Effects of drainage on the CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes in the Zoigê Plateau Marsh
ZHOU Wen-chang1,2, CUI Li-juan1,3, WANG Yi-fei1,3, LI Wei1,3, KANG Xiao-ming1,3
1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
2. Hubei Academy of Forestry, Wuhan 430075, China;
3. Sichuan Zoigê Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Ruoergai 624500, China
The CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes in the Zoigê Plateau Marsh were monitored by using the dark static chamber and Fast Greenhouse Gas Analyzer at three typical sampling sites (natural marsh, drainage marshes in the 1990s and 1970s) from May to October in 2014. The results showed that the drainage increased the soil temperature (5, 20 and 45cm depth) and reduced the water level. The ecosystem CO2 emission fluxes of the drained marshes in 1990s[(680±329) mg CO2/(m2·h)] and 1970s[(973±234) mg CO2/(m2·h)] were 200% and 330% higher than that in the natural marsh. While, the ecosystem CH4 emission fluxes of the drained marshes in 1990s[(0.78±0.52) mg CH4/(m2·h)] and 1970s[(-0.01±0.02) mg CH4/(m2·h)] were 90% and 100% lower than that in the natural marsh, respectively. Taking into consideration of both CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes, the ecosystem carbon (C) emission fluxes of the drained marshes in 1990s[(186±89) mg C/(m2·h)] and 1970s[(265±64) mg C/(m2·h)] were 180% and 300% higher than that in the natural marsh. Besides, there was a significant positive correlation between the ecosystem CO2 emission fluxes and the soil temperature of 5cm depth in the three typical sampling sites. Whereas, there was an obvious negative correlation between the ecosystem CO2 emission flux and the water level in the 1990s drained marsh. In addition, the ecosystem CH4 emission flux in the natural marsh was notably positively correlated with the soil temperatures at 5, 20 and 45cm depth. However, the ecosystem CH4 emission flux in the 1970s drained marsh was remarkably negatively correlated with the soil temperatures at 20 and 45cm depth. Meanwhile, we also found that there was a significant positive relation between the ecosystem CH4 emission flux in the 1990s drained marsh and the water level. This research suggested that the marsh drainage could significantly increase the ecosystem C emission flux from the soil into the atmosphere in the Zoigê Plateau Marsh, subsequently decrease the soil C sink function, and further enhance the regional climate warming.
周文昌, 崔丽娟, 王义飞, 李伟, 康晓明. 排水对若尔盖高寒沼泽CO2和CH4排放通量的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(7): 3040-3047.
ZHOU Wen-chang, CUI Li-juan, WANG Yi-fei, LI Wei, KANG Xiao-ming. Effects of drainage on the CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes in the Zoigê Plateau Marsh. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2019, 39(7): 3040-3047.
IPCC. Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis//Stocker T F, Qin D, Plattner G K, et al. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[R]. United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:Cambridge University Press, 2013.
[2]
Moore T R, Bubier J L, Frolking S E, et al. Plant biomass and production and CO2 exchange in an ombrotrophic bog[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2002,90(1):25-36.
[3]
Zhang B, Tian H, Lu C, et al. Methane emissions from global wetlands:An assessment of the uncertainty associated with various wetland extent data sets[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017,165:310-321.
[4]
Liu Y, Liu G, Xiong Z, et al. Response of greenhouse gas emissions from three types of wetland soils to simulated temperature change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017,171:17-24.
[5]
翟俊,马宏璞,陈忠礼,等.湿地甲烷厌氧氧化的重要性和机制综述[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(9):3506-3514. Zhai J, Ma H P, Chen Z L, et al. rebiew on the importance and mechanisms of anaerobic oxidation of methane in wetlands[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(9):3506-3514.
[6]
Bellisario L M, Bubier J L, Moore T R, et al. Controls on CH4 emissions from a northern peatland[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1999,13(1):81-91.
[7]
Alm J, Talanov A, Saarnio S, et al. Reconstruction of the carbon balance for microsites in a boreal oligotrophic pine fen, Finland[J]. Oecologia, 1997,110(3):423-431.
[8]
Rinne J, Riutta T, Pihlatie M, et al. Annual cycle of methane emission from a boreal fen measured by the eddy covariance technique[J]. Tellus B, 2007,59(3):449-457.
[9]
Walter B P, Heimann M, Matthews E. Modeling modern methane emissions from natural wetlands:1. model description and results[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2001,106(D24):34189-34206.
[10]
Gorham E. Northern peatlands:Role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming[J]. Ecological Applications, 1991,1(2):182-195.
[11]
Yu Z, Julie L, Brosseau D P, et al. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010,37(13):69-73.
[12]
Strack M. Peatlands and climate change[M]. Saarijärven Offset Oy, Saarijärvi, Finland:The International Peat Society Press, 2008.
[13]
Jiang C S, Wang Y S, Hao Q J, et al. Effect of land-use change on CH4 and N2O emissions from freshwater marsh in Northeast China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009,43:3305-3309.
[14]
Jerman V, Tjaša Danevcic, Mandic-Mulec I. Methane cycling in a drained wetland soil profile[J]. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2017, 17(7):1874-1882.
[15]
Hadden D, Grelle A. The impact of cultivation on CO2 and CH4 fluxes over organic soils in Sweden[J]. Agricultural & Forest Meteorology, 2017,243:1-8.
[16]
Martikainen P J, Nykänen H, Alm J, et al. Change in fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide due to forest drainage of mire sites of different trophy[J]. Plant and Soil, 1995,168(1):571-577.
[17]
Strack M, Waddington J M, Tuittila E S. Effect of water table drawdown on northern peatland methane dynamics:Implications for climate change[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2004,18(4):GB4003,doi:10.1029/2003GB002209.
[18]
赵魁义,何池全.人类活动对若尔盖高原沼泽的影响与对策[J]. 地理科学, 2000,20(5):444-449. Zhao K Y, He C Q. Influence of human activities on the Mire in Zoige Plateau and countermeasure[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2000, 20(5):444-449.
[19]
Chen H, Yang G, Peng C, et al. The carbon stock of alpine peatlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene and their future fate[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2014,95:151-158.
[20]
游宇驰,李志威,陈敏建.若尔盖高原日干乔大沼泽中人工沟渠分布与其排水量估算[J]. 湿地科学, 2018,16(2):223-230. You Y C, Li Z W, Chen M J. Distribution of man-made ditches and their displacement estimation in Riganqiao peat bog, Zoigê Plateau[J]. Wetland Science, 2018,16(2):223-230.
[21]
Pang A, Li C, Wang X, et al. Land use/cover change in response to driving forces of Zoige County, China[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2010,2(6):1074-1082.
[22]
Chen H, Yao S, Wu N, et al. Determinants influencing seasonal variations of methane emissions from alpine wetlands in Zoige Plateau and their implications[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113:D12303,doi:10.1029/2006JD008072.
[23]
王德宣.若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮排放通量研究[J]. 湿地科学, 2010,8(3):220-224. Wang D X. Emission fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from peat marsh in Zoigê Plateau[J]. Wetland Science, 2010, 8(3):220-224.
[24]
周文昌,崔丽娟,王义飞,等.若尔盖高原湿地不同微地貌区甲烷排放通量特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2016,40(9):902-911. Zhou W C, Cui L J, Wang Y F, et al. Characteristics of methane emission fluxes in the Zoigê Plateau wetland on microtopography[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016,40(9):902-911.
[25]
王智平,段毅,杨居荣,等.青藏高原若尔盖沼泽潜在CH4氧化与生成的分布特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2003,27(6):786-791. Wang Z P, Duan Y, Yang J R, et al. Spatial distribution of potential CH4oxidation and production in Zoigê marsh of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Acta Phytoecological Sinica, 2003,27(6):786-791.
[26]
Ding W X, Cai Z C, Wang D X. Preliminary budget of methane emissions from natural wetlands in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004,38(5):751-759.
[27]
Mcewing K R, Fisher J P, Zona D. Environmental and vegetation controls on the spatial variability of CH4 emission from wet-sedge and tussock tundra ecosystems in the Arctic[J]. Plant & Soil, 2015, 388(1/2):53-54.
[28]
Mastepanov M, Sigsgaard C, Dlugokencky E J, et al. Large tundra methane burst during onset of freezing[J]. Nature, 2008,456(7222):628-630.
[29]
周文昌,索郎夺尔基,崔丽娟,等.围栏禁牧与放牧对若尔盖高原泥炭地CO2和CH4排放的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2015,24(2):183-189. Zhou W C, Suolang D E J, Cui L J, et al. Effects of fencing and grazing on the emissions of CO2 and CH4in Zoige peatland, east Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2015,24(2):183-189.
[30]
王德宣,宋长春,王毅勇,等.若尔盖高原沼泽湿地与草地二氧化碳通量的比较[J]. 应用生态学报, 2008,19(2):285-289. Wang D X, Song C C, Wang Y Y et al. CO2 fluxes in mire and grassland on Ruoergai plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008,19(2):285-289.
[31]
Hirota M, Tang Y, Hu Q, et al. Carbon dioxide dynamics and controls in a deep-water wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Ecosystems, 2006,9(4):673-688.
[32]
Hirota M, Senga Y, Seike Y, et al. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in two contrastive fringing zones of coastal lagoon, Lake Nakaumi, Japan[J]. Chemosphere, 2007,68(3):597-603.
[33]
Kandel T P, LærkeL P E, Elsgaard L. Annual emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from a temperate peat bog:Comparison of an undrained and four drained sites under permanent grass and arable crop rotations with cereals and potato[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2018,256/257:470-481.
[34]
Liebner S, Schwarzenbach S P, Zeyer J. Methane emissions from an alpine fen in central Switzerland[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2012,109(1/3):287-299.
[35]
Franchini A G, Erny I, Zeyer J. Spatial variability of methane emissions from Swiss alpine fens[J]. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2014,22(4):383-397.
[36]
Arnold K V, Nilsson M, Hånell B, et al. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from drained organic soils in deciduous forests[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2005,37(6):1059-1071.
[37]
Salm J O, Maddison M, Tammik S, et al. Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from undisturbed, drained and mined peatlands in Estonia[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2012,692(1):41-55.
[38]
孙晓新,牟长城,冯登军,等.排水造林对小兴安岭沼泽甲烷排放的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2009,29(8):4251-4259. Sun X X, Mu C C C, Feng D J, et al. Effects of wetland draining for forestation on methane emission in Xiaoxing'an Mountains, Northeast China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009,29(8):4251-4259.
[39]
郝庆菊,王跃思,宋长春,等.垦殖对沼泽湿地CH4和N2O排放的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2007,27(8):3417-3426. Hao Q J, Wang Y S, Song C C, et al. Effects of marsh reclamation on methane and nitrious oxide emissions[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007,27(8):3417-3426.
[40]
王鹏,王一丹,申霞,等.南通沿海潮间带土-气界面CO2交换特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(2):675-682. Wang P, Wang Y D, Shen X, et al. Characteristics of soil-air CO2 exchange fluxes in intertidalite of Nantong[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(2):675-682.
[41]
Silvola J. Carbon dioxide dynamics in mires reclaimed for forestry in eastern Finland[J]. Annales Botanici Fennici, 1986,23(1):59-67.
[42]
Zhou W, Cui L Wang Y, et al. Methane emissions from natural and drained peatlands in the Zoige, eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Journal of Forestry Research, 2017,28(3):539-547.
[43]
Ding W, Cai Z, Tsuruta H, et al. Key Factors Affecting Spatial Variation of Methane Emissions from Freshwater Marshes[J]. Chemosphere, 2003,51(3):167-173.
[44]
Sun X, Mu C, Song C. Seasonal and spatial variations of methane emissions from montane wetlands in Northeast China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45(10):1809-1816.
[45]
Turetsky M R, Kotowska A, Bubier J, et al. A synthesis of methane emissions from 71northern, temperate, and subtropical wetlands[J]. Global Change Biology, 2014,20(7):2183-2197.
[46]
马莉,牟长城,王彪,等.排水造林对温带小兴安岭沼泽湿地碳源/汇的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2017,53(10):1-12. Ma L, Mu C C, Wa; ng B, et al. Effects of wetland drainage for forestation on carbon source of sink of temperate marshes wetlands in Xiaoxing'an Mountains of China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sincae, 2017,53(10):1-12.
[47]
牟长城,吴云霞,李婉姝,等.采伐对小兴安岭落叶松-泥炭藓沼泽温室气体排放的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2010,21(2):287-293. Mu C C, Wu Y X, Li W S, et al. Effects of forest cutting on greenhouse gas emissions from Larix gmelini-Sphagnum swamps in Lesser Xing'an Mountains of Heilongjiang, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010,21(2):287-293.
[48]
周文昌,索郎夺尔基,崔丽娟,等.排水对若尔盖高原泥炭地土壤有机碳储量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2016,36(8):2123-2132. Zhou W C, Suolang D E J, Cui L J, et al. Effects of drainage on soil organic carbon stock in the Zoige peatlands, eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(8):2123-2132.
[49]
Renou-Wilson F, Moser G, Fallon D, et al. Rewetting degraded peatlands for climate and biodiversity benefits:Results from two raised bogs[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2019,127:547-560.
[50]
Li B, Yu Z, Liang Z, et al. Effects of Climate Variations and Human Activities on Runoff in the Zoige Alpine Wetland in the Eastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2014,19(5):1026-1035.
[51]
孙会峰,周胜,付子轼,等.高温少雨对不同品种水稻CH4和N2O排放量及产量的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016,36(12):3540-3547. Sun H F, Zhou S, Fu Z S, et al. Effects of high temperature and low precipitation on CH4 and N2O emission and yield of different rice varieties[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(12):3540-3547.
