中国典型城市大气降水离子特性、来源及其对环境的影响

摘要
图/表
参考文献
相关文章 (15)

全文: PDF (3073 KB) HTML (1 KB)
输出: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

摘要基于采样数据和东亚酸沉降监测网数据,对2019年华北、西北、西南、华东和华南地区典型代表城市的大气降水化学组分、酸度及其成因、湿沉降量和污染来源进行了研究,评估了降水对环境的生态效应.结果表明,离子总浓度在季节上表现为旱季明显大于雨季,空间分布特征为:北京(706.87μeq/L)>西安(369.26μeq/L)>重庆(265.17μeq/L)>厦门(244.54μeq/L)>珠海(134.31μeq/L)>五指山(81.88μeq/L).NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-是内陆城市降水中最主要的离子成分,而Cl^-和Na⁺在沿海城市中占比较大.华北城市降水主要呈中性,酸雨事件仅占全年降水事件的2.3%;西北城市降水呈弱碱性,没有出现酸雨事件;而西南城市酸雨问题严重,城区站点和乡郊站点酸雨频率分别为30.3%和80.3%,且季节变化明显;华东城市城区站点降水主要呈中性,偏远地区站点酸雨问题严重,全年酸雨率高达99%;华南城市夏季降水主要呈中性,其余季节均为酸性,全年酸雨事件占总降水的62.2%.中和能力分析表明酸雨问题严重的地区,主要是由降水中碱性成分不足导致的.受降雨量影响,各城市氮和硫湿沉降量在季节上表现为雨季大于旱季,并且在雨季对生态环境有重要的促进作用.中国氮和硫湿沉降量均呈现出从东部向西部、沿海向内陆递减的空间分布特征.不同城市降水离子来源及贡献差异较显著,尤其是酸雨问题严重的城市,其以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主的扬尘源贡献小于以SO₄^2-和NO₃^-为主的二次源贡献.

	服务

	把本文推荐给朋友
	加入我的书架
	加入引用管理器
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	作者相关文章
	肖茜
	韩力慧
	齐超楠
	田健
	兰童
	王海燕
	郑爱华
	郭敬华

关键词 ：大气降水, 水溶性离子, 酸度成因, 湿沉降量, 来源解析

Abstract：Based on the observation data from sampling and the data from the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia, the chemical composition, acidity and its causes, wet deposition fluxes, and pollution sources of atmospheric precipitation at typical cities in North, Northwest, Southwest, South and East China in 2019 were studied, and the ecological effects of the precipitation on the environment were evaluated. The results showed that the total ion concentrations in the precipitations showed an obvious seasonal variation with the order of dry season > rainy season, and also presented a significant spatial distribution with the order of Beijing (706.87μeq/L) > Xi'an (369.26μeq/L) > Chongqing (265.17μeq/L) > Xiamen (244.54μeq/L) > Zhuhai (134.31μeq/L) > Wuzhishan (81.88μeq/L). NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄^2- and NO₃^- were the main ions of precipitation in the inland cities, while Cl^- and Na⁺ had a higher fraction in the coastal cities. The precipitation at the city in North China was mainly neutral, with acid rain events only accounting for 2.3% of the annual precipitation. The precipitation at the city in Northwest China was weakly alkaline, without any acid rain events occurring. The acid rain problem at the city in Southwestern China was severe, with acid rain frequencies reaching 30.3% and 80.3% at the urban and suburban stations, respectively, and presenting significant seasonal changes. The precipitation at the urban station in the city of East China was mainly neutral, however the acid rain problem at the station in remote area was extremely severe, with an annual acid rain rate of 99%. The summer precipitation at the city in Southern China was mainly neutral, while the other seasons were all acidic, and acid rain events accounted for 62.2% of the total precipitation events throughout the entire year. The neutralization capacity indicated that the areas with severe acid rain problems were mainly due to insufficient alkaline components in precipitation. Influenced by precipitation, the wet deposition fluxes of nitrogen and sulfur in each city were larger in the rainy season than those in the dry season, and played an important role in promoting the ecological environment in the rainy season. The wet deposition fluxes of nitrogen and sulfur in China showed a spatial distribution pattern decreasing from the east to the west and from the coastal areas to the inland areas. There were significant differences in the sources and contributions of precipitation ions in different cities, especially in cities with severe acid rain problems. The contribution of dust sources mainly composed of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ to precipitation was smaller than that of secondary sources mainly composed of SO₄^2- and NO₃^-.

Key words： atmospheric precipitation water-soluble ions acidity formation wet deposition fluxes source analysis

收稿日期: 2024-03-27

PACS:

X51

基金资助:国家自然科学基金重点项目(52330002);国家重点研发计划(2018YFC0213203)

通讯作者: 韩力慧,副教授,hlh@bjut.edu.cn E-mail: hlh@bjut.edu.cn

作者简介: 肖茜(1996-),女,山东临沂人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要从事大气降水研究.发表论文1篇.2437673002@qq.com.

引用本文:

肖茜, 韩力慧, 齐超楠, 田健, 兰童, 王海燕, 郑爱华, 郭敬华. 中国典型城市大气降水离子特性、来源及其对环境的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2024, 44(10): 5329-5343. XIAO Qian, HAN Li-hui, QI Chao-nan, TIAN Jian, LAN Tong, WANG Hai-yan, ZHENG Ai-hua, GUO Jing-hua. Ionic characteristics and sources of atmospheric precipitation and its impacts on environment at typical cities in China. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2024, 44(10): 5329-5343.

链接本文:

http://www.zghjkx.com.cn/CN/ 或 http://www.zghjkx.com.cn/CN/Y2024/V44/I10/5329

[1] Xu Z F, Wu Y, Liu W J, et al. Chemical composition of rainwater and the acid neutralizing effect at Beijing and Chizhou city, China [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2015,164:278-285.
[2] 杨俊,赵远昭,李静,等.中国大气降水化学组成特征及来源解析研究进展[J]. 环境生态学, 2022,4(7):93-100. Yang J, Zhao Y Z, Li J, et al. Advances in research on the characteristics of chemical composition and source analysis of atmospheric precipitation in China [J]. Environmental Ecology, 2022, 4(7):93-100.
[3] 王文兴,许鹏举.中国大气降水化学研究进展[J]. 化学进展, 2009, 21(Z1):266-281. Wang W X, Xu P J. Research progress in precipitation chemistry in China [J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2009,21(Z1):266-281.
[4] Zhou X D, Xu Z F, Liu W J, et al. Chemical composition of precipitation in Shenzhen, a coastal mega-city in South China: Influence of urbanization and anthropogenic activities on acidity and ionic composition [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,662: 218-226.
[5] Sun S, Liu S, Li L J, et al. Components, acidification characteristics, and sources of atmospheric precipitation in Beijing from 1997to 2020[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021,266:118707.
[6] Li L, Li H, Peng L, et al. Characterization of precipitation in the background of atmospheric pollutants reduction in Guilin: Temporal variation and source apportionment [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2020,98:13.
[7] 肖红伟,龙爱民,谢露华,等.中国南海大气降水化学特征[J]. 环境科学, 2014,35(2):475-480. Xiao H W, Long A M, Xie L H, et al. Chemical characteristics of precipitation in South China Sea [J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(2):475-480.
[8] 侯思宇.我国典型地区大气降水化学特征及来源解析[D]. 南京:南京信息工程大学, 2021. Hou S Y. Chemical characteristics and source analysis of atmospheric precipitation in typical regions of China [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 2021.
[9] 丁铖,于兴娜,侯思宇.西安市大气降水污染和沉降特征及其来源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(2):647-655. Ding Y, Yu X N, Hou S Y. Pollution and deposition characteristics of precipitation and its source apportionment in Xi'an City [J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(2):647-655.
[10] 林以真,李凌,赵园红,等.应用大气化学模型解析华北地区大气氮沉降时空分布特征及影响因素[J]. 地球环境学报, 2023,14(2): 170-181. Lin Y Z, Li L, Zhao Y H, et al. Model study on the spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen deposition over North China [J]. Journal of Earth Environment, 2023,14(2):170-181.
[11] 侯思宇,于兴娜,龚克坚,等.重庆市大气降水污染及其沉降特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019,39(10):4100-4107. Hou S Y, Yu X N, Gong K J, et al. Pollution and deposition characteristics of precipitation in Chongqing [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(10):4100-4107.
[12] 王国祯,刘偲嘉,于兴娜.珠海市降水化学与沉降特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2021,34(7):1612-1620. Wang G Z, Liu S J, Yu X N. Characteristics of precipitation chemistry and wet deposition in Zhuhai, China [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2021,34(7):1612-1620.
[13] 余倩,段雷,郝吉明.中国酸沉降:来源、影响与控制[J]. 环境科学学报, 2021,41(3):731-746. Yu Q, Duan L, Hao J M. Acid deposition in China: Sources, effects and control [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2021,41(3):731-746.
[14] 王小刚.湿沉降化学组成与大气污染源研究—以西安市长安区为例[D]. 西安:西北大学, 2018. Wang X G. Chemical composition and atmosphere pollutant source of wet deposition in Chang'an District, Xi'an City [D]. Xi'an: Northwest University, 2018.
[15] 翟勤.重庆主城区降水化学特征及环境政策影响研究[D]. 重庆:重庆大学, 2012. Zhai Q. Study on the chemical characteristics of precipitation in Chongqing urban area and environmental policy impact [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2012.
[16] 贾文雄,李宗省.祁连山东段降水的水化学特征及离子来源研究[J]. 环境科学, 2016,37(9):3322-3332. Jia W X, Li Z S. Hydrochemical characteristics and sources of ions in precipitation at the east Qilian Mountains [J]. Environmental Science, 2016,37(9):3322-3332.
[17] 解淑艳,王胜杰,于洋,等.2003~2018年全国酸雨状况变化趋势研究[J]. 中国环境监测, 2020,36(4):80-88. Xie S Y, Wang S J, Yu Y, et al. Analysis on acid rain status and its change trends in China from 2003 to 2018[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2020,36(4):80-88.
[18] Keene W C, Pszenny A A P, Galloway J N, et al. Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1986,91(D6):6647-6658.
[19] Fujita S, Takahashi A, Weng J H, et al. Precipitation chemistry in East Asia [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2000,34(4):525-537.
[20] Hara H, Kitamura M, Mori A, et al. Precipitation chemistry in Japan 1989-1993[J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1995,85(4):2307-2312.
[21] Kulshrestha U C, Sarkar A K, Srivastava S S, et al. Wet-only and bulk deposition studies at New Delhi (India) [J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 1995,85(4):2137-2142.
[22] 周莹莹,张辉国,胡锡健.基于支持向量机改进的克里金插值法—以汾渭平原PM_2.5数据为例[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2023,23(24): 10575-10584. Zhou Y Y, Zhang H G, Hu X J. Improved Kriging interpolation based on support vector machine: a case study on the PM_2.5 date of Fenwei Plain [J]. Science Technology and Engineering. 2023,23(24):10575- 10584.
[23] Li L, Lai W, Pu J G, et al. Polar organic tracers in PM_2.5aerosols from an inland background area in Southwest China: Correlations between secondary organic aerosol tracers and source apportionment [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2018,69:13.
[24] 曹晏风.兰州市大气降水水化学时空变化及影响因子研究[D]. 兰州:西北师范大学, 2021. Cao Y F. Study on the spatio-temporal variation and influencing factors of atmospheric precipitation hydrochemistry in Lanzhou City [D]. Lanzhou: Northwest Normal University, 2021.
[25] Meng Y, Zhao Y L, Li R, et al. Characterization of inorganic ions in rainwater in the megacity of Shanghai: Spatiotemporal variations and source apportionment [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2019,222:12-24.
[26] 韩力慧,肖茜,杨雪梅,等.北京市大气降水理化特性的演变及其重要的环境效应[J]. 环境科学, 2024,45(7):3765-3777. Han L H, Xiao Q, Yang X M, et al. Evolution of atmospheric precipitation physical and chemical characteristics and its significant impacts on environment in Beijing [J]. Environmental Science, 2024, 45(7):3765-3777.
[27] 韩力慧,王红梅,向欣,等.北京市典型区域降水特性及其对细颗粒物影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019,39(9):3635-3646. Han L H, Wang H M, Xiang X, et al. The characteristics of precipitation and its impact on fine particles at a representative region in Beijing [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(9):3635-3646.
[28] 张灿,孟小星,张关丽.重庆地区酸雨污染现状[J]. 绿色科技, 2018(16):11-14. Zhang C, Meng X X, Zhang G L. Acid rain pollution in Chongqing area [J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2018,(16):11-14.
[29] 王坚.厦门市气候特征变化与酸雨形成研究[J]. 环境监测管理与技术, 2014,26(5):12-14. Wang J. Study on the characteristics of climatic change and the formation of acid rain in Xiamen [J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring, 2014,26(5):12-14.
[30] 肖致美,李鹏,陈魁,等.天津市大气降水化学组成特征及来源分析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2015,28(7):1025-1030. Xiao Z M, Li P, Chen K, et al. Characteristics and sources of chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Tianjin [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2015,28(7):1025-1030.
[31] 杨璟爱,韩少强,杨健安,等.天津降水季节特征及不同气团来向离子来源分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(4):1844-1856. Yang J A, Han S Q, Yang J A, et al. Seasonal characteristics of precipitation in Tianjin and sources of ion from different air masses [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(4):1844-1856.
[32] Xu Z F, Li Y S, Tang Y, et al. Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater at an urban site in Loess Plateau, Northwest China [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2009,94(3):481-490.
[33] Chen Z L, Huang T, Huang X H, et al. Characteristics, sources and environmental implications of atmospheric wet nitrogen and sulfur deposition in Yangtze River Delta [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,219:116904.
[34] Zhu J X, He N P, Wang Q F, et al. The composition, spatial patterns, and influencing factors of atmospheric wet nitrogen deposition in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,511:777-785.
[35] Chen Z, Huang X, Huang C, et al. High atmospheric wet nitrogen deposition and major sources in two cities of Yangtze River Delta: Combustion-related NH₃and non-fossil fuel NO_x [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,806:150502.
[36] 江明,张子洋,李婷婷,等.基于氮同位素的珠三角典型地区大气PM_2.5中NH₄⁺来源解析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022,31(9):1840-1848. Jiang M, Zhang Z Y, Li T T, et al. Source apportionment of ammonium in atmospheric PM_2.5 in the Pearl River Delta based on nitrogen isotope [J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2022,31(9):1840-1848.
[37] Liu L, Zhang X Y, Wang S Q, et al. A review of spatial variation of inorganic nitrogen (N) wet deposition in China [J]. Public Library of Science ONE, 2016,11(1):e146051.
[38] Lu C Q, Tian H Q. Half-century nitrogen deposition increase across China: A gridded time-series data set for regional environmental assessments [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014,97:68-74.
[39] Zhang Y, Dore A J, Liu X, et al. Simulation of nitrogen deposition in the North China Plain by the FRAME model [J]. Biogeosciences, 2011,8(11):3319-3329.
[40] Li Y, Schichtel B A, Walker J T, et al. Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016,113(21):5874-5879.
[41] Hurkuck M, Bruemmer C, Mohr K, et al. Determination of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to a semi-natural peat bog site in an intensively managed agricultural landscape [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014,97:296-309.
[42] Singh S, Sharma A, Kumar B, et al. Wet deposition fluxes of atmospheric inorganic reactive nitrogen at an urban and rural site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2017, 8(4):669-677.
[43] Krupa S V. Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH₃) on terrestrial vegetation: a review [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2003,124(2):179-221.
[44] 段雷,郝吉明,谢绍东,等.用稳态法确定中国土壤的硫沉降和氮沉降临界负荷[J]. 环境科学, 2002,23(2):7-12. Duan L, Hao J M, Xie S D, et al. Estimating critical loads of sulfur and nitrogen for Chinese soils by steady state method [J]. Environmental Science, 2002,23(2):7-12.
[45] 张清淼,郭晓明,金超,等.丹江口水库淅川库区大气降水中无机离子特征及来源解析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2022,35(12):2677-2684. Zhang Q M, Guo X M, Jin C, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of inorganic ions in precipitation in Xichuan area of Danjiangkou reservoir [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2022,35(12):2677-2684.
[46] 张扬,王红磊,刘安康,等.南京市不同天气过程下颗粒物中水溶性离子分布特征及其来源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2021,42(2):564-573. Zhang Y, Wang H L, Liu A K, et al. Distribution characteristics and source analysis of water-soluble ions in particulate matter under different weather processes in Nanjing [J]. Environmental Science, 2021,42(2):564-573.
[47] Xu W, Wen Z, Shang B, et al. Precipitation chemistry and atmospheric nitrogen deposition at a rural site in Beijing, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2020,223:117253.