A mobile multi-sensor observing system consisting of a ground-based Micro Pulse Lidar and a GPS was introduced in this paper, which was used to analyze aerosol extinction coefficient profiles measurements that lower than 1.5km, over Xuzhou observed on 11January (heavy pollution), 12January (low pollution), 17January (moderate) in 2015. The results showed that during low and moderate pollution days, high values of the near-surface aerosol extinction coefficient were observed in the commercial and industrial areas, resulting from vehicle exhaust and thermal power plant emissions, respectively. During high pollution days, the near-surface aerosol extinction coefficient was mainly governed by the evolution of the pollution. The vertical distribution of aerosols was associated with the changing planetary boundary layer. The altitude of the planetary boundary layer in the afternoon was generally higher than the one in the morning, and reached the highest level (~1km) when the weather was fine and the air quality was fair. High values of the aerosol extinction coefficient were mostly found below 250m. Fly ash emissions by coal-fired thermal power plants over industrial areas were detected around 1km. The aerosol optical depth trends measured by different instruments were roughly the same, and the fluctuation of aerosol optical depth of Lidar was the most. The mobile multi-sensor observing system was proven to reliably observe the spatio-temporal distribution of aerosols over a city in a small regional scale, which had high flexibility and can be widely applied.