH values. The experimental result showed that nano iron has high reaction activity, and its particle size was about 7.6nm and spontaneously flammable in air. With the initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration of 20mg/L, pH=7±0.5 and a temperature of 25℃ and NZVI dosage of 0.1g, the reduction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) reached 62.3% under the action of irradiation for 60 minutes while it was only 27.6% without irradiation. The irradiation process played a role in promoting the reduction efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ) at less dosage of NZVI but the effect of reducing action was greater than that of irradiation when the dosage of NZVI was enough. The pH value had a more obvious effect than the irradiation on removal rate of Cr(Ⅵ). The charge in nano iron may be oscillated by the irradiation of ultraviolet light and transferd to the adsorbed molecular, which explained the irradiation promoted reduction of nano iron Cr (VI).
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2562-2567 [Abstract] ( 188 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 595KB] ( 732 )

	2568	Investigating fouling behaviour of PVDF ultrafiltration membranes for alginate/humic acid mixtures
		MIAO Rui, WANG Lei, TIAN Li, WANG Xu-Dong, 吕Yong-Tao , ZHANG Jing-Yi
		To further unravel the organic fouling behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, typical hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic matters sodium alginate (SA) and humic acid (HA) were chosen as model foulants. The adhesion forces of membrane-foulant and foulant-foulant were investigated by atomic force microscopy in conjunction with self-made PVDF probe and foulant-coated probe, respectively. Besides, the removal rate of dissolved organic carbon, fouling experiments with SA, HA and HA/SA mixtures were carried out with PVDF UF membranes. Results show that SA-PVDF and SA-SA interaction forces were stronger than HA-PVDF and HA-HA interaction forces, respectively. This phenomenon, in conjunction with the fact that the flux decline rate and extent of SA-fouled membrane were more serious than that for HA-fouled membrane, suggests that the hydrophilic organic matters were the dominant matters responsible for membrane fouling. The experiments results with HA/SA mixtures show that the fouling behavior of HA/SA mixtures were closely related to the SA percentage in the mixture. Compared with single specie foulant, there were no significant synergistic effects from HA and SA to enhance membrane fouling. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the removal rate of foulants and corresponding interaction forces and flux decline rate.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2568-2574 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 370KB] ( 1052 )

	2575	Impact of ZnO nanoparticles on the activity of the activated sludge in SBR
		WANG Shu-Tao, LI Su-Ping, WANG Wei-Qing, WANG Zhi-Shen, YOU Hong
		The impact of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the activity of activated sludge in SBR was investigated. Results indicated that no significantly adverse effects were discovered of ZnO-NPs in the activity of activated sludge at low exposure concentration (10mg/L). Adversely, significant effects were observed on the activities of the sludge such as sedimentation, yield and constituents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microorganism products (SMP) as well as degradation efficiency of organics when ZnO-NPs was exposed to the activated sludge system at higher concentration (20,50,100mg/L). Namely, COD removal decreased by 8.1%, 19.5% and 27.7%, respectively, the sedimentation efficiency of sludge decreased by 24.2%, 35.0% and 36.0%, MLVSS/MLSS ratio decreased by 8.0%, 14.7% and 21.0%, the respiratory rate was inhibited by 54.0%, 79.0% and 80.3%; the yield of EPS decreased by 29.0%, 49.9% and 65.4% and the yield of SMP increased by 48.9%, 102.6% and 203.0%. The results demonstrated that ZnO-NPs could inhibit the activity of activated sludge by suppressing the metabolism and yield of sludge.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2575-2580 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 438KB] ( 836 )

	2581	Efficacy and mechanism of microbial fuel cell treating Cr(VI)-containing wastewater with anaerobically fermented sludge as substrate
		HAO Xiao-Xuan, ZHOU Xiu-Xiu, ZHANG Jiao, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang, GU Zao-Li, XIA Si-Qing
		A double-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed with anaerobically fermented sludge as substrate in the anode chamber and Cr (VI) as electron acceptor in the cathode chamber. Both efficacy and mechanism of this new MFC system were investigated and results were compared with the former system. The former MFC showed an open-circuit voltage of 1.05V. Its maximal power density was found to be 5722 mW/m3, which was 57.8% higher than the former MFC system. The apparent internal resistance of the current MFC was 119.1Ω, which was 8.5% lower than that of the fomer MFC. Cr (VI) removal in both MFCs fitted the first-order kinetic model. The rate coefficient of Cr (VI) removal in the current MFC was 0.0514h-1, which was 36.7% higher than that in the former MFC. After anaerobic fermentation of the sludge, concentration of the soluble organic matters, especially short-chain fatty acids, were obviously increased. These products were easily assimilated by the microorganisms for electricity production, which led to enhancements of electricity production and Cr (VI) removal in the former MFC.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2581-2587 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 420KB] ( 831 )

	2588	Fermentation and kinetics characteristics of bioflocculant production using swine wastes as raw material
		GUO Jun-Yuan, XIN Xin, NENG Zi-Li-Chao, LI Jian-Feng
		Swine wastewater was used as raw material to produce bioflocculant. Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), COD, ammonium, total phosphorus (TP) and solution pH values in the fermentation process were examined. Growth and producing kinetics models of the bacteria were described by Logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations. During the logarithm phase (0~60h), especially in 12~36h, cells grew rapidly. Cell dry weight, cell density OD600, and the number of colonies increased from 0.09g/L, 0.26 to 1.3×107cfu to 0.76g/L, 0.58 and 3.5×107cfu, respectively. The number of colonies reached its maximum value of 5×107cfu at 66h. Protein, the main active ingredient of the metabolite, was produced in parallel with cell growth. Phosphorus in the swine wastewater was essential for adjusting pH values during the flocculation process, and its content was adequate. Furthermore, the cell growth and bioflocculant production simulated very well with both the Logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2588-2592 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 389KB] ( 950 )

	2593	Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil from industrial areas of Baise, Guangxi.
		SHI Bing-Fang, WU Qi-Lin, 欧Yang-Hui-Xiang , LIU Xi-Xiang, ZHANG Jin-Lei, ZUO Wei-Yuan
		To expand and improve the database of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution signatures in different environmental samples from sites in China, surface soil samples were collected from five industrial areas of Baise, a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The concentration and composition of 16 PAHs listed for prior control by the US EPA were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Selected diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis were used to identify possible sources of soil PAHs. Concentrations of ∑16 PAHs in the present study were shown to vary greatly, and ranged from 18.7 to 6347 μg/kg, depending on the sampling location. The highest concentrations of Σ16 PAHs were observed in Power plant 2 soils with a value of 1923.4 μg/kg. Compared with domestic and foreign research, PAH pollution in the five Baise industrial areas reached medium to high levels. Soil PAH concentrations showed a strong Power plant 2–Power plant 1–Refinery–Lubricants plant–Cement plant gradient. Four- and five-ring PAHs, which have strong carcinogenic mutagenicity and distortion, dominated in the industrial areas with power plants and lubricant plants, while two- and three-ring PAHs dominated the surface soil near cement plants. Among the PAHs detected in the study-area soil, benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), and fluoranthene (Fla) were the major pollutants occurring above standard levels. The study also suggested that the major sources of soil PAHs in Baise were coal and petroleum combustion (45.0%) and petroleum leakage (18.2%), or a combination of the two (36.8%).
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2593-2601 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 427KB] ( 745 )

	2602	Influence of soil solution properties on the transformation of Zn forms and its toxicity threshold to soil microbes as determined by substrated induced nitrification
		TIAN Xin-Zhu, CHEN Shi-Bao, WANG Xue-Dong, LIN Lei
		Twelve different samples, representing soils in China, were selected for this experiment on toxicity of Zn to soil microbes as determined by substrated induced nitrification (SIN), meanwhile, the predicted models for Zn toxicity to microbes and free Zn2+ in soil solutions were developed based on soil properties and soil solution anions determined by ion chromatograph (850) and WHAM model (6.0). The results showed that the toxicity thresholds of Zn to soil microbes as determined by SIN varied significantly among the soils. The half inhibition of Zn concentration to soil microbes (EC50) ranged from 196 mg/kg to 1310 mg/kg with nearly 6.68-fold variation and the 10% inhibition of Zn concentration to soil microbes (EC10) ranged from 48 mg/kg to 682 mg/kg with a variation of 14.3-fold, indicating the significant influences of soil properties on the toxicity of Zn to microbes. A positive correlation between the toxicity thresholds of Zn (ECx, x=10,50) and the negative logarithm of free Zn2+ [p(Zn2+)] in solution were observed, which indicated that the Zn toxicity increased with the concentration of free Zn2+ in soil solution. Similarly, the positive correlations between the toxicity thresholds of Zn (ECx, x=10,50) and the pH value, organic carbon (OC), cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) in soils, F-,Cl-,Ca2+and Mg2+ etc in soil solution were also observed in this study. The result showed that pH value was the most significant factor with significant partial correlation coefficient (P<0.01), followed by OC、CEC and F-, while negative correlations were observed between the toxicity thresholds of Zn (ECx, x=10,50) and the NO3-, SO42- in solution. The prediction model for Zn toxicity and p(Zn2+) indicated that the pH, OC, CEC and F- could accurately predict Zn toxicity and p(Zn2+) in soil solution with variation coefficients of 89.9%, 81.2% and 92.3% forlog(EC50), log(EC10) and p(Zn2+) respectively.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2602-2609 [Abstract] ( 337 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 509KB] ( 1008 )

	2610	Particle hydrolysis during the two-phase anaerobic digestion of vegetable waste
		吕Fan , CAI Tao, ZHU Min, HE Pin-Jing
		During the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of vegetable waste, changes of hydrolytic acidification liquid’s physical-chemical properties were investigated. The relationship among dissolution of total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate degradation was discussed. The mechanism of particle hydrolysis acidification was assessed by combining the trend of TOC, DOC, particle size distribution and molecular weight evolution. The experiment results showed that, the hydrolysis process of vegetable waste could be divided into two stages. In the first five days, particulates with high degree of hydrolysis began to hydrolyze quickly. The TOC value rose rapidly, reaching the maximum of 4920mg/L in the fifth day. The quadratic mean diameter of particulates generated from hydrolysis dropped from 58.38 μm in the first day to 4.64 μm in the fifth day. Furthermore, organic matter dissolved rapidly, with a maximum of 85% DOC/TOC ratio. This process could be simulated by Contois hydrolysis model. After the fifth day, the slow hydrolysis of difficult recalcitrantly-hydrolyzed particulate played a dominant role. The quadratic mean diameter of particulates began to increase gradually then stabilized in the range of 8.97~10.68 μm. The dissolution rate of TOC and DOC gradually decreased. DOC dissolution rate was less than the TOC dissolution rate. The distribution diagram of dissolved organic matter (DOM) showed that the degradation of macromolecule DOM mainly concentrated in the first 5days. All of the macromolecule DOM with molecular weight between 1.6×109~1.9×109Da degraded to DOM between 5×104~4×106Da. The distribution of DOM changed a little after the 5th day. It was recommended that hydrolysis time could be shortened to 5 days during a two-phase anaerobic digestion of vegetable waste.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2610-2616 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 414KB] ( 822 )

	2617	Bioleaching of heavy metals in sewage sludge using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
		GAN Li, LIU He-Qin, WANG Qing-Ping, CHEN Zu-Liang
		To understand the bioleaching mechanism of heavy metals in sewage sludge by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, batch experiments including blank, direct leaching (At. f), ferrous leaching (At. f+Fe2+), and ferrous and sulfuric acid leaching (At. f+Fe2++H2SO4) were conducted, and the composition and phase transformation of the sludge samples before and after bioleaching were investigated. Results showed that solubilization efficiency of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cr in ferrous and sulfuric acid leaching was 90.8%, 100%, 87.5%, 51.6% and 83.3%, which was higher than the other three systems. Moreover, quantitative calculation and kinetic study showed that the dissolved metals and rate constants (k) of the 5 heavy metals in direct-indirect (ferrous) leaching were higher than those in direct leaching. Furthermore, EDS and XRD analysis demonstrated that the sludge before and after leaching were mainly composed of carbon (26.2%~37.5%), oxygen (32.5%~45.7%) and aluminium salts and silica, but the loss of nutrient elements (such as P and Ca) was also observed. In addition, ICP-MS detection showed that other metals (such as Cd, Fe and Mn) were leached. The bioleaching process by addition of FeSO4?7H2O and H2SO4 was proposed, where the leaching of Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni in the sludge were controlled by indirect leaching, while the leaching of Zn resulted from both direct and indirect leaching.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2617-2623 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 449KB] ( 1189 )

	2624	Solidification of dewatered sewage sludge using bottom ash of MSWI as skeleton material
		CHEN Ping, FENG Bin, ZHAN Liang-Tong
		Dehydrate sewage sludge is low in sheared strength, and its landfilling disposal has safety issues. Experimental study on the solidification of dewatered sewage sludge was carried out by using the bottom ash of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) as skeleton material, and using cement, lime, gypsum as solidification materials. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, water resistance tests, and leaching test were performed to investigate the solidification effect. The experimental results demonstrated that the optimum solidification materials were cement and gypsum, and the optimum adding mixture ratio of dry mass of sewage sludge was 50%. Measured UCS of the solidified sludge met the requirement for safe landfilling. The optimum adding mixture ratio of MSWI bottom ash was 100%, which resulted in the volume change ratio being less than 1.0. The water resistance capacity of the sludge solidified by cement and gypsum was high. The leaching tests showed that gypsum was the optimum solidification material, the measured concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb and COD of the leachate was significantly lower than the untreated sludge. Furthermore, the pH of the leachate was close to 7.0. Leachate was low in toxicity, with minor effect on the environment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2624-2630 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 1188 )

	2631	Feasibility investigation of quantitative analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon by Raman spectrometry
		TIAN Zhi-Xian, ZHANG Xin, LIU Chang-Ling, MENG Qing-Guo, YAN Jun
		The mean concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) in seawater is about 2.05mmol/L. Approximately 93% of DIC is HCO3-, 6% is CO32-, and only 1% is CO2 and H2CO3. Since Raman activity of HCO3- is weak and the concentration of other species is low, it is impossible for DIC in seawater to generate Raman scattering that is intense enough to be detected. There is no report on quantitative analysis of DIC in seawater using Laser Raman Spectrometry so far. In order to break through the limitation, a Raman spectroscopy quantitative analysis method assisted with sample alkalization was proposed. HCO3- was treated as study object because it takes the largest share and the Raman activity of it was the weakest among all DIC species. The solution was alkalized to convert HCO3- into CO32- which was more Raman active. OH bending band of water was treated as the internal standard for its stability. The Raman spectroscopy analysis detecting limit of HCO3- was increased, and the quantitative analysis result showed good accuracy (relative error<6.5%).
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2631-2636 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 648KB] ( 2583 )

	2637	Spatial distribution of water quality and its impacting factor in the wet season of Poyang Lake using the hydro-geomorphological partitions
		ZHANG Li, CHEN Xiao-Ling, ZHANG Yuan, CHEN Li-Qiong, ZHANG Peng
		Based on the in situ measurements from the field survey in July, 2011, the objective of this paper was to investigate the spatial distribution of the total suspended sediment (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chlorophyll a (Chl a), where their impacting factors were also studied by dividing the lake into 8 hydro- geomorphological partitions considering the hydrodynamic conditions. Results show that the TSS concentration was 33.65mg/L, which was three times higher than that of the average conditions before 2003. The N, P concentrations were 1.61mg/L and 0.075mg/L respectively, which appears much higher than the requirements of eutrophication. The average Chl a concentration was 5.99 μg/L, which was smaller than the threshold of being a eutrophic lake. Correlation analysis showed that TP and TSS were significantly correlated with each other in high sediment concentration regions, while no significant correlation was observed between the Chl a and other water quality parameters. In different hydro-geomorphological sections, due to pollution inputs from the watershed and sand mining activities within the lake, the TSS concentration of the northern high velocity water regions was three times higher than the river estuary area. TN and TP concentrations of the Ganjiang and Raohe river estuary area was larger than the northern high velocity water regions, where Xiuhe River estuary area andsome central lake area showed minimum TN and TP concentration. The hydrodynamics also played an important role in regulating the spatial distribution of TSS, TN, TP and Chl a in the lakes, Chl a concentration of the river estuary area was larger than the northern high velocity regions, while the Rao-Xin-Tong Jin River estuary area even reached 12.53μg/L, exceeding the low bound value of being a eutrophic lake.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2637-2645 [Abstract] ( 314 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2285KB] ( 1058 )

	2646	Pollution characteristics of nitrogen and its influence factors in water and sediments of Dishui Lake water system
		ZHANG Huan-Huan, BI Chun-Juan, CHEN Zhen-Lou, WANG Xue-Ping
		To investigate the characteristics of nitrogen, compare different nitrogen forms in different systems and analyze the relations of nitrogen and environmental factors, twenty-eight surface water samples and twenty-two sediment samples were collected from the largest man-made lake system in Shanghai in spring of 2013 to examine the contents of nitrogen. By simulating experiments on the effect of salinity in the overlying water, the exchange of ammonia and nitrate in the sediment-water was analyzed. The results indicated that average level of nitrogen in Dishui Lake system was high. The spatial differences of nitrogen in the surface water were smaller than that in the sediment. Nitrate was the main form of inorganic nitrogen in the water and organic nitrogen was the main nitrogen form in the sediment. The contents of nitrogen in rivers around the Dishui Lake were higher, suggesting that this river water was one of the main nitrogen sources of the Dishui Lake. The simulated experiments showed when the salinity in the overlying water was increased, the content of nitrate released from the sediments to the water would increase and tend to balance out with each other. but the content of ammonia released from the sediments to the water would decrease then reach a stable staye.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2646-2652 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 732KB] ( 684 )

	2653	Nutrient release process during decomposition of submerged macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata Royle)
		YE Chun, WANG Bo, LI Chun-Hua, YE Bin, JIANG Yuan, KONG Xiang-Long
		The decaying process of submerged macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata) was simulated in laboratory. Results showed that the plant decayed rapidly and released a lot of nutrients C (81.31%), N(81.62 %) and P (85.94%) into the water at the beginning of experiment. After a period of time, most of the phosphorus and part of nitrogen was released into sediment, whereas part of nitrogen escaped out of the water as gas. The decomposition of plant released large amounts of organic carbon making the water anaerobic. Both of the anaerobic conditions resulted from decomposition and high TOC supply are benefitial to nitrogen removal by denitrification. However, the larger biomass residues of submerged plants should be controlled to avoid secondary pollution caused by excessive decomposition of submerged plants.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2653-2659 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 457KB] ( 1470 )

	2660	Distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments in the eastern Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea
		蓝Xian-Hong , MI Bei-Bei, LI Ri-Hui, QIN Ya-Chao, WANG Zhong-Bo, LU Kai
		Based on the concentration of As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in sediment samples taken from 138 stations in Eastern Bohai Sea and Northern Yellow Sea, the distribution characteristics and controlling factors of heavy metals in marine sediment were studied. The average concentration of As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were 9.87, 20.1, 0.15, 58.9, 11.6, 0.02, 26.7, 23.0, 74.0 and 65.5 μg/g, respectively. Contents of Cu, V, Cr, Co, Ni and Zn showed a significantly positive correlation between organic carbon contents and the amount of fine-grained sediments (<63 μm) and its distribution in surface sediments was controlled obviously by the contents of organic matters and sediment grain sizes while As and Hg distribution was not significantly affected by the contents of organic matters and particle sizes of sediment. Enrichment factors (EF) were calculated to determine whether the observed concentration was higher than background levels. Three groups of elements: (1) Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were at background concentrations; (2) Cu was slightly enriched; and (3) As, Cd and Hg were moderately enriched. According to the Q-type cluster analysis, characteristics of the sediment in the study area could be divided into three different zones of heavy metal distribution. Class Ⅰ featured high Hg enriched sediment; As of Class II region was higher degree of enrichment; Class III region was higher for all heavy metal elements, especially Cu, Zn and Cd.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2660-2668 [Abstract] ( 264 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1777KB] ( 1396 )

	2669	Airborne bacterial community composition in family homes in Beijing
		FANG Zhi-Guo, 欧Yang-Zhi-Yun , LIU Peng, SUN Li, WANG Xiao-Yong
		The community composition and concentration variation pattern of airborne bacteria were conducted from Nov. 2009 to Oct. 2010 in 31 households with children in Beijing. Results showed that 43 genera (32 genera of Gram-positive and 11genera of Gram-negative bacteria) airborne bacteria was identified from 632 isolates. The most common bacterias were members of genera Micrococcus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Kocuria, and contributed to 5%~31%, 12%~17%, 10%~15%, 9%~18% of the total bacterias, respectively. In the selected 31 households, the bacterial concentration in the air ranged from 47~12341cfu/m3, and the mean concentration was 1821cfu/m3. As for the seasonal variation pattern of airborne bacteria, higher bacterial concentration was observed in spring (2967cfu/m3), followed by summer (1742cfu/m3) and autumn (1334cfu/m3), and the lowest in winter (1242cfu/m3). Finally, we also discovered bacterial concentration in households with boys (2123cfu/m3) was higher than households with girls (1511cfu/m3).
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2669-2675 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 388KB] ( 1300 )

	2676	Effect of oil pollution on community structure of plants rhizospheric microorganisms in estuarine wetland
		TIAN Wei-Jun, WANG Yong-Mei, SUN Hui-Mei, ZHAO Yang-Guo, BAI Jie, WU Cheng-Lin
		Impacts of long time drip-irrigation with oil-polluted water on microorganisms in reed rhizospheric soils were analyzed. Aftera six-month irrigation with oil-polluted water, the counts of bacteria at a -20 cm depth in soils were only 1/4 of those without oil-polluted water, but the growth and reproduction of hydrocarbon degraders were promoted. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles revealed that the structure of bacterial community was generally less affected, but the dominant flora was changed. Some members in phyla Proteobacterium and Bacteroidetes formed a stable, dominant community structure after the six-month irrigation with oil-polluted water, whereas the growth and reproduction of some members in phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were obviously restrained.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2676-2683 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 508KB] ( 778 )

	2684	The research of cattail rhizosphere bacteria community based on T-RFLP and FA
		MA Dong-Shan, XIONG Wei, ZHANG Qiong-Qiong, GUO Yi-Hong, ZHAO Wen-Ji, GUO Xiao-Yu
		Water reclamation and reuse have been actively promoted in Beijing, but the potential influences of reclaimed water on the structure and function of microbial community were still poorly understood. Therefore, communities of both bacterial and ammonia oxidizing bacterias in cattail rhizosphere between the samples of reclaimed water outfall (RWO) in the Wang ping Wetland of Yong ding River, Beijing and far from the reclaimed water outfall (FRWO) were compared. Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) was conducted to quantitatively detect the changes of bacterial and ammonia bacterial community structures and diversity. Then, Microbial Community Analysis Ⅲ, Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Factor Analysis (FA) were used to investigate the changes of bacterial and ammonia bacterial community functions in different water qualities. The results were as followed: samples were classified according to the disturbance degree of reclaimed water. The bacterial diversity of RWO was significantly lower than that of FRWO, while the ammonia oxidizing bacterial diversity of RWO was higher than that of FRWO. As for bacteria, the function of root-attached phylotypes in RWO samples, which accounted for 55.6% of the bacterial community, was similar to the Sphingomonas sp. by 150-bp T-RFs. This function might be closely related to the total organic carbon in the biological chemical cycle. The major phylotypes from upstream samples had the same function with Pseudomonas sp.and Geitlerinema sp. by 80-bp T-RFs, whose proportion was 75.5% of the bacterial community, and the function was closely related to nitrogen in the biological chemical cycle. The major phylotypes from downstream samples had the same function with Micromonospora sp.by138-bp T-RFs, whose proportion was 68.7% of the bacterial community, and the function was closely related to metals such as Cu, V and Ti in the biochemical cycle. For ammonia oxidizing bacteria, the function of root-attached phylotypes in RWO sample, which accounted for 65.5% of all the ammonium bacterial community, was similar to the Nitrosomonas sp. by 266-bpT-RFsliving in high ammonium environment. The major phylotypes from FRWO had the same function with Nitrosospira sp. by 58-bp T-RFs living in low ammonium environment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2684-2691 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 439KB] ( 809 )

	2692	A fuzzy-stochastic integrated model of contaminated site risk assessment model and case study
		XU Ya, ZHU Xue-Mei, LIU Yu-Qiang, NENG Chang-Xin, DONG Lu
		Risk assessment is associated with uncertainties in nature, and neglect of those uncertain elements in evaluating risk will inevitably lead to difficulty for decision-makers in the stage of risk management and decision-making. Fuzzy theory was used to describe the fuzzy uncertainties, and probability theory was employed to describe the random uncertainties. A coupled fuzzy-stochastic model was built to resolve the problem of complex computation of fuzzy numbers in which fuzzy number are represented with the function of uniform random variables. Monte Carlo method was also used to simulate the computation between fuzzy numbers. One mercury contaminated site located in Qinghai Province was selected as a case to demonstrate the effectiveness and reasonability of this coupled model. The reasonability of this model was verified by comparing simulated results of the widely used RBCA model. The case study indicated that: 1) the main exposure pathway was oral intake with a contribution rate of 80%; 2) the health risk of this contaminated site was acceptable with non-carcinogenic Hazard Quotient (HQ) of 0.28 under normal exposure condition; under the most unfavorable exposure condition which appearance probability was less than 1%, the health risk was unacceptable with HQ equals to 1.28; 3) the health risk would decline in time and reach to an acceptable level after about six years. Therefore, it was suggested that the related responsibility should provide other drinking water resources to eliminate the exposure routine in the period of the first 6 years or the 6-8 years rather than take engineering measurements to remediate this contaminated site.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2692-2700 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 870KB] ( 866 )

	2701	Impacts of controlling ambient fine particulate pollution on life expectancy among Chinese urban residents
		CHEN Ren-Jie, CHEN Bing-Heng, HAN Hai-Dong
		The PM2.5-related loss on life expectancy in 2013 in 74 key Chinese cities was evaluated based on the annual average PM2.5 concentration, exposure-response relationship coefficients of PM2.5, mortality due to 4 main diseases from “Global Burden of Disease 2010”, and the life table of urban permanent residents. Pollution caused by PM2.5 could attribute to a decrease in 1.48 years in life expecteny. Increases of 0.42, 1.04 and 1.26 years in life expectancy comparing with the 2013 level were estimated if the PM2.5 level was decreased to the second level of national air quality standard, the first level of national air quality standard and the Air Quality Guidelines formulated by World Health Organization, respectively. This study suggested that ambient PM2.5 pollution was an important determinant of the life expectancy of Chinese urban residents, and reducing PM2.5 could improve the life expectancy.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2701-2705 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 299KB] ( 1214 )

	2706	Dynamic changes of greenhouse footprint in Ordos City from 1999 to 2011
		WEI Min-Xiu, ZHAO Xian-Gui
		Global warming caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emission could cause severe natural environment problems. GHG accounting has become one of the hot research topics. Internationally,there were some researches on GHG accounting and some progresses have obtained, while the main problem was that the researches mainly focused on carbon emission from fossil fuel combustion, less involved the assessment methods of the regional carbon emission level. Ordos was the economic, cultural and large-scale industry hub in Inner Mongolia, however, the research about GHG footprint in Ordos was lack of in the literatures. To understand the dynamics of law and GHG emission level in Ordos city, using the method recommended by Chinese" Guidelines for Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories" and "the 2006IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories", a dynamic changes of GHG footprint in Ordos City was evaluated. The results showed that GHG emission was rising rapidly from 1999 to 2011 in Ordos, increasing from 518.10′104t to 11730.10′104t, which represented an average annual increase of 29.69%. The largest increase was for energy GHG (an average annual increase of 35.08%), cement (21.94%) and agriculture (5.15%). Forestry carbon sequestration was 28.84′104t (remain unchanged), which was a lower carbon sequestration,while waste carbon emission changed fluctuant. For the sources of GHG, energy GHG accounted for 57.5% ~ 93.7%, cement GHG accounted for 3.35% ~ 7.01%, agriculture GHG for 14.6%~32.6%, forestry carbon sequestration for -0.25%~-5.57%, and waste treatment GHG for 0.44%~1.00%. So the increase of energy consumption was the main cause of the increase in GHG emission in Ordos, and forestry carbon sequestration capacity needed to be improved. The GHG emissions per ten thousand yuan showed fluctuation, and GHG emission of per unit area and emission index grew quickly, showing an average annual increase of 25.60%, 30.12% and 25.67% respectively. The GHG emission level has increased continually from a low level (Ⅰc) to a high level (Ⅲc) during 12years, which was an increase of seven sub-grades higher than the target (Ⅰb) set for the control of global warming. So the increasing trend in carbon emission couldn’t be ignored in Ordos, and GHG emission needed to be reduced.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2706-2713 [Abstract] ( 264 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 569KB] ( 597 )

	2714	Industrial structure adjustment of Qingdao under the comprehensive constraint of economy and environment
		WANG Xiao-Yan, LI Ke-Qiang, LIANG Sheng-Kang, ZHANG Li, WANG Xiu-Lin
		Qingdao is in need of industrial structure adjustment to control ocean pollution. Thus, the industrial structure of this city was optimized by calculating the maximum permitted chemical oxygen demand (COD) discharging amounts from households, agriculture, industries, and services in 2015 with the use of a multi-purpose nonlinear programming model. Results indicate that the maximum permitted COD discharging amount and gross domestic product (GDP) of the whole city and three pollutant-discharging districts (i.e., Jiaozhou Bay, Laizhou Bay, and Huanghai Sea) in 2015 increased by 1.4times to 2.3times and by 2.3times to 16.2times, respectively. The maximum permitted COD discharging amount of households, agriculture, industries, and services in Qingdao and the three pollutant-discharging districts were 11.6 × 104, 20.4 × 104, 18.4 × 104, and 17.1 × 104 tons, respectively. The percentage of maximum permitted COD discharging amount of the four industries showed that the household and agriculture percentages decreased, whereas those of industry and service increased. Under the optimized proportion of maximum permitted discharging amount of pollutants, the service GDP of Qingdao, rather than the industry GDP, comprised the largest proportion of total GDP. The COD pollution intensity of households and agriculture decreased. The Gini coefficients of the whole city and the three pollutant- discharging districts were below the warning value of 0.4. The above results suggested that the coordination of economic development and environmental regulation could be achieved by using the proposed model, which provided a basis for the industrial structure adjustment in Qingdao.
		2014 Vol. 34 (10): 2714-2720 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 506KB] ( 807 )

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