Sources and risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5 around 2014 Spring Festival in Nanjing
WANG Wei1,2, KONG Shao-fei1,2,3, LIU Hai-biao1,2, YAN Qin1,2, YIN Yan1,2, ZHANG Xiao-ru1,2, LI Xu-xu1,2
1. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
2. Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
3. School of Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Daily PM2.5 samples were collected around the 2014 Spring Festival (SF) at a suburban site of Nanjing and twelve kinds of heavy elements were analyzed. Sources were identified by enrichment factor (EF), cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Human health risks of heavy metals were assessed. Results showed that during SF, the average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 11.4% higher than that for pre-SF period. After the SF, PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 31.1%. The mass concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb and Pb decreased by 5.5% (V) ~56.7% (Zn), when compared with those for pre-SF period. The variation of PM2.5 and associated elements reflected the sources variation of industrial plants, vehicle emission and fireworks burning. The concentration of Ba during SF period was 16.2times of that for pre-SF period, and then decreased by 94%, indicating firework burning was an important source of it. EF and geoaccumulation index showed that Cd, Sb, Pb, Cu, As, Ni, Ba and Zn are heavily enriched, with the EFs values ranging in 21~2259. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that industrial emissions and coal combustion, fireworks burning and vehicle exhaust, industrial process are the main sources of heavy metals, contributing by 57.5%, 12.4% and 9.9%, respectively. Health risk assessment results indicated that during SF, the risk levels of carcinogenic elements-Cr, Co, Ni, As and Cd were 2.0×10-6, 8.9×10-9, 1.3×10-8, 1.9×10-7 and 7.7×10-9, respectively. Except for Cr, the values were below the carcinogenic risk threshold range (10-6~10-4), at an acceptable level.
王伟, 孔少飞, 刘海彪, 严沁, 银燕, 张晓茹, 李旭旭. 南京市春节前后大气PM2.5中重金属来源及健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016, 36(7): 2186-2195.
WANG Wei, KONG Shao-fei, LIU Hai-biao, YAN Qin, YIN Yan, ZHANG Xiao-ru, LI Xu-xu. Sources and risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5 around 2014 Spring Festival in Nanjing. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2016, 36(7): 2186-2195.
Zhang M, Wang X, Chen J, et al. Physical characterization of aerosol particles during the New Year's fireworks events [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(39):5191-5198.
Drewnick F, Hings S S, Cutius J, et al. Measurement of fine particulate matter and gas-phase species during the new year's fireworks 2005 in Mainz, Germany [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(23):4316-4327.
[8]
Jiang Q, Sun Y L, Wang Z, Yin Y, et al. Aerosol composition and sources during the Chinese Spring Festival: fireworks, secondary aerosol, and holiday effects [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14:20617-20646.
Ravindra K, Mor S, Kaushik C P. 2003. Short-term variation in air quality associated with fireworks events: a case study [J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2003,5(2):260-264.
[11]
Shaofei Kong, Xu Xu LI, Yan Yin, et al. 2015.Variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM2.5 during winter haze period around 2014 Chinese Spring Festival at Nanjing: Insights of source changes, air mass direction and firework particle injection [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,(520):59-72.
Wang Y, Zhuang G S, Xu C, et al. The air pollution caused by the burning of fireworks during the lantern festival in Beijing [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007,41(2):417-431.
Kulshrestha U C, Rao T N, Azhaguvel S, et al. 2004. Emissions and accumulation of metals in the atmosphere due to crackers and sparkles during Diwali festival in India [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 38(27):4421-4425.
[19]
Barman S C, Singh R, Negi MPS, et al. 2009. Fine particles in ambient air of lucknow city due to fireworks on Diwali festival [J]. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(5):625-632.
Joly A, Smargiassi A, Kosatsky T, et al. 2010. Characterization of particulate exposure during fireworks display [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 44(34):4325-4329.
[22]
Laura D K. Thomas, Susan Hodgson. Early kidney damage in a population exposed to cadmium and other heavy metals [J]. Environmental health perspectives, 2009,117(2):181-184.
Natalia Palacios, Kathryn Fitzgerald, Andrea L. A prospective analysis of air borne metal exposures and risk of Parkinson disease in the nurses' health study cohort [J]. Environmental health perspectives, 2014,122(9):933-938.
[25]
Kyllnen K, Karlsson V, Ruoho-Airola T. Trace element deposition and trends during a ten year period in Finland [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2009,407(7):2260-2269.
EPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I: human health evaluation manual. (Part F, Supplement guidance for inhalation risk assessment) Final [S]. EPA, 1989.
Li W, Shi Z, Chao Y, et al. Individual metal-bearing particles in a regional haze caused by firecracker and firework emissions [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013,443(3):464-469.
[37]
Liang F, Zhang G L, Tan M G, et al. Lead in children's blood is mainly caused by coal-fired ash after phasing out of leaded gasoline in Shanghai [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2010,44(12):4760-4765.
[38]
Tian H Z, Zhu C Y, Gao J J, et al. Quantitative assessment of atmospheric emissions of toxic heavy metals from anthropogenic sources in China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15:10127-10147.
Thomaidis N S, Bakeas E B, Siskos P A. Characterization of lead, admium, arsenic and nickel in PM2.5 particles in the Athens atmosphere, Greece [J]. Chemosphere, 2003,52(6):959-966.
