Wet deposition of atmospheric dissolved organic carbon and its role in marine carbon neutralization
XING Jian-wei1,2,3,4, SONG Jin-ming1,2,3,4
1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; 2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; 3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 4. Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
Abstract：As a kind of complex polar organic compounds commonly existing in the atmosphere, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in precipitation has extensive and far-reaching influences on regional ambient air quality, global climate change and carbon cycle process, and has become one of the hot spots in current global change research. This article systematically summarized the research progress on atmospheric precipitation DOC in recent decades both domestically and internationally from three aspects: the abundance and bioavailability of DOC in atmospheric precipitation, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of DOC concentration and wet deposition flux in precipitation, and the ecological and environmental effects of DOC wet deposition. In the end of the article, the future development direction was discussed. The results indicated that the chemical composition of precipitation DOC is exceptionally complex, mainly composed of low molecular weight organic acids, amino acids and urea, etc. with high bioavailability. There were significant spatiotemporal differences in precipitation DOC concentration and wet deposition flux among different areas, which were mainly controlled by emission sources, emission intensity, and complex weather conditions. The DOC in the atmosphere could affect the properties of aerosols and precipitation (acid rain), and DOC settling on the surface of snow and ice could accelerate the melting of glaciers. At the same time, the input of DOC brought by wet deposition can enrich the organic carbon levels on the surface of seawater. Active DOC can promote the improvement of secondary productivity in marine ecosystem, while refractory DOC could contribute to the refractory dissolved organic carbon pool in the ocean, which is conducive to carbon sequestration and enhances ocean carbon sinks, helping to achieve the goals of "Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions" and "Carbon Neutrality". Future research should continue to focus on developing and using advanced instruments and equipment to accurately identify and quantitative the chemical composition of precipitation DOC, to have a deeper understanding of the bioavailability/inertness characteristics of precipitation DOC. At the same time, new numerical simulation techniques should be developed and utilized to conduct in-depth research on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of atmospheric DOC wet deposition fluxes with different properties of on the global scale, and quantify the indirect wet deposition flux of atmospheric DOC. On this basis, elucidating the significance and value of atmospheric DOC wet deposition as one of the new pathways for improving global ocean carbon sequestration, so as to gain a deeper understanding on the position and role of atmospheric deposition in global carbon cycling and ocean “missing carbon sink” research.
邢建伟, 宋金明. 大气溶解有机碳湿沉降及其在海洋碳中和中的作用[J]. 中国环境科学, 2025, 45(2): 606-618.
XING Jian-wei, SONG Jin-ming. Wet deposition of atmospheric dissolved organic carbon and its role in marine carbon neutralization. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2025, 45(2): 606-618.
[1] Xing J W, Song J M, Yuan H M, et al. Atmospheric wet deposition of dissolved organic carbon to a typical anthropogenic-influenced semi-enclosed bay in the western Yellow Sea, China: Flux, sources and potential ecological environmental effects [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019,182:109371. [2] Willey J D, Kieber R J, Eyman M S, et al. Rainwater dissolved organic carbon: Concentrations and global flux [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2000,14(1):139-148. [3] 黄众思,修光利,蔡 婧,等.大气PM2.5中水溶性有机碳和类腐殖质碳的季节变化特征 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2013,33(10):2664-2670.Huang Z S, Xiu G L, Cai J, et al. Seasonal characterization of water-soluble organic carbon and humic-like substance carbon in atmospheric PM2.5 [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2013,33(10): 2664-2670. [4] Wang X, Ge T, Xu C, et al. Carbon isotopic (14C and 13C) characterization of fossil-fuel derived dissolved organic carbon in wet precipitation in Shandong Province, China [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2016,73(2):207-221. [5] 徐彩丽,罗春乐,薛跃君,等.山东省降雨和降雪中溶解有机碳、溶解无机碳和总氮的浓度变化及来源分析 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2016,36 (2):658-666.Xu, C, Luo C, Xue Y, et al. Concentration and source assessment of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon and dissolved nitrogen in snow and rainfalls in Shandong Province [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016,36(2):658-666. [6] 刘君峰,宋之光,许 涛.广州地区雨水化学组成与雨水酸度主控因子研究 [J]. 环境科学, 2006,27(10):1998-2002.Liu J, Song Z, Xu T. Study on ionic composition of rainwater at Guangzhou and the primary factors of rainwater acidity [J]. Environmental Science, 2006,27(10):1998-2002. [7] Siudek P, Frankowski M, Siepak J. Seasonal variations of dissolved organic carbon in precipitation over urban and forest sites in central Poland [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015,22 (14):11087-11096. [8] Pan Y, Wang Y, Xin J, et al. Study on dissolved organic carbon in precipitation in Northern China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(19):2350-2357. [9] Huang X F, Li X, He L Y, et al. 5-Year study of rainwater chemistry in a coastal mega-city in South China [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2010,97(1):185-193. [10] Kirillova E N, Andersson A, Han J, et al. Sources and light absorption of water-soluble organic carbon aerosols in the outflow from northern China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2014,14(3):1413-1422. [11] Bao H Y, Niggemann J, Luo L, et al. Aerosols as a source of dissolved black carbon to the ocean [J]. Nature Communications, 2017,8(1):510. [12] Bao H, Yi Y, Wang C, et al. Dissolved organic matter in coastal rainwater: Concentration, bioavailability and depositional flux to seawater in southeastern China [J]. Marine Chemistry, 2018,205:48-55. [13] 冯辰龙,邢建伟,袁华茂,等.近20年中国近海和海岸带大气黑碳干湿沉降及源解析 [J]. 海洋科学, 2023,47(2):71-85.Feng C L, Xing J W, Yuan H M, et al. Atmospheric dry and wet deposition of black carbon and source apportionment in offshore and coastal zones of China over the past 20 years [J]. Marine Sciences, 2023,47(2):71-85. [14] Feng C, Xing J, Yuan H, et al. Organic carbon in wet deposition of an urbanized coastal bay, North China: Flux, sources and biogeochemical implications [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2024,201:116158. [15] 夏翠梅,王 楠,刘景昱,等.“碳中和”目标下海洋黑碳的源汇过程及其意义 [J]. 地质科技通报, 2024,43(2):318-329.Xia C M, Wang N, Liu J Y, et al. Source-sink processes of marine black carbon in the context of " carbon neutrality" [J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2024,43(2):318-329. [16] Franco B, Blumenstock T, Cho C, et al. Ubiquitous atmospheric production of organic acids mediated by cloud droplets [J]. Nature, 2021,593(7858): 233-237. [17] 邢建伟,宋金明,袁华茂,等.胶州湾生源要素的大气沉降及其生态效应研究进展 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2017,28(1):353-366.Xing J W, Song J M, Yuan H M, et al. Atmospheric depositions of biogenic elements and their ecological effects on marine ecosystem of Jiaozhou Bay: A review [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017,28(1):353-366. [18] 邢建伟,宋金明.南海大气沉降及其生态环境效应 [J]. 热带海洋学报, 2023,42(3):19-39.Xing J W, Song J M. Atmospheric deposition and its eco-environmental effects on the South China Sea [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023,42(3):19-39. [19] 邢建伟,宋金明,袁华茂,等.我国近海生态环境灾害发生的生源要素驱动机制及健康调控 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2024,35(2):564-576.Xing J W, Song J M, Yuan H M, et al. Biogenic element driving mechanism in the occurrence of Chinese coastal eco-environmental disasters and regulation for coastal environment health [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2024,35(2):564-576. [20] 冯辰龙,邢建伟,袁华茂,等.胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子组成特征及来源解析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2024,44(3):1225-1233.Feng C L, Xing J W, Yuan H M, et al. Composition characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble ions in atmospheric wet precipitation of Jiaozhou Bay [J]. China Environmental Science, 2024, 44(3):1225-1233. [21] Yan G, Kim G. Dissolved organic carbon in the precipitation of Seoul, Korea: Implications for global wet depositional flux of fossil-fuel derived organic carbon [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012,59:117-124. [22] Balla D, Papageorgiou A, Voutsa D. Carbonyl compounds and dissolved organic carbon in rainwater of an urban atmosphere [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2014,21(20):12062-12073. [23] Godoy-Silva D, Nogueira R F P, Campos M L A M. A 13-year study of dissolved organic carbon in rainwater of an agro-industrial region of São Paulo state (Brazil) heavily impacted by biomass burning [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2017,609:476-483. [24] Xing J W, Song J M, Yuan H M, et al. Chemical characteristics, deposition fluxes and source apportionment of precipitation in the Jiaozhou Bay, North China [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2017,190: 10-20. [25] Kawamura K, Kaplan I.R. Organic compounds in the rainwater of Los Angeles [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1983,17(8):497-501. [26] Tang Y. Organic acids in coastal North Carolina rainwater [D]. Wilmington: University of North Carolina, 1998. [27] Avery G B, Tang Y, Kieber R J, et al. Impact of recent urbanization on formic and acetic acid concentrations in coastal North Carolina rainwater [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001,35(19):3353-3359. [28] Bao H, Qiao J, Zhang R, et al. Multiproxy probing of anthropogenic influences on the different components of dissolved organic matter in coastal rainwater [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,824: 153846. [29] 章炎麟,李心清,曹 芳,等.安顺大气降水中低分子有机酸的季节变化及其来源 [J]. 科学通报, 2011,56(4/5):327-332.Zhang Y L, Lee X Q, Cao F, et al. Seasonal variation and sources of low molecular weight organic acids in precipitation in the rural area of Anshun, Chinese [J]. Science Bulletin, 2011,56(4/5):327-332. [30] 刘 辰,何凌燕,牛彧文,等.深圳降水中低分子量有机酸对降雨酸性的贡献 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2007,20(5):20-25.Liu C, He L, Niu Y, et al. Wet deposition of low molecular weight carboxylic acids in Shenzhen [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2007,20(5):20-25. [31] Kieber R J, Peake B, Willey J D, et al. Dissolved organic carbon and organic acids in coastal New Zealand rainwater [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(21):3557-3563. [32] Likens G E, Edgerton E S, Galloway J N. The composition and deposition of organic carbon in precipitation [J]. Tellus, 1983,35 (1):16-24. [33] Hu M, Zhang J, Wu Z J. Chemical compositions of precipitation and scavenging of particles in Beijing [J]. Science in China Series B-Chemistry, 2005,48(3):265-272. [34] 徐 刚,李心清,吕迎春,等.大气降水中低分子有机酸的季节变化及对酸雨形成的贡献(以贵阳市和尚重镇为例) [J]. 科学通报, 2009, 54(17):2568-2573.Xu G, Lee X Q, Lv Y C, et al. Seasonal variations of carboxylic acids and their contributions to the rainwater acidity: A case study of Guiyang City and Shangzhong Town, China [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009,54(17):2568-2573. [35] 杨笑影,曹 芳,林煜棋,等.南京北郊降水无机离子和有机酸的化学特征及来源分析 [J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(6):2519-2527.Yang X Y, Cao F, Lin Y Q, et al. Characteristics and sources of inorganic ions and organic acids in precipitation in the northern suburb of Nanjing, China [J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(6):2519-2527. [36] Scalabrin E, Zangrando R, Barbaro E, et al. Amino acids in Arctic aerosols [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012,12(21):10453-10463. [37] Feltracco M, Barbaro E, Kirchgeorg T, et al. Free and combined L-and D-amino acids in Arctic aerosol [J]. Chemosphere, 2019,220:412-421. [38] 龙超君,肖化云,徐 宇,等.高效液相色谱法测定雨水中溶解态氨基酸的含量 [J]. 地球与环境, 2019,47(1):105-112.Long C, Xiao H, Xu Y, et al. A high performance liquid chromatography method for measuring dissolved amino acids in rain [J]. Earth and Environment, 2019,47(1):105-112. [39] Bianco A, Voyard G, Deguillaume L, et al. Improving the characterization of dissolved organic carbon in cloud water: Amino acids and their impact on the oxidant capacity [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017,6:37420. [40] 伯绍毅,石金辉,高会旺,等.冬、春季东海气溶胶和雨水中尿素氮的研究 [J]. 环境科学, 2009,30(1):14-22.Bo S, Shi J, Gao H, et al. Urea in aerosol and rainwater over the East China Sea in winter and spring [J]. Environmental Science, 2009, 30(1):14-22. [41] Dąbrowska A, Nawrocki J. Aldehyde concentrations in wet deposition and river waters [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013,452:1-9. [42] Kawamura K, Steinberg S, Ng L, et al. Wet deposition of low molecular weight mono-and di-carboxylic acids, aldehydes and inorganic species in Los Angeles [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(23):3917-3926. [43] Kirkland J R, Lim Y B, Tan Y, et al. Glyoxal secondary organic aerosol chemistry: Effects of dilute nitrate and ammonium and support for organic radical-radical oligomer formation [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2013,10(3):158-166. [44] Kiss G, Tombácz E, Varga B, et al. Estimation of the average molecular weight of humic-like substances isolated from fine atmospheric aerosol [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003,37(27): 3783-3794. [45] Hung H M, Katrib Y, Martin S T. Products and mechanisms of the reaction of oleic acid with ozone and nitrate radical [J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2005,109(20):4517-4530. [46] Muller C L, Baker A, Hutchinson R, et al. Analysis of rainwater dissolved organic carbon compounds using fluorescence spectrophotometry [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(34):8036-8045. [47] Zhang Y, Gao G, Shi K, et al. Absorption and fluorescence characteristics of rainwater CDOM and contribution to Lake Taihu, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014,98:483-491. [48] 易月圆.厦门大气干湿沉降中溶解有机物的光谱特征及生物可利用性探究 [D]. 厦门:厦门大学, 2014.Yi Y Y. Spectroscopic characterization and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in dry and wet deposition in Xiamen [D]. Xiamen: Xiamen University, 2014. [49] Lunde G, Gether J, Gjøs N, et al. Organic micropollutants in precipitation in Norway [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1977,11(11): 1007-1014. [50] Matsumpto G, Hanya T. Organic constituents in atmospheric fallout in the Tokyo area [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1980,14(12):1409-1419. [51] Mitra S, Wozniak A S, Miller R, et al. Multiproxy probing of rainwater dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition in coastal storms as a function of trajectory [J]. Marine Chemistry, 2013,154: 67-76. [52] Iavorivska L, Boyer E W, Grimm J W, et al. Variability of dissolved organic carbon in precipitation during storms at the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory [J]. Hydrological Processes, 2017c,31(16):2935-2950. [53] Avery G B, Willey J D, Kieber R J, et al. Flux and bioavailability of Cape Fear River and rainwater dissolved organic carbon to Long Bay, southeastern United States [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2003, 17(2),1042,doi:10.1029/2002GB001964. [54] Bao H, Qiao J, Huang D, et al. Molecular level characterization of the biolability of rainwater dissolved organic matter [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023,862:160709. [55] Graber E R, Rudich Y. Atmospheric HULIS: How humic-like are they? A comprehensive and critical review [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2006,6:729-753. [56] Dyda R Y, Suzuki M T, Yoshinaga M Y, et al. The response of microbial communities to diverse organic matter sources in the Arctic Ocean [J]. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2009,56(17):1249-1263. [57] Miyazaki Y, Kondo Y, Shiraiwa Y, et al. Chemical characterization of water-soluble organic carbon aerosols at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta, China, in the summer of 2006 [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009,114,D14208.doi:10.1029/2009JD011736. [58] Avery G B, Willey J D, Kieber R J. Carbon isotopic characterization of dissolved organic carbon in rainwater: Terrestrial and marine influences [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(39):7539-7545. [59] Iavorivska L, Boyer E W, DeWalle D R. Atmospheric deposition of organic carbon via precipitation [J]. Atmospheric Environment. 2016, 146:153-163. [60] Xie L, Gao X, Liu Y, et al. Biogeochemical properties and fate of dissolved organic matter in wet deposition: Insights from a mariculture area in North Yellow Sea. [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,844:157130. [61] Wu Y, Li J, Jiang Z, et al. Shifting of dissolved organic matter components and sources in precipitation into an intensified anthropogenic influenced embayment: Interpretation from spectral characteristics and dual stable isotopes [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2022,270,106089. [62] Santos P S M, Santos E B H, Duarte A C. Seasonal and air mass trajectory effects on dissolved organic matter of bulk deposition at a coastal town in south-western Europe [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2013,20(1):227-237. [63] Kieber R J, Whitehead R F, Reid S N, et al. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in rainwater, southeastern North Carolina, USA [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2006,54(1):21-41. [64] 倪 雪.典型城市和森林下垫面大气水溶性有机碳的干湿沉降观测研究 [D]. 重庆:西南大学, 2020.Ni X. Atmospheric dry and wet deposition of water-soluble organic carbon on typical urban and forest ecosystems [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2020. [65] 梁 俭,江 韬,魏世强,等.夏、冬季降雨中溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征及来源辨析 [J]. 环境科学, 2015,36(3):888-897.Liang J, Jiang T, Wei S, et al. Absorption and fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in rainwater and sources analysis in summer and winter season [J]. Environmental Science, 2015,36(3):888-897. [66] 艾东升,郑祥民,周立旻,等.近2年上海市夏季降水地球化学特征研究 [J]. 环境科学, 2010,31(9):2002-2009.Ai D, Zheng X, Zhou L, et al. Geochemical character of precipitation in summer of Shanghai 2008-2009 [J]. Environmental Science, 2010, 31(9):2002-2009. [67] Li C, Yan F, Kang S, et al. Concentration, sources, and flux of dissolved organic carbon of precipitation at Lhasa city, the Tibetan Plateau [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016,23 (13):12915-12921. [68] 石晓非.玉龙雪山地区大气降水与雪冰中溶解性有机碳的时空特征研究 [D]. 兰州:兰州大学, 2018.Shi X F. The Characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in rainfall, snow and ice in the Mt.Yulong region [D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2018. [69] Orlović-Leko P, Plavšić M, Bura-Nakić E, et al. Organic matter in the bulk precipitations in Zagreb and Šibenik, Croatia [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009,43(4):805-811. [70] Coelho C H, Francisco J G, Nogueira R F P, et al. Dissolved organic carbon in rainwater from areas heavily impacted by sugar cane burning [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(30):7115-7121. [71] Iavorivska L, Boyer E W, Grimm J W. Wet atmospheric deposition of organic carbon: An underreported source of carbon to watersheds in the northeastern United States [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2017a,122(5):3104-3115. [72] Cerqueira M, Pio C, Legrand M, et al. Particulate carbon in precipitation at European background sites [J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2010,41(1):51-61. [73] Li C, Yan F, Kang S, et al. Deposition and light absorption characteristics of precipitation dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at three remote stations in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,605:1039-1046. [74] Gioda A, Reyes-Rodríguez G J, Santos-Figueroa G, et al. Speciation of water-soluble inorganic, organic, and total nitrogen in a background marine environment: Cloud water, rainwater, and aerosol particles [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2011,116:D05203. [75] Barth M C, Stuart A L, Skamarock W C. Numerical simulations of the July 10stratospheric-tropospheric experiment: radiation, aerosols, and ozone/deep convection storm: redistribution of soluble tracers [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2001,106:12381-12400. [76] Niu H, Kang S, Shi X, et al. Dissolved organic carbon in summer precipitation and its wet deposition flux in the Mt. Yulong region, southeastern Tibetan Plateau [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2019,76:1-20. [77] Santos P S M, Duarte R M B O, Duarte A C. Absorption and fluorescence properties of rainwater during the cold season at a town in Western Portugal [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2009, 62(1):45-57. [78] 许 涛,宋之光,刘君峰,等.雨水中碳丰度季节性特征及对酸雨形成的贡献 [J]. 环境科学, 2008,29(2):322-326.Xu T, Song Z G, Liu J F, et al. Seasonality and contribution to acid rain of the carbon abundance in rainwater [J]. Environmental Science, 2008,29(2):322-326. [79] Kieber R J, Skrabal S A, Smith B J, et al. Organic complexation of Fe(II) and its impact on the redox cycling of iron in rain [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005,39(6):1576-1583. [80] Witt M, Jickells T. Copper complexation in marine and terrestrial rain water [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005,39(40):7657-7666. [81] Witt M L I, Skrabal S, Kieber R, et al. Photochemistry of Cu complexed with chromophoric dissolved organic matter: implications for Cu speciation in rainwater [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2007,58(2):89-109. [82] Willey J D, Kieber R J, Seaton P J, et al. Rainwater as a source of Fe(II)-stabilizing ligands to seawater [J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2008,53(4):1678-1684. [83] Barbaro E, Zangrando R, Vecchiato M, et al. Free amino acids in Antarctic aerosol: Potential markers for the evolution and fate of marine aerosol [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(10): 5457-5469. [84] 邢建伟,宋金明,袁华茂,等.青岛近岸区域典型海陆人为交互作用下酸雨的化学特征 [J]. 环境化学, 2017,36(2):296-308.Xing J W, Song J M, Yuan H M, et al. Chemical characteristics of acid rain under the representative interaction among sea, land and anthropogenic activities in the coastal areas of Qingdao [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017,36(2):296-308. [85] Kawamura K, Steinberg S, Kaplan I R. Concentrations of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids and aldehydes in southern California wet precipitations: Comparison of urban and nonurban samples and compositional changes during scavenging [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30(7):1035-1052. [86] 江 伟,李心清,曾 勇,等.贵州省遵义市降水中低分子有机酸对自由酸度的贡献 [J]. 地球化学, 2009,38(4):354-360.Jiang W, Lee X, Zeng Y, et al. Contributions of low-molecular-weight organic acids to free acidity in precipitation in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province [J]. Geochimica, 2009,38(4):354-360. [87] Sakugawa H, Kaplan R, Shepard L. Measurements of H2O2, aldehydes and organic acids in Los Angeles rainwater: Their sources and deposition rates [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1993,27(2):203-219. [88] Peña R M, Garcia S, Herrero C, et al. Organic acids and aldehydes in rainwater in a northwest region of Spain [J]. Atmospheric Environment. 2002,36:5277-5288. [89] Andreae M O, Talbot R W, Andreae T W, et al. Formic and acetic acid over the central Amazon region, Brazil: 1. Dry season [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1988,93(D2):1616-1624. [90] Xu B, Cao J, Hansen J, et al. Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009,106(52):22114-22118. [91] Yan F, Kang S, Li C, et al. Concentration, sources and light absorption characteristics of dissolved organic carbon on a medium-sized valley glacier, northern Tibetan Plateau [J]. Cryosphere, 2016,10(6):2611-2621. [92] Niu H, Kang S, Shi X, et al. Water-soluble elements in snow and ice on Mt. Yulong [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,574: 889-900. [93] Hedges J I. Global biogeochemical cycles: Progress and problems [J]. Marine Chemistry, 1992,39(1):67-93. [94] 宋金明,李学刚,袁华茂,等.渤黄东海生源要素的生物地球化学 [M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2019.Song J M, Li X G, Yuan H M, et al. Biogeochemistry of biogenic elements in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea [J]. Beijing: Science Press, 2019. [95] Avery G B, Biswas K F, Mead R, et al. Carbon isotopic characterization of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon in rainwater [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013,68:230-234. [96] Avery G B, Kieber R J, Willey J D, et al. Impact of hurricanes on the flux of rainwater and Cape Fear River water dissolved organic carbon to Long Bay, southeastern United States [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2004,18,GB3015. [97] Chen X, Yu J Z. Measurement of organic mass to organic carbon ratio in ambient aerosol samples using a gravimetric technique in combination with chemical analysis [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007,41(39):8857-8864. [98] Hansell D A. Recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon fractions [J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2013,5(1):421-445. [99] Jiao N, Herndl G J, Hansell D A, et al. Microbial production of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter: Long term carbon storage in the global ocean [J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2010,8:593-599. [100] Jurado E, Dachs J, Duarte C M, et al. Atmospheric deposition of organic and black carbon to the global oceans [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(34):7931-7939.
