LIN Guan-ming1,2, CAI Xu-hui1, HU Min1,2, LI Hui-jun3
1. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
2. State Joint Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
3. College of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
This paper presents a review of main research progresses on the aerosol dry deposition experiments and theoretical models over the past few decades, started with the definition of dry deposition velocity. Dry deposition of particles from the atmosphere to the earth is not only dependent on the aerosol size, the aerosol density and the air viscosity, but also affected by the aerodynamic resistance, the viscous resistance and the surface collection resistance, which are related to the micro-meteorological factors such as the atmosphere temperature, the wind speed and the relative humidity. The typical methods for the determination of dry deposition velocity include tracking technique, concentration gradient method and eddy correlation method. The instantaneous three velocity components, turbulent kinetic energy, friction velocity, temperature and eddy diffusion coefficient can be measured by the Ultrasonic Anemometer Thermometer. Aerosol size distribution is commonly obtained by the combined measuring devices (Serial multistage sampler, Aerodynamic Particle Sizer and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) due to the wide particle size range. In the parameterization of the particle dry deposition, the physical scheme is based on the Stokes' Law which emphasizes the equilibrium of gravitation, buoyancy and drag force, while the semi-empirical formulae introduce the atmospheric turbulence, the molecular motion and the surface collection mechanism which accounts for particle Brownian diffusion, collision, interception, rebound, thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis. However, the discrepancy between model predictions and field measurements is still significant for a certain particle size range. In view of the open problems in the dry deposition, perspectives on the future research directions and techniques are provided.
林官明, 蔡旭晖, 胡敏, 李惠君. 大气气溶胶干沉降研究进展[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(9): 3211-3220.
LIN Guan-ming, CAI Xu-hui, HU Min, LI Hui-jun. An overview of atmospheric aerosol dry deposition. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2018, 38(9): 3211-3220.
Aba A, Al-Dousari A M, Ismaeel A. Depositional characteristics of 7Be and 210 Pb in Kuwaiti dust[J]. J. Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2016,307(1):15-23.
[3]
Pan Y P, Wang Y S. Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10sites in Northern China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(20):951-972.
Sehmel G A. Particle and gas dry deposition:a review[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1980,14(9):983-1011.
[7]
Petroff A, Mailliat A, Amielh M, et al. Aerosol dry deposition on vegetative canopies, Part I:Review of present knowledge[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(16):3625-3653.
Mohan S M. An overview of particulate dry deposition:measuring methods deposition velocity and controlling factors[J]. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2016,13(1):387-402.
[10]
Yue D L, Hu Min, et al. Variation of particle number size distributions and chemical compositions at the urban and downwind regional sites in the Pearl River Delta during summertime pollution episodes[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010,10(19):9431-9439.
[11]
Gronholm T, Aalto P, Hiltunen V, et al. Measurements of aerosol particle dry deposition velocity using the relaxed eddy accumulation technique[J]. Tellus B 2007,59(3):381-386.
[12]
Wesley M L, Hicks B B. A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2000,34(12):2261-2282.
[13]
Guha A. A unified Eulerian theory of turbulent deposition to smooth and rough surfaces[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 1997,28(8):1517-1537.
[14]
You R, Zhao B, Chen C. Developing an Empirical Equation for Modeling Particle Deposition Velocity onto Inclined Surfaces in Indoor Environments[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2012, 46(10):1090-1099.
[15]
Santiago J L, Martilli A, Martin F. On Dry Deposition Modelling of Atmospheric Pollutants on Vegetation at the Microscale:Application to the Impact of Street Vegetation on Air Quality[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2017,162(3):451-474.
Guo X Y, Ji H B, Li C, et al. The sources of trace element pollution of dry depositions nearby a drinking water source[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017,24(4):3829-3842.
[18]
Zhao L, Lun X, Li R, et al. Deposition of PM2.5 Sulfate in the Spring on Urban Forests in Beijing, China[J]. Atmosphere, 2017,8(1):3.
[19]
Lestari P, Oskouie A K, Noll K E. Size distribution and dry deposition of particulate mass, sulfate and nitrate in an urban area[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003,37(18):2507-2516.
[20]
Petroff A, Zhang L, Pryor S C, et al. An extended dry deposition model for aerosols onto broadleaf canopies[J]. Aerosol Science 2009, 40(3):218-240.
[21]
Aksu R, Horvath R, Kaller W. Lahounik, et al. Measurement of the deposition velocity of particulate matter to building surfaces in the atmosphere[J]. J. Aerosol Science, 1996,27(Suppl 1):675-676.
[22]
Al-Taani A A, Rashdan M, Khashashneh S. Atmospheric dry deposition of mineral dust to the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea:Rate and trace elements[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,92(1/2):252-258.
[23]
Dai W, Davidson C I, Etyemezian V, et al. Wind Tunnel Studies of Particle Transport and Deposition in Turbulent Boundary Flows[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001,35(5):887-898.
[24]
Huang N, Zhang J. Wind-tunnel Experiment on Dust Atmosphere-surface exchange:Emission and Dry Deposition[J]. Procedia IUTAM, 2015,17:129-135.
[25]
Sehmel G A, Particle deposition from turbulent airflow[J]. J. Geophysical Research, 1970,75(9):1766-1781.
Price T A, Stoll R, Veranth J M, et al. A wind-tunnel study of the effect of turbulence on PM10 deposition onto vegetation[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017,159(6):117-125.
[28]
Hardy E P, Harley J H. Environmental contamination from weapons tests. U. S. AEC HeaIth and Safety Lab[R]. Report, HASL-42A, 1958.
[29]
Maro D, Connan O, Flori J P, et al. Solier Aerosol dry deposition in the urban environment:Assessment of deposition velocity on building facades[J]. J. Aerosol Science, 2014,69(3):113-131.
[30]
Everett R G, Hicks B B, Berg W W, et al. An analysis of particulate sulphur and lead gradient data collected at Argonne National Laboratory[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1979,13(7):931-934.
[31]
Wesely M L, Hicks B B, Dannevik W P, et al. An eddy-correlation measurement of particulate deposition from the atmosphere[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1977,11(6):561-563.
[32]
Meier J, Wehner B, et al. Hygroscopic growth of urban aerosol particles in Beijing (China) during wintertime:a comparison of three experimental methods[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(18):6865-6880.
[33]
Kumar R, Kumari K M. Evaluation of dry deposition of acidifying N compounds to vegetation[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015,22(23):18437-18445.
[34]
Huang L, McDonald-Buller E C, McGaughey G, et al. The impact of drought on ozone dry deposition over eastern Texas[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,127(2):176-186.
[35]
Noll K E, Fang K Y P, Watkins L A. Characterization of the deposition of particles from the atmosphere to a flat plate[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1988,22(7):1461-1468.
[36]
Lyman S N, Gustin M E, Prestbo E M, et al. Testing and application of surrogate surfaces for understanding potential gaseous oxidized mercury dry deposition[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009,43(16):6235-6241.
[37]
Qi J, Li P, Li X, et al. Estimation of dry deposition fluxes of particulate species to the water surface in the Qingdao area, using a model and surrogate surfaces[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005,39(11):2081-2088.
Shahin U M, Holsen T M, Odabasi M. Dry deposition measured with a water surface sampler:a comparison to modeled results[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(20):3267-3276.
[40]
Yi S M, Totten L A, Thota S, et al. Atmospheric dry deposition of trace elements measured around the urban and industrially impacted NY-NJ harbor[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(34):6626-6637.
[41]
Goss N R, Mladenov N, Seibold C M, et al. Quantifying particulate matter deposition in Niwot Ridge, Colorado:collection of dry deposition using marble inserts and particle imaging using the FlowCAM[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013,80(12):549-598.
[42]
Brunet Y, Finnigan J J, Raupach M R. A wind tunnelstudy of air flow in waving wheat:single point velocity statistics[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1994,70(1/2):95-132.
[43]
Pryor S C. Size-resolved particle deposition velocities of sub-100nm diameter particles over a forest[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(32):6192-6200.
[44]
Zhang L, Fang G C, Liu C K, et al. Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of seven trace metal species at five sites in Central Taiwan-a summary of surrogate surface measurements and a comparison with model estimation[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012,12(7):3405-3417.
[45]
Okubo A, Takeda S, Obata H. Atmospheric deposition of trace metals to the Western North Pacific Ocean observed at coastal staton in Japan[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2013,129-130(7):20-32.
[46]
Zufall M J, Dai W, Davidson C I. Dry deposition of particles to wave surfaces:Ⅱ. Wind tunnel experiments[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33(26):4283-4290.
[47]
Shi J H, Zhang J, Gao H W, et al. Concentration, solubility and deposition flux of atmospheric particulate nutrients over Yellow Sea[J]. Deep Sea Research part Ⅱ, 2013,97(12):43-50.
Cavalcante R M, Rocha C A, Santiago Í S, et al. Influence of urbanization on air quality based on the occurrence of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a tropical semiarid area (Fortaleza-CE, Brazil)[J]. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health, 2017,10(4):437-445.
Buzorius G, Rannik U, Makela J M, et al. Vertical aerosol fluxes measured by eddy covariance methods and deposition of nucleation mode particles above a Scots pine forest in southern Finland[J]. J. Geophysical Research, 2000,105(D15):19905-19916.
[52]
Brewer R, Belzer W. Assessment of metal concentrations in atmospheric particles from Burnaby Lake, British Columbia, Canada[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001,35(30):5223-5233.
[53]
Gaman A, Rannik U, Aalto P, et al. Relaxed eddy accumulation system for size resolved aerosol particle flux measurements[J]. J. Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2004,(21):933-943.
[54]
Roupsard P, Amielh M, Maro D, et al. Measurement in a wind tunnel of dry deposition velocities of submicron aerosol with associated turbulence onto rough and smooth urban surfaces[J]. J Aerosol Science, 2013,55(1):12-24.
[55]
Liu J, Zhu L, Wang H. Dry deposition of particulate matter at an urban forest, wetland and lake surface in Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,125(1):178-187.
[56]
Vong R J, Vong I J, Vickers D, et al. Size-dependent aerosol deposition velocities during BEARPEX'07[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010,10(12):5749-5758.
[57]
Wyers G P, Duyzer J H. Micrometeorological measurement of the dry deposition flux of sulfate and nitrate aerosols to coniferous forest[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1997,31(3):33-343.
[58]
Dong Z B, Gao S Y, Fryrear D W, Drag coefficients, roughness length and zero-plane displacement height as disturbed by artificial standing vegetation[J]. J. Arid Environments, 2001,49(3):485-505.
[59]
Esau I N, Zilitinkevich S S, Universal dependences between turbulent and mean flow parameters in stably and neutrally stratified Planetary Boundary Layers[J]. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 2006,13(2):135-144.
[60]
Kanda M, Moriwaki R, Roth M, et al. Area-averaged sensible heat flux and a new method to determine zero-plane displacement length over an urban surface using scintillometry[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2002,105(1):177-193.
[61]
Fang G C, Cheng M T, Chang C N. Monitoring and modeling the mass, heavy metals and ion species dry deposition in Central Taiwan[J]. J. Environmental Science and Health Part A, 1997,32(8):2183-2199.
[62]
Yi S M, Holsen T M, Noll K E. Comparison of dry deposition predicted from models and measured with a water surface sampler[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1997,31(1):272-278.
[63]
Hinds W C, Aerosol Technology:Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles[M]. Wiley, New York, 1982.
[64]
Slinn S A, Slinn W G N. Predictions for particle deposition on natural waters[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1980,14(9):1013-1026.
[65]
Slinn W G N. Prediction for particle deposition to vegetative canopies[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1982,16(7):1785-1794.
[66]
Petroff A, Mailliat A, Amielh M, et al. Aerosol dry deposition on vegetative canopies. Part Ⅱ:A new modelling approach and applications[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(16):3654-3683.
[67]
Zhang L, Gong S, Padro J, et al. A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001,35(3):549-560.
[68]
Williams R M. A model for dry deposition of particles to natural water surfaces[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1981,16(8):1933-1938.
[69]
Schwede D B, Zhang L, Vet R, et al. An intercomparison of the deposition models used in the CASTNET and CAPMoN networks[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45(6):1337-1346.
[70]
Hussein T, Smolik J, Kerminen V, et al. Modeling Dry Deposition of Aerosol Particles onto Rough Surfaces[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2012,46(1):44-59.
[71]
Petroff A, Zhang L. Development and validation of a size-resolved particle dry deposition scheme for application in aerosol transport models[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2010,3(2):753-769.
[72]
Calec N, Boyer P, Anselmet F, et al. Dry deposition velocities of submicron aerosols on water surfaces:Laboratory experimental data and modelling approach[J]. J. Aerosol Science,2017,105(3):179-192.
[73]
Lo Kou-Fang A., Zhang L. Sievering H. The effect of humidity and state of water surfaces on deposition of aerosol particles onto a water surface[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33(28):4727-4737.
[74]
Liu B Y H., Agarwal J K. Experimental observation of aerosol deposition in turbulent flow[J]. J. Aerosol Science, 1974,5(2):145-155.
[75]
Gillette D A, Lawson R E, Thompson R S. A ‘test of concept’ Comparison of aerodynamic and mechanical resuspension mechanisms for particles deposited on field rye grass (Secalecercele)-Part 1.Relative Particle flux rates[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(28):4789-4797.
[76]
Pryor S C, Larsen S E, Sørensen L L., et al. Particle fluxes above forests:Observations, methodological considerations and method comparisons[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2008,152(3):667-678.
[77]
Hicks B B, Saylor R D, Baker B D. Dry deposition of particles to canopies-a look back and the road forward[J]. J. Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2016,121(24):14691-14707.
[78]
Gallagher M W, Nemitz E, Dorsey J R, et al. Measurements and parameterizations of small aerosol deposition velocities to grassland, arable crops, and forest:influence of surface roughness length on deposition[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmosphere 2002, 107(D12):AAC8-1-AAC 8-10.
[79]
Vong R J, Vong I J, Vickers D, et al., Size-dependent aerosol deposition velocities during BEARPEX'07[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010,10(12):5749-5758.
[80]
Fang G C, Wu Y S, Chang C N, et al. Modeling dry deposition of total particle mass in trafficked and rural sites of Central Taiwan[J]. Environment International, 1999,25(5):625-633.
[81]
Chen L, Peng S, Liu J, et al. Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles and meteorological influence in four locations in Guangzhou, China[J]. J. Environmental Sciences, 2012,24(4):632-639.
[82]
Wesely M L. Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional scale numerical models[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1989,23(6):1293-1304.
[83]
Zhang J, Shao Y. A new parameterization of particle dry deposition over rough surfaces[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2014, 14(22):12429-12440.
[84]
Bleyl M. R., Experimentelle Bestimmung der Depositionsgeschwind-igkeit Luftgetragener Partikel mit Hilfe der Eddy-Kovarianzmethode u ber einem Fichtenaltbestand im Solling[D]. Georg August Universit at, Gottingen, 2001.
[85]
Mammarella I, Rannik Ü, Aalto P, et al. Long-term aerosol particle flux observations. Part Ⅱ:Particle size statistics and deposition velocities[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45:3794-3805
[86]
Lavi A, Farmer D K, Segre E, et al. Fluxes of fine particles over a semi-arid pine forest:possible effects of a complex terrain[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2013,47(8):906-915