Review on removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from water by advanced oxidation—Based on sulfate radicals
SHEN Zu-wu1, LUO Hao-wei2, QIN Qi-lu2, AN Miao2, YANG Jun2,3, SONG Yong-wei1,2,3
1. Modern Technology Convergence and Engineering Management Research Center, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; 2. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; 3. Institute of Environmental Management and Policy, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
Abstract：Due to the rapid development of modern industry, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with high ecotoxicity are widely detected in the aquatic environment. In recent years, sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes (SO4-·-AOPs) have been widely recognized for their high oxidative potential and effectiveness in the remediation of EDCs compared with other AOPs. In this paper, firstly, the activation mechanisms of different persulfate (PS) activation methods (e.g., transition metal activation, carbon material activation, thermal activation, UV activation, electrochemical activation, and ultrasonic activation) and their applications in the removal of EDCs are reviewed. The advantages and limitations of each activation method are pointed out, and some effective strategies to enhance their activation performance are summarized. Secondly, the application of sulfite as a novel precursor for the generation of SO4-· is presented, and the changes in toxicity of intermediates during the degradation of EDCs are emphasized. Finally, the research progress is summarized and prospected. In the future, it can be considered to expand the research of machine learning in predicting the reactivity, oxidation mechanism, generated transformation products and their toxicity of SO4-· to different EDCs, so as to further enhance the practical application potential of SO4-·-AOPs.
申祖武, 罗浩伟, 覃琦露, 安淼, 杨俊, 宋永伟. 高级氧化法去除水中内分泌干扰物的研究进展——基于硫酸根自由基[J]. 中国环境科学, 2024, 44(12): 6886-6907.
SHEN Zu-wu, LUO Hao-wei, QIN Qi-lu, AN Miao, YANG Jun, SONG Yong-wei. Review on removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from water by advanced oxidation—Based on sulfate radicals. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2024, 44(12): 6886-6907.
[1] 宋峙嶙,李圆圆,熊忆茗,等.内分泌干扰物测试技术和评估体系[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(5):2601-2612. Song S L, Li Y Y, Xiong Y M, et al. Testing techniques and assessment systems for endocrine disrupting chemicals [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(5):2601-2612. [2] Chen Y, Yang J, Yao B, et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment: Environmental sources, biological effects, remediation techniques, and perspective [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2022,310: 119918. [3] Metcalfe C D, Bayen S, Desrosiers M, et al. An introduction to the sources, fate, occurrence and effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals released into the environment [J]. Environmental Research, 2022,207: 112658. [4] 陈玫宏,郭敏,刘丹,等.典型内分泌干扰物在太湖及其支流水体和沉积物中的污染特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(11):4323-4332. Chen M H, Guo M, Liu D, et al. Occurrence and distribution of typical endocrine disruptors in surface water and sediments from Taihu Lake and its tributaries [J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(11): 4323-4332. [5] Werkneh A A, Gebru S B, Redae G H, et al. Removal of endocrine disrupters from the contaminated environment: public health concerns, treatment strategies and future perspectives-A review [J]. Heliyon, 2022,8(4):e09206. [6] 桂静婧,刘佳婷,杨培增,等.亚硝酸盐对硫酸根自由基氧化降解卤代酚的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2024,44(6):3395-3407. Gui J J, Liu J T, Yang P Z, et al. Influence of nitrite on the degradation of halogenated phenols in sulfate radical oxidation processes [J/OL]. China Environmental Science, 2024,44(6):3395-3407. [7] Hassani A, Scaria J, Ghanbari F, et al. Sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: A review on relevant activation mechanisms, performance, and perspectives [J]. Environmental Research, 2022: 114789. [8] Li X, Jie B, Lin H, et al. Application of sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation technology in degradation of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs): Recent advances and prospects [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2022,308:114664. [9] 赵起,王佳丽,郭珍鑫,等.过硫酸盐高级氧化技术降解抗生素的研究进展[J]. 山东化工, 2023,52(16):88-91. Zhao Q, Wang J L, Guo Z X, et al. Research progress of activated persulfate advanced oxidation technology in degradation of antibiotics [J]. Shandong Chemical Industry, 2023,52(16):88-91. [10] Liu Z, Ren X, Duan X, et al. Remediation of environmentally persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by persulfates oxidation system (PS): A review [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2023,863: 160818. [11] Giannakis S, Lin K Y A, Ghanbari F. A review of the recent advances on the treatment of industrial wastewaters by sulfate radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (SR-AOPs) [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,406:127083. [12] Ball D L, Edwards J O. The kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of Caro's acid. I [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1956,78(6):1125-1129. [13] Anipsitakis G P, Dionysiou D D. Radical generation by the interaction of transition metals with common oxidants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004,38(13):3705-3712. [14] Nfodzo P, Choi H. Sulfate radicals destroy pharmaceuticals and personal care products [J]. Environmental Engineering Science, 2011, 28(8):605-609. [15] Brandt C, Van Eldik R. Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of sulfur (IV) oxides. Atmospheric-relevant processes and mechanisms [J]. Chemical Reviews, 1995,95(1):119-190. [16] 徐闻欣,吴俊峰,邢俊明,等.羟胺强化亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解对乙酰氨基酚的研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(10):3410-3417. Xu W X, Wu J F, Xin J M, et al. Degradation of acetaminophen by hydroxylamine enhanced Fe2+/persulfate system [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019,39(10):3410-3417. [17] Zhou X, Luo H, Sheng B, et al. Cu2+/Cu+ cycle promoted PMS decomposition with the assistance of Mo for the degradation of organic pollutant [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021,411: 125050. [18] Bu L, Shi Z, Zhou S. Modeling of Fe (II)-activated persulfate oxidation using atrazine as a target contaminant [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2016,169:59-65. [19] Liu H, Zhao J, Wang Y, et al. Enhancement of peroxymonosulfate activation by sinapic acid accelerating Fe (III)/Fe (II) cycle [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022,446:137177. [20] Yang Y, Pignatello J J, Ma J, et al. Comparison of halide impacts on the efficiency of contaminant degradation by sulfate and hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48(4):2344-2351. [21] Li L, Zheng D, Gu X, et al. Mechanism of the improved Fe (III)/persulfate reaction by gallic acid for ibuprofen degradation [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2022,314:120318. [22] Liu B, Huang B, Wang Z, et al. Homogeneous/heterogeneous metal- catalyzed persulfate oxidation technology for organic pollutants elimination: A review [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023,11(3):109586. [23] Hoa N T, Nguyen H, Nguyen L, et al. Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin in aqueous solutions by zero-valent metal-activated persulfate oxidation: a comparative study [J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2020,35:101199. [24] Oh W D, Dong Z, Lim T T. Generation of sulfate radical through heterogeneous catalysis for organic contaminants removal: current development, challenges and prospects [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016,194:169-201. [25] 桑稳姣,李志轩,黄明杰.羟胺强化过渡金属活化过硫酸盐降解磺胺甲恶唑[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(6):1772-1780. Sang W J, Li Z X, Huang M J. Enhanced transition metal oxide based persulfate activation by hydroxylamine for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019,39(6): 1772-1780. [26] Ren Y, Lin L, Ma J, et al. Sulfate radicals induced from peroxymonosulfate by magnetic ferrospinel MFe2O4 (M = Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn) as heterogeneous catalysts in the water [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015,165:572-578. [27] Feng M, Xu Z, Bai X, et al. Exploration the mechanisms underlying peroxymonosulfate activation by nano-cubic spinel M2MnO4 nanoparticles for degrading trichloroethylene [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022,446:137394. [28] Nguyen A Q K, Ahn Y Y, Shin G, et al. Degradation of organic compounds through both radical and nonradical activation of peroxymonosulfate using CoWO4catalysts [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023,324:122266. [29] Mo Q, Zheng H, Sheng G. A heterogeneously activated peroxymonosulfate with a Co and Cu codoped bimetallic metal- organic framework efficiently degrades tetracycline in water [J]. Molecular Catalysis, 2024,553:113817. [30] Feng Y, Wu D, Deng Y, et al. Sulfate radical-mediated degradation of sulfadiazine by CuFeO2rhombohedral crystal-catalyzed peroxymonosulfate: synergistic effects and mechanisms [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50(6):3119-3127. [31] Xin Q, Liu S, Lu S, et al. Surface-bound sulfate radical-dominated degradation of sulfamethoxazole in the CuFeAl-LDH/ peroxymonosulfate system: the abundant hydroxyl groups enhancing efficiency mechanism [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023,471: 144453. [32] Jiang H, Zhu C, Yuan Y, et al. Enhanced activation of peroxymonosulfate with metal-substituted hollow MxCo3-xS4 polyhedrons for superfast degradation of sulfamethazine [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020,384:123302. [33] Xu Y, Chen B, Nie J, et al. FeCoOX/FeCoPX nanoparticles encapsulated N, S-doped porous carbon microspheres as catalysts for the elimination of organic pollutants [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2019,495:143577. [34] Hou K, Pi Z, Yao F, et al. A critical review on the mechanisms of persulfate activation by iron-based materials: Clarifying some ambiguity and controversies [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 407:127078. [35] Kuang H, He Z, Li M, et al. Enhancing co-catalysis of MoS2 for persulfate activation in Fe3+-based advanced oxidation processes via defect engineering [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,417: 127987. [36] Luo H, Liu C, Cheng Y, et al. Fe (III) greatly promotes peroxymonosulfate activation by WS2for efficient carbamazepine degradation and Escherichia coli disinfection [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,787:147724. [37] Zhu J, Li H, Shan C, et al. Trace Co2+ coupled with phosphate triggers efficient peroxymonosulfate activation for organic degradation [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021,409:124920. [38] 吴承梓,张巍,万彦涛,等.盐酸羟胺/铁基MOFs/过硫酸盐体系降解磺胺嘧啶[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(6):2685-2697. Wu C Z, Zhang W, Wan Y T, et al. Degradation of sulfadiazine by hydroxylamine hydrochloride/Fe-MOFs/persulfate system [J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(6):2685-2697. [39] Li Y, Dong H, Xiao J, et al. Ascorbic acid-assisted iron silicate composite activated peroxydisulfate for enhanced degradation of aqueous contaminants: Accelerated Fe (III)/Fe (II) cycle and the interaction between iron and silicate [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023,455:140773. [40] Oh D, Lee C S, Kang Y G, et al. Hydroxylamine-assisted peroxymonosulfate activation using cobalt ferrite for sulfamethoxazole degradation [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020,386:123751. [41] Yang J, Guo B, Li L, et al. Enhancement of peroxymonosulfate activation for 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal by MoSe2induced Fe redox cycles [J]. Chemosphere, 2023,311:137170. [42] Wang Z, Qiu W, Pang S, et al. Further understanding the involvement of Fe (IV) in peroxydisulfate and peroxymonosulfate activation by Fe (II) for oxidative water treatment [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019,371:842-847. [43] Li X, Liu X, Lin C, et al. Catalytic oxidation of contaminants by Fe0activated peroxymonosulfate process: Fe (IV) involvement, degradation intermediates and toxicity evaluation [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020,382:123013. [44] Manz K E, Kulaots I, Greenley C A, et al. Low-temperature persulfate activation by powdered activated carbon for simultaneous destruction of perfluorinated carboxylic acids and 1, 4-dioxane [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023,442:129966. [45] Zhang X, Feng M, Qu R, et al. Catalytic degradation of diethyl phthalate in aqueous solution by persulfate activated with nano-scaled magnetic CuFe2O4/MWCNTs [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016,301:1-11. [46] Huang B C, Jiang J, Huang G X, et al. Sludge biochar-based catalysts for improved pollutant degradation by activating peroxymonosulfate [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018,6(19):8978-8985. [47] Wang Q, Li L, Luo L, et al. Activation of persulfate with dual-doped reduced graphene oxide for degradation of alkylphenols [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019,376:120891. [48] Zhou Y, Ding J, Yan W, et al. Well-dispersed copper and molybdenum co-doped g-C3N4 as an excellent persulfate activator for highly efficient removal of bisphenol A in wastewater [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2024,335:126195. [49] Huang W, Xiao S, Zhong H, et al. Activation of persulfates by carbonaceous materials: A review [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,418:129297. [50] Luo H, Fu H, Yin H, et al. Carbon materials in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes: The roles and construction of active sites [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022,426:128044. [51] Duan X, Indrawirawan S, Sun H, et al. Effects of nitrogen-, boron-, and phosphorus-doping or codoping on metal-free graphene catalysis [J]. Catalysis Today, 2015,249:184-191. [52] Yan H, Lai C, Liu S, et al. Metal-carbon hybrid materials induced persulfate activation: Application, mechanism, and tunable reaction pathways [J]. Water Research, 2023,234:119808. [53] Jiang Y, Yu Z, Lv Y, et al. Insights to PFOS elimination with peroxydisulfate activation mediated by boron modified Fe/C catalysts: Enhancing mechanism of boron and PFOS degradation pathway [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2023,652:1743-1755. [54] Gim G, Haider Z, Suh S I, et al. Low-temperature hydrogenation of nanodiamond as a strategy to fabricate sp3-hybridized nanocarbon as a high-performance persulfate activator [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2022,316:121589. [55] Zhang Y, Zhang B T, Teng Y, et al. Heterogeneous activation of persulfate by carbon nanofiber supported Fe3O4@ carbon composites for efficient ibuprofen degradation [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021,401:123428. [56] Zhang C, Zhang H, Wan X, et al. Nitrogen-doped graphdiyne nanotubes for metal-free activation of peroxymonosulfate and enhanced degradation of recalcitrant heterocyclic contaminants [J]. ACS ES&T Engineering, 2023,3(7):969-980. [57] Wang R, Zhang S, Chen H, et al. Enhancing biochar-based nonradical persulfate activation using data-driven techniques [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023,57(9):4050-4059. [58] Potakis N, Frontistis Z, Antonopoulou M, et al. Oxidation of bisphenol A in water by heat-activated persulfate [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2017,195:125-132. [59] Ma J, Ding Y, Gu C, et al. Degradation of benzothiazole pollutant by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process [J]. Environmental Technology, 2022,43(18):2834-2843. [60] Ma J, Ding Y, Chi L, et al. Degradation of benzotriazole by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process [J]. Environmental Technology, 2021,42(2):238-247. [61] Gao H, Chen J, Zhang Y, et al. Sulfate radicals induced degradation of Triclosan in thermally activated persulfate system [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016,306:522-530. [62] Wang L, Yu Y, Liu G, et al. Degradation of tetrabromobisphenol S by thermo-activated persulphate oxidation: Reaction kinetics, transformation mechanisms, and brominated by-products [J]. Environmental Technology, 2024,45(5):988-998. [63] Ding X, Song X, Chen X, et al. Degradation and mechanism of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid by thermally activated persulfate in aqueous solutions [J]. Chemosphere, 2022,286:131720. [64] Liang J, Liu H, Zou M, et al. Degradation efficiency and mechanism of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) by thermally activated persulfate system [J]. Chemosphere, 2023,325:138396. [65] Zhou L, Yang X, Ji Y, et al. Sulfate radical-based oxidation of the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfathiazole, and sulfamethizole: the role of five-membered heterocyclic rings [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,692:201-208. [66] Li N, Wu S, Dai H, et al. Thermal activation of persulfates for organic wastewater purification: Heating modes, mechanism and influencing factors [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022,450:137976. [67] Chen X, Huang Z H, Ji Z Y, et al. Efficient treatment of pure terephthalic acid wastewater with Na2S2O8 based on thermal activation [J]. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2020,19:100897. [68] Arvaniti O S, Ioannidi A Α, Politi A, et al. Dexamethasone degradation in aqueous medium by a thermally activated persulfate system: Kinetics and transformation products [J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2022,49:103134. [69] Lalas K, Arvaniti O S, Zkeri E, et al. Thermally activated persulfate oxidation of ampicillin: Kinetics, transformation products and ecotoxicity [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,846:157378. [70] Ren W, Huang X, Wang L, et al. Degradation of simazine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate process: A coherent study on kinetics, radicals and models [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,426: 131876. [71] Yin R, Jing B, He S, et al. Near-infrared light to heat conversion in peroxydisulfate activation with MoS2: A new photo-activation process for water treatment [J]. Water Research, 2021,190:116720. [72] Zhang H C, Guo P C, Zhang X, et al. Developing a solar photothermal method for peroxydisulfate activation for water purification: Taking degradation of sulfamethoxazole as an example [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,403:126324. [73] Xiang M, Zhou Y, Zhang J, et al. Synergy of radical and nonradical degradations triggered by self-floating MnO2/cotton hydrogels with photothermal effect and oxygen vacancy [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023,476:146468. [74] Dong L, Xia Y, Hu Z, et al. Research progress of persulfate activation technology [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2024, 31(22):31771-31786. [75] Dubois V, Rodrigues C S D, Alves A S P, et al. UV/vis-based persulphate activation for p-nitrophenol degradation [J]. Catalysts, 2021,11(4):480. [76] Ioannidi A, Frontistis Z, Mantzavinos D. Destruction of propyl paraben by persulfate activated with UV-A light emitting diodes [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2018,6(2):2992- 2997. [77] Li H, Yang Y L, Li X, et al. Enhanced degradation mechanism of sulfamethazine by vacuum ultraviolet/persulfate [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021,9(6):106489. [78] Ma Y, Wang Z, Yang W, et al. Insights into the radical and nonradical oxidation degradation of ciprofloxacin in peroxodisulfate activation by ultraviolet light [J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2022,49: 103184. [79] Kang J, Choi J, Lee D, et al. UV/persulfate processes for the removal of total organic carbon from coagulation-treated industrial wastewaters [J]. Chemosphere, 2024,346:140609. [80] Montazeri B, Ucun O K, Arslan-Alaton I, et al. UV-C-activated persulfate oxidation of a commercially important fungicide: case study with iprodione in pure water and simulated tertiary treated urban wastewater [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, 27:22169-22183. [81] Gabet A, Métivier H, de Brauer C, et al. Hydrogen peroxide and persulfate activation using UVA-UVB radiation: Degradation of estrogenic compounds and application in sewage treatment plant waters [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021,405:124693. [82] Fu Y, Gao X, Geng J, et al. Degradation of three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by UV/persulfate: Degradation mechanisms, efficiency in effluents disposal [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019,356:1032-1041. [83] Tan C, Jian X, Su L, et al. Kinetic removal of acetaminophen and phenacetin during LED-UV365photolysis of persulfate system: Reactive oxygen species generation [J]. Chemosphere, 2021,269: 129337. [84] Varank G, Can-Güven E, Guvenc S Y, et al. Oxidative removal of oxytetracycline by UV-C/hydrogen peroxide and UV-C/ peroxymonosulfate: Process optimization, kinetics, influence of co-existing ions, and quenching experiments [J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2022,50:103327. [85] Liu Z, Lan H, Wang Y, et al. Highly efficient degradation of bisphenol A with persulfate activated by vacuum-ultraviolet/ultraviolet light (VUV/UV): Experiments and theoretical calculations [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022,429:132485. [86] Nong Y J, Zhang Y L, Hübner U, et al. Roles of radical species in vacuum-UV/UV/peroxydisulfate advanced oxidation processes and contributions of the species to contaminant degradation at different water depths [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023,446:130660. [87] Matafonova G, Batoev V. Recent advances in application of UV light-emitting diodes for degrading organic pollutants in water through advanced oxidation processes: A review [J]. Water Research, 2018, 132:177-189. [88] Yao J, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Enhanced degradation of contaminants of emerging concern by electrochemically activated peroxymonosulfate: Performance, mechanism, and influencing factors [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,415:128938. [89] Zhao D, Armutlulu A, Chen Q, et al. Enhanced ciprofloxacin degradation by electrochemical activation of persulfate using iron decorated carbon membrane cathode: promoting direct single electron transfer to produce 1O2 [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022,437: 135264. [90] Zhou J, Liu J, Liu T, et al. Electrochemical activation of persulfate by Al-doped blue TiO2 nanotubes for the multipath degradation of atrazine [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023,445:130578. [91] Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu S, et al. Enhanced degradation of carbamazepine by electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate with PTFE/black carbon as cathode [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023,11(3):109920. [92] Li M, Jin Y T, Cao D Y, et al. Efficient decomposition of perfluorooctane sulfonate by electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate in aqueous solution: Efficacy, reaction mechanism, active sites, and application potential [J]. Water Research, 2022, 221:118778. [93] Liu Z, Ding H, Zhao C, et al. Electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate with ACF cathode: Kinetics, influencing factors, mechanism, and application potential [J]. Water Research, 2019,159: 111-121. [94] Li M, Cen P, Huang L, et al. Iron complex regulated synergistic effect between the current and peroxymonosulfate enhanced ultrafast oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid via free radical dominant electrochemical reaction [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2024: 134155. [95] Tang M, Zhang Y. Enhancing the activation of persulfate using nitrogen-doped carbon materials in the electric field for the effective removal of p-nitrophenol [J]. RSC Advances, 2021,11(60):38003- 38015. [96] Cai J, Zhou M, Pan Y, et al. Extremely efficient electrochemical degradation of organic pollutants with co-generation of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals on Blue-TiO2 nanotubes anode [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2019,257:117902. [97] Yao J, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Enhanced degradation of contaminants of emerging concern by electrochemically activated peroxymonosulfate: Performance, mechanism, and influencing factors [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,415:128938. [98] Wang K, Huang D, Wang W, et al. Enhanced perfluorooctanoic acid degradation by electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate in aqueous solution [J]. Environment International, 2020,137:105562. [99] Yakamercan E, Aygün A, Simsek H. Antibiotic ciprofloxacin removal from aqueous solutions by electrochemically activated persulfate process: Optimization, degradation pathways, and toxicology assessment [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2024,143:85-98. [100] Zhao K, Zhang Y. Effective and continuous degradation of pollutants via carbon felt loaded with Co3O4as three-dimensional electrode: Collaboration between ROS [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023,308:122962. [101] Li J, Yan J, Yao G, et al. Improving the degradation of atrazine in the three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical process using CuFe2O4as both particle electrode and catalyst for persulfate activation [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019,361:1317-1332. [102] Ghosh S, Sahu M. Ultrasound for the degradation of endocrine disrupting compounds in aqueous solution: A review on mechanisms, influence of operating parameters and cost estimation [J]. Chemosphere, 2023:140864. [103] Xiong X, Shang Y, Bai L, et al. Complete defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by ultrasonic pyrolysis towards zero fluoro-pollution [J]. Water Research, 2023,235:119829. [104] Darsinou B, Frontistis Z, Antonopoulou M, et al. Sono-activated persulfate oxidation of bisphenol A: kinetics, pathways and the controversial role of temperature [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015,280:623-633. [105] 田凯勋,杨超,肖泉,等.超声强化零价铁/过硫酸钾体系降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚废水[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(10):3729-3734. Tian K X, Yang C, Xiao Q, et al. Degradation of 2,4,6-TCP in an ultrasound-enhanced zero-valent iron/potassium persulfate system [J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(10):3729-3734. [106] Pan Y, Zhang Y, Zhou M, et al. Synergistic degradation of antibiotic sulfamethazine by novel pre-magnetized Fe0/PS process enhanced by ultrasound [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018,354:777-789. [107] Zou X, Zhou T, Mao J, et al. Synergistic degradation of antibiotic sulfadiazine in a heterogeneous ultrasound-enhanced Fe0/persulfate Fenton-like system [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014,257:36- 44. [108] Wang Q, Cao Y, Zeng H, et al. Ultrasound-enhanced zero-valent copper activation of persulfate for the degradation of bisphenol AF [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019,378:122143. [109] Xiang W, Chen H, Zhong Z, et al. Efficient degradation of carbamazepine in a neutral sonochemical FeS/persulfate system based on the enhanced heterogeneous-homogeneous sulfur-iron cycle [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2022,282:120041. [110] Nie G, Xiao L, Bi J, et al. New insight to piezocatalytic peroxymonosulfate activation: the critical role of dissolved oxygen in mediating radical and nonradical pathways [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2022,315:121584. [111] Cherifi Y, Addad A, Vezin H, et al. PMS activation using reduced graphene oxide under sonication: Efficient metal-free catalytic system for the degradation of rhodamine B, bisphenol A, and tetracycline [J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2019,52:164-175. [112] Sajjadi S, Khataee A, Bagheri N, et al. Degradation of diazinon pesticide using catalyzed persulfate with Fe3O4@ MOF-2 nanocomposite under ultrasound irradiation [J]. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2019,77:280-290. [113] Mohammadi Amini M, Mengelizadeh N. Catalytic degradation of mefenamic acid by peroxymonosulfate activated with MWCNTs- CoFe2O4: influencing factors, degradation pathway, and comparison of activation processes [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020,27(36):45324-45335. [114] Cui H, Tian Y, Zhang J, et al. Enhanced oxidation of sulfadiazine by two-stage ultrasound assisted zero-valent iron catalyzed persulfate process: Factors and pathways [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,417:128152. [115] Lin J C, Hu C Y, Lo S L. Effect of surfactants on the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by ultrasonic (US) treatment [J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2016,28:130-135. [116] Xie P, Zhang L, Wang J, et al. Transformation of tetrabromobisphenol a in the iron ions-catalyzed auto-oxidation of HSO2-/SO22- process [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2020,235:116197. [117] Song W, Li M, Xu S, et al. Performance and mechanisms for tetrabromobisphenol A efficient degradation in a novel homogeneous advanced treatment based on SzOz2- activated by Fe3+[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2023,316:120579. [118] Liu T, Xie Z, Zhou P, et al. Enhanced degradation of carbamazepine by iron/S (IV) system using a novel S (IV) source [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022,431:133464. [119] Xie J, Yang C, Li X, et al. Generation and engineering applications of sulfate radicals in environmental remediation [J]. Chemosphere, 2023, 339:139659. [120] Chen H, Lin T, Wang P, et al. Novel solar/sulfite advanced oxidation process for carbamazepine degradation: Radical chemistry, transformation pathways, influence on disinfection byproducts and toxic changes [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023,451:138634. [121] Feng L, Yuan Y, He X, et al. Efficient degradation of atrazine through in-situ anchoring NiCo2O4 nanosheets on biochar to activate sulfite under neutral condition [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2023, 126:81-94. [122] Chen L, Xue Y, Luo T, et al. Electrolysis-assisted UV/sulfite oxidation for water treatment with automatic adjustments of solution pH and dissolved oxygen [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,403: 126278. [123] Zhou D, Chen L, Li J, et al. Transition metal catalyzed sulfite auto-oxidation systems for oxidative decontamination in waters: A state-of-the-art minireview [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 346:726-738. [124] Ren Y, Chu Y, Li N, et al. A critical review of environmental remediation via iron-mediated sulfite advanced oxidation processes [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023,455:140859. [125] Singh A, Majumder A, Saidulu D, et al. Oxidative treatment of micropollutants present in wastewater: A special emphasis on transformation products, their toxicity, detection, and field-scale investigations [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2024,354: 120339. [126] Wang W, Chen M, Wang D, et al. Different activation methods in sulfate radical-based oxidation for organic pollutants degradation: Catalytic mechanism and toxicity assessment of degradation intermediates [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,772: 145522. [127] Wang J, Zheng M, Deng Y, et al. Generality and diversity on the kinetics, toxicity and DFT studies of sulfate radical-induced transformation of BPA and its analogues [J]. Water Research, 2022,219:118506. [128] Zheng H S, Ji Y T, Li S, et al. Ecotoxicity and resistance genes induction changing of antibiotic tetracycline degradation products dominated by differential free radicals [J]. Environmental Research, 2023,227:115427. [129] Lu X H, Zhao J N, Wang Q, et al. Sonolytic degradation of bisphenol S: Effect of dissolved oxygen and peroxydisulfate, oxidation products and acute toxicity [J]. Water Research, 2019,165:114969. [130] Sun X P, Qi H Q, Mao S Q, et al. Atrazine removal by peroxymonosulfate activated with magnetic CoFe alloy@N-doped graphitic carbon encapsulated in chitosan carbonized microspheres [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021,423:130169. [131] Dai L L, Xie Y, Zhang Y K, et al. Treatment of bisphenol pollutant in water by N,P-co-doped carbon nanosheet: Fast degradation, toxicity elimination and reaction mechanism investigation [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2023,237:121586. [132] Ye F, Shi Y, Sun W, et al. Construction of adsorption-oxidation bifunction-oriented carbon by single boron doping for non-radical antibiotic degradation via persulfate activation [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023,454:140148. [133] Gao Y, Wang F, Tang J, et al. Ferrocenedicarboxylate modified Bi-MOF for water decontamination via different advanced oxidation processes: Multifunction, mechanisms and biotoxicity test [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024,495:153651. [134] Li Y B, Qi J Y, Shen J M, et al. Non-radical dominated degradation of bisphenol S by peroxymonosulfate activation under high salinity condition: Overlooked HOCl, formation of intermediates, and toxicity assessment [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022,435:128968. [135] Acosta-Rangel A, Sanchez-Polo M, Polo AMS, et al. Sulfonamides degradation assisted by UV, UV/H2O2and UV/K2S2O8: Efficiency, mechanism and byproducts cytotoxicity [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018,225:224-231. [136] Gong H, Chu W, Xu K H, et al. Efficient degradation, mineralization and toxicity reduction of sulfamethoxazole under photo-activation of peroxymonosulfate by ferrate (VI) [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020,389:124084. [137] Peng H, Gu H, Xu Z, et al. Degradation mechanisms and toxicity determination of bisphenol A by FeOx-activated peroxydisulfate under ultraviolet light [J]. Environmental Technology, 2024:1-12. [138] Graça C A L, Maniero M G, De Andrade L M, et al. Evaluation of amicarbazone toxicity removal through degradation processes based on hydroxyl and sulfate radicals [J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019,54(11):1126-1143. [139] Du Y, Wang W L, Wang Z W, et al. Overlooked cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells caused by the oxidant peroxymonosulfate during wastewater treatment compared with the sulfate radical-Based ultraviolet/peroxymonosulfate process [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023,57(8):3311-3322. [140] Zhou X, Ren X, Chen Y, et al. Bacteria inactivation by sulfate radical: progress and non-negligible disinfection by-products [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2023,17(3):29. [141] Wang L, Kong D, Ji Y, et al. Formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts during the degradation of chlorophenols by peroxymonosulfate oxidation in the presence of bromide [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018,343:235-243. [142] Wang A N, Hua Z C, Wu Z H, et al. Insights into the effects of bromide at fresh water levels on the radical chemistry in the UV/peroxydisulfate process [J]. Water Research, 2021,197:117042. [143] Yang P, Liu J, Korshin G V, et al. New insights into the role of nitrite in the degradation of tetrabromobisphenol S by sulfate radical oxidation [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022,56(24): 17743-17752.
