Water and heat flux characteristics and driving factors of dune ecosystem in Horqin Sandy Land
ZHANG Si-min1, HAO Li-na1,2,3, TONG Xin1,2,3, JIA Tian-yu1, ZHANG Yi-ran1, MA Kuo4, LUN Shuo1, LIU Ting-xi1,2,3
1. College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; 2. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Water Resources Protection and Utilization, Hohhot 010018, China; 3. Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin Water Resources and Water Environment Comprehensive Management Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center, Hohhot 010018, China; 4. Inner Mongolia Water Resources and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute, Hohhot 010018, China
Abstract：In this study, we investigated the surface energy fluxes in a typical dune ecosystem of the Horqin Sandy Land using an Eddy Covariance (EC) system for continuous monitoring from 2013 to 2022. The Ordinary Least Squares linear regression (OLS) and the Energy Balance Ratio (EBR) were applied to evaluate the energy balance closure, including monitoring of the diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations in energy flux during the growing season (April to October), calculating Bowen ratio (β) and the energy balance, and assessing influences of environmental factors on the variations in latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H), and soil heat flux (G). The results reveal that the multi-year average annual net radiation (Rg) was observed at 1592.8MJ/m2, contributed by H, LE, and G as 614.0, 636.2, and 117.8MJ/m2, respectively. The dominant component of the annual energy budget was found to be latent heat flux, constituting 40% of the total energy. The diurnal dynamic curve of β exhibited a unimodal pattern with relatively mild fluctuations. The multi-year annual mean EBR ranged from 0.75 to 0.90, indicating a 13% residual in energy balance closure. The study demonstrates that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was the primary factor influencing energy flux, followed by air temperature (Ta) and soil temperature (Ts), all showing significant positive correlations with energy flux. Additionally, the impact of vegetation on energy flux was observed to be a positive correlation between LE and leaf area index (LAI), while H exhibited a negative relationship with LAI.
Borges C K, Dos Santos C A C, Carneiro R G, et al. Seasonal variation of surface radiation and energy balances over two contrasting areas of the seasonally dry tropical forest (Caatinga) in the Brazilian semi-arid [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2020,192(8):524.
[2]
Duan L, Liu T, Ma L, et al. Analysis of soil respiration and influencing factors in a semiarid dune-meadow cascade ecosystem [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,796:148993.
[3]
王忠静,张子雄,索滢.干旱区凝结水评估及对水量平衡方程影响[J]. 水利学报, 2019,50(6):710-720. Wang Z J, Zhang Z X, Suo Y. A. new water balance equation introducing dew amount in arid area [J] Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2019,50(6):710-720.
[4]
Hiestand M P, Carleton A M, Davis K J. Interannual, sub-seasonal and spatial variations in growing season surface heat fluxes for the U.S. Corn Belt [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2023,332:109377.
[5]
陈世苹,游翠海,胡中民,等.涡度相关技术及其在陆地生态系统通量研究中的应用[J]. 植物生态学报, 2020,44(4):291-304. Chen S P, You C H, Hu Z M, et al. Eddy covariance technique and its applications in flux observations of terrestrial ecosystems [J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020,44(4):291-304.
[6]
时元智,崔远来,才硕,等.鄱阳湖平原直播稻CH4通量及其与CO2通量的综合温室效应[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(3):1572-1582. Shi Y Z, Cui Y L, Cai S, et al. CH4 Fluxes and Their Comprehensive Greenhouse Effects with CO2 Fluxes in Direct-seeded Rice in Poyang Lake Plain [J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(3):1572-1582.
[7]
Desai A R, Murphy B A, Wiesner S, et al. Drivers of decadal carbon fluxes across temperate ecosystems [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences, 2022,127(12):1-27.
[8]
于贵瑞,孙晓敏.陆地生态系统通量观测的原理与方法[M]. 2版.北京:高等教育出版社, 2017. Yu G R, Sun X M. Principles and Methods of Terrestrial Ecosystem Flux Observation [M]. 2ed. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 2017.
[9]
Wang H, Yu L, Chen L, et al. Carbon fluxes and soil carbon dynamics along a gradient of biogeomorphic succession in alpine wetlands of Tibetan Plateau [J]. Fundamental Research, 2023,3(2):151-159.
[10]
Sridhar V, Billah M M, Valayamkunnath P. Field-scale intercomparison analysis of ecosystems in partitioning surface energy balance components in a semi-arid environment [J]. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 2019,19(1):24-37.
[11]
Gash J H C, Culf A D. Applying a linear detrend to eddy correlation data in realtime [J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1996,79(3):301-306.
[12]
Vickers D, Mahrt L. Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data [J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1997,14(3):512-526.
[13]
郝旺林,夏彬,许明祥.黄土丘陵区侵蚀坡面CO2通量空间分异格局驱动机制[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(12):5875-5884. Hao W L, Xia B, Xu M X. Driving mechanism of spatial differentiation patterns of CO2 flux on eroded slope in loess hilly region [J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(12):5875-5884.
[14]
Webb E K, Pearman G I, Leuning R. Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer [J]. Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1980,106(447):85-100.
[15]
Hu X, Lei H. Fifteen-year variations of water use efficiency over a wheat-maize rotation cropland in the North China Plain [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2021,306:108430.
[16]
Wutzler T, Lucas-Moffat A, Migliavacca M, et al. Basic and extensible post-processing of eddy covariance flux data with ReddyProc [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences, 2018,15(16):5015-5030.
[17]
Falge E, Baldocchi D, Olson R, et al. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2021,107(1):43-69.
[18]
Reichstein M, Falge E, Baldocchi D, et al. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration:review and improved algorithm [J]. Global Change Biology, 2005,11(9):1424-1439.
[19]
Zhang K, Liu D, Liu H, et al. Energy flux observation in a shrub ecosystem of a gully region of the Chinese Loess Plateau [J]. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 2022,22(2):323-336.
[20]
Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L, et al. FLUXNET:A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001,82(11):2415-2434.
[21]
Sauer T J, Hatfield J L, Prueger J H, et al. Surface energy balance of a corn residue-covered field [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1998,89(3/4):155-168.
[22]
Xin Y F, Chen F, Zhao P, et al. Surface energy balance closure at ten sites over the Tibetan plateau [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2018,259:317-328.
[23]
Bao Y, Liu T, Duan L, et al. A comparative study of three stomatal conductance models for estimating evapotranspiration in a dune ecosystem in a semi-arid region [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,802:149937.
[24]
曾思栋,夏军,杜鸿,等.生态水文双向耦合模型的研发与应用:Ⅱ.模型应用[J]. 水利学报, 2020,51(4):439-457. Zeng S D, Xia J, Du H, et al. Development and application of bidirectional coupled ecohydrological model:Ⅱ. Model application [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2020,51(4):439-457.
[25]
黄松宇,贾昕,郑甲佳,等.中国典型陆地生态系统波文比特征及影响因素[J]. 植物生态学报, 2021,45(2):119-130. Huang S Y, Jia X, Zheng J J, et al. Characteristics and influencing factors of Bowen ratio variation in typical terrestrial ecosystems in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021,45(2):119-130.
[26]
Fang Q Q, Wang G Q, Xue B L, et al. How and to what extent does precipitation on multi-temporal scales and soil moisture at different depths determine carbon flux responses in a water-limited grassland ecosystem [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,635:1255-1266.
[27]
岳平,张强,杨金虎,等.黄土高原半干旱草地地表能量通量及闭合率[J]. 生态学报, 2011,31(22):6866-6876. Yue P, Zhang Q, Yang J H, et al. Surface heat flux and energy budget for semi-arid grassland on the Loess Plateau [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011,31(22):6866-6876.
[28]
孙成,江洪,陈健,等.亚热带毛竹林生态系统能量通量及平衡分析[J]. 生态学报, 2015,35(12):4128-4136. Sun C, Jiang H, Chen J, et al. Energy flux and balance analysis of Phyllostachys edulis forest ecosystem in subtropical China [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015,35(12):4128-4136.
[29]
杨文柱,焦燕,杨铭德,等.内蒙古河套灌区盐碱土壤N2O排放特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019,39(3):948-953. Yang W Z, Jiao Y, Yang M D, et al. N2O emissions from saline-alkaline soil with different saline-alkaline levels in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia, China [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(3):948-953.
[30]
杨晓君,刘廷玺,王冠丽,等.科尔沁沙地流动沙丘不同时空尺度水热变化及CO2交换特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2020,31(6):1989-1998. Yang X J, Liu T X, Wang G L et al. Characteristics of humidity and temperature variations and CO2 exchange of mobile dunes at different space-time scales in Horqin sandy land, China [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020,31(6):1989-1998.
[31]
Forzieri G, Miralles D, Ciais P, et al. Increased control of vegetation on global terrestrial energy fluxes [J]. Nature Climate Change, 2020, 10(4):356-362.
[32]
Liu X W, Zhan W, Zhu D, et al. Seasonal and interannual dynamics of water vapor flux at a fen in the Zoige peatlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:four-year measurements [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2022,612:128058.
[33]
Mauder M, Foken T, Cuxart J. Surface energy balance closure over land:A review [J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2020,177:395-426.
[34]
Ma J, Zha T, Jia X, et al. Energy and water vapor exchange over a young plantation in northern China [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2018,263:334-345.
[35]
Baldocchi D D, Law B E, Anthoni P M. On measuring and modeling energy fluxes above the floor of a homogeneous and heterogeneous conifer forest [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2000,102(2):187-206.
[36]
Eder F, De Roo F, Rotenberg E, et al. Secondary circulations at a solitary forest surrounded by semi-arid shrubland and their impact on eddy-covariance measurements [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2015,211-212:115-127.
[37]
Baldocchi D. Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere-the state and future of the eddy covariance method [J]. Global Change Biology, 2014,20(12):3600-3609.
[38]
Gao Z, Liu H, Missik J E C, et al. Mechanistic links between underestimated CO2 fluxes and nonclosure of the surface energy balance in a semi-arid sagebrush ecosystem [J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2019,14:044106.
[39]
Eshonkulov R, Poyda A, Ingwersen J, et al. Improving the energy balance closure over a winter wheat field by accounting for minor storage terms [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2019,264:283-296.
[40]
Lin H Q, Li Y, Zhao L. Partitioning of sensible and latent heat fluxes in different vegetation types and their spatiotemporal variations based on 203FLUXNET sites [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences, 2022,127(21):1-13.
[41]
Castellví F, Suvočarev K, Reba M L, et al. A new free-convection form to estimate sensible heat and latent heat fluxes for unstable cases [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2020,586:124917.
[42]
Baldocchi D D. How eddy covariance flux measurements have contributed to our understanding of Global Change Biology [J]. Global Change Biology, 2020,26(1):242-260.
[43]
Han L, Wang Q, Chen Z, et al. Spatial patterns and climate controls of seasonal variations in carbon fluxes in China's terrestrial ecosystems [J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2020,189:103175.
[44]
王斌,李洁,姜微微,等.草地退化对三江源区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响及其原因[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012,32(10):1764-1771. Wang B, Li J, Jiang W W, et al. Impacts of the rangeland degradation on CO2 flux and the underlying mechanisms in the Three-River Source Region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau [J]. China Environmental Science, 2012,32(10):1764-1771.
[45]
Zhang Q, Sun R, Jiang G, et al. Carbon and energy flux from a Phragmites australis wetland in Zhangye oasis-desert area [J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2016,230-231:45-57.
