Distributions and chemical characteristics of water soluble ions in PM2.5 and PM10 over the East China Sea
ZHOU Sheng-jie1, ZHANG Hong-hai1,2, YANG Gui-peng1,2,3
1. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; 3. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
Abstract:The PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected over the East China Sea in May and June,2014.The main water-soluble cations (Na+,K+,NH4+,Mg2+ and Ca2+) and anions (Cl-,NO3-,SO42- and MSA) were determined by ion chromatography method,meanwhile the main sources of these ions were discussed by a series of mathematical statistics methods.The concentrations of the total water-soluble ions ranged from 7.9 to 23.7 μg/m3 in PM2.5 and from 10.4 to 47.9 μg/m3 in PM10,respectively,with the average values of (14.9±5.8)μg/m3 and (21.3±10.7)μg/m3.The results showed that the level of the secondary ions (nss-SO42-,NO3- and NH4+) were the highest,accounting for 80.8% and 73.3% of total identified ions in PM2.5 and PM10.SO42- and NH4+ were mainly found in the fine particles (PM2.5),while NO3- mainly was found in the coarse particles (PM10).Enrichment factors and correlation analysis showed that K+ mainly came from crust and the source of Mg2+ was under the double influence of crust and ocean.The calculated results of equivalent concentrations of anions and cations showed that acid and alkaline compositions were not neutralized completely with weak alkalinity in PM2.5,while those were neutralized completely in PM10.NH4+ was mainly in the forms of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 both in two particles.The analysis of sulfate source showed that contributions of biogenic sulfates to nss-SO42- were 13.7% and 8.7% in PM2.5 and PM10.In addition,accounting to the calculation of dry deposition,the contribution of NH4+ to the nitrogen deposition were obvious less than that of NO3-.
周胜杰, 张洪海, 杨桂朋. 东海PM2.5和PM10中水溶性离子的组成与化学特性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(3): 900-909.
ZHOU Sheng-jie, ZHANG Hong-hai, YANG Gui-peng. Distributions and chemical characteristics of water soluble ions in PM2.5 and PM10 over the East China Sea. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2018, 38(3): 900-909.
Ganguly D, Rasch P J, Wang H, et al. Climate response of the South Asian monsoon system to anthropogenic aerosols[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2012,117(D13).
Jacobson M C, Hansson H C, Noone K J, et al. Organic atmospheric aerosols:Review and state of the science[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2000,38(2):267-294.
Gao Y, Arimoto R, Duce R A, et al. Atmospheric non-sea-salt sulfate, nitrate and methanesulfonate over the China Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 1996,101(D7):12601-12611.
[16]
Pipal A S, Satsangi P G. Study of carbonaceous species, morphology and sources of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particles along with their climatic nature in India[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2015,154:103-115.
[17]
Dimitriou K, Kassomenos P. Combining AOT, Angstrom Exponent and PM concentration data, with PSCF model, to distinguish fine and coarse aerosol intrusions in Southern France[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2016,172-173:74-82.
[18]
Gill T E, Rivera Rivera N I, Novlan D J. Differences in fine-coarse aerosol ratios in convective and non-convective dust events in a desert city[J]. Akron Tax J Professor T. s. adams, 2014.
Nakamura T, Matsumoto K, Uematsu M. Chemical characteristics of aerosols transported from Asia to the East China Sea:an evaluation of anthropogenic combined nitrogen deposition in autumn[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005,39(9):1749-1758.
[21]
Russell A G, McRae G J, Cass G R. Mathematical modeling of the formation and transport of ammonium nitrate aerosol[J]. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 1983,17(5):949-964.
[22]
Zhang D, Iwasaka Y. Nitrate and sulfate in individual Asian dust-storm particles in Beijing, China in spring of 1995 and 1996[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33(19):3213-3223.
Wang J, Hu Z, Chen Y, et al. Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Shanghai, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013,68:221-229.
Xu L, Chen X, Chen J, et al. Seasonal variations and chemical compositions of PM2.5 aerosol in the urban area of Fuzhou, China[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2012,104:264-272.
[27]
Lim J M, Lee J H, Moon J H, et al. Source apportionment of PM10 at a small industrial area using Positive Matrix Factorization[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2010,95(1):88-100.
Sorooshian A, Ng N L, Chan A W H, et al. Particulate organic acids and overall water-soluble aerosol composition measurements from the 2006 Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2007,112(D13):
Zhuang H, Chan C K, Fang M, et al. Size distributions of particulate sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium at a coastal site in Hong Kong[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33(6):843-853.
[34]
Baek B H, Aneja V P. Measurement and analysis of the relationship between ammonia, acid gases, and fine particles in eastern North Carolina.[J]. Air Repair, 2004,54(5):623-633.
[35]
LAI S, ZOU S, CAO J, et al. Characterizing ionic species in PM2.5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2007,19(8):939-947.
[36]
Xia L, Gao Y. Chemical composition and size distributions of coastal aerosols observed on the US East Coast[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2010,119(1):77-90.
[37]
Fitzgerald J W. Marine aerosols:A review[J]. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 1991,25(3):533-545.